Practice MCQs RDS 2017 PDF

**Practice MCQs** **Question 1** If the standard deviation of a distribution is 5, what is its variance? A 10 B 2.5 C 15 D 25 **Question 2** A distribution with positive kurtosis (leptokurtic) indicates that: A Scores are tightly clustered around the centre of the distribution B Scores are...

**Practice MCQs** **Question 1** If the standard deviation of a distribution is 5, what is its variance? A 10 B 2.5 C 15 D 25 **Question 2** A distribution with positive kurtosis (leptokurtic) indicates that: A Scores are tightly clustered around the centre of the distribution B Scores are spread widely across the distribution C Scores are clustered towards the left side of the distribution D Scores are clustered towards the right side of the distribution **Question 3** If the scores on a test have a mean of 28 and a standard deviation of 3, what is the z-score for a score of 34? A 3 B 2 C -2 D -3.42 **Question 4** Which of the following is an assumption of a one-way repeated measures ANOVA but **not** a one-way independent ANOVA? A Homogeneity of variance B Homogeneity of regression slopes C Sphericity D Multicollinearity **Question 5** A test statistic with an associated *p* value of *p* =.002 tells you that: A The statistical power of your test is large B The probability of getting this result by chance is 0.2%, assuming the null hypothesis is correct C The effect size of this finding is large D All of the above **Question 6** Of the following, which is the most appropriate reason to use a non-parametric test? A When the DV is measured on an ordinal scale B When you have unequal sample sizes between conditions of the IV C When the sample size is small D When you have a violation of the assumption of homogeneity of variance **Question 7** The following are all commonly stated assumptions/requirements for using ANOVA. Which of the 4 is the only one that the procedure *always* requires? A Subjects are assigned to treatment conditions / groups using random allocation B Data is from a normally distributed population C DV is continuous (interval or ratio) D Variance in each experimental condition is similar (assumption of homogeneity of variance) **Question 8** A researcher runs a single *t* test and obtains a *p* value of *p* =.04. The researcher rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that there is a significant effect of the experimental manipulation in the population. Which of the following are possible? A The researcher may have made a type 1 error B The researcher may have made a type 2 error C The researcher may have made a familywise error D All of the above are possible **Question 9** 99% of z-scores lie between: A ± 1.96 B ± 2.58 C ± 3.29 D ± 1 **Question 10** If predictor X shows a correlation coefficient of -.45 with outcome Y, we can confidently say that: A X is a significant predictor of Y B Variance in X accounts for 20.25% (that's -.45²) of the variance in Y C X has a causal relationship with Y D All of the above **Question 11** How much variance has been explained by a correlation of *r* =.50? A 10% B 25% C 50% D 70% **Question 12** The relationship between two variables partialling out the effect that a third variable has on *both* of those variables can be expressed using a: A Bivariate correlation B Semi-partial correlation C Point-biserial correlation D Partial correlation **Question 13** A regression model in which variables are entered into the model on the basis of a mathematical criterion is known as a: A Forced entry regression B Hierarchical regression C Stepwise regression D Logistic regression **Question 14** In the following regression equation, what does the parameter [*b*~0~]{.math.inline} indicate? \ [*Y*~*i*~= (*b*~0~ + *b*~1~*X*~1~)+ *ε*~*i*~ ]{.math.display}\ A The predicted value of the outcome variable B The regression slope C The intercept D Error variance **Question 15** In multiple regression, a high VIF statistic, a low tolerance statistic, and substantial correlations between predictor variables, *ALL* indicate: A Multicollinearity B Heteroscedasticity C The presence of outliers D Non-normality of the residuals **Question 16** In a multiple regression model, the *t* test statistic can be used to test: A Differences between group means B The significance of the overall model C The significance of the regression coefficients for each predictor D The *t* test statistic is not used in multiple regression **Question 17** A Mixed ANOVA design would be appropriate for which of the following situations? A Different participants are tested in each condition B All participants are tested in all conditions C Participants are tested in all conditions for at least one IV, and different participants are tested in each condition for at least one IV D None of the above **Question 18** In a one-way independent ANOVA with 40 participants and 5 conditions of the IV, what are the degrees of freedom for the [between-groups] Mean Squares (MS~between~)? A 4 B 5 C 35 D 40 **Question 19** In a two-way ANOVA there are: A Two IVs and two DVs B Two IVs and one DV C One IV and two DVs D None of the above **Question 20** In a two-way factorial design, the *SS~R~* (residual sum of squares) consists of: A Variance due to the independent variables and their interaction B Variance due to the independent variables, dependent variable(s) and error variance C Variance accounted for by the interaction only D Variance which cannot be explained by the independent variables **Question 21** A psychologist was interested in whether there were differences between males and females on a test of emotion recognition. Participants were split by gender and were asked to perform the 'reading the mind in the eyes' task of emotion recognition. The SPSS output is attached below. What can the psychologist conclude? -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------ ------ ----------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- **Independent Samples Test** Levene\'s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper reading the eyes test Equal variances assumed 4.129.047.480 57.633.56207 1.17060 -1.78201 2.90615 Equal variances not assumed.485 45.195.630.56207 1.15974 -1.77348 2.89762 ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------ ------ ----------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- A There was a significant difference between males and females on the test of emotion recognition, t (57) = 4.13, p =.047. B There was no significant difference between males and females on the test of emotion recognition, t (57) = 0.48, p =.633. C There was no significant difference between males and females on the test of emotion recognition, t (45.20) = 0.49, p =.630. D There was no significant difference between males and females on the test of emotion recognition, t (57) = 0.49, p =.630. **Question 22** The student welfare office was interested in trying to enhance students' exam performance by investigating the effects of various interventions. They took five groups of students before their statistics exams and gave them one of five interventions: (1) a control group just sat in a room contemplating the task ahead (*Control*); (2) the second group had a yoga class to relax them (*Yoga*); (3) the third group were told they would get monetary rewards contingent upon the grade they received in the exam (*Bribes*); (4) the fourth group were given beta-blockers to calm their nerves (*Beta-Blockers*); and (5) the fifth group were encouraged to sit around winding each other up about how much revision they had/hadn't done (*You're all going to fail*). The student welfare office made four predictions: (1) all interventions should be different from the control; (2) yoga, bribery and beta-blockers should lead to higher exam scores than panic; (3) yoga and bribery should have different effects than the beta-blocker drugs; and (4) yoga and bribery should also differ.  Which of the following planned contrasts (with the appropriate group codings) are correct to test these hypotheses? **Question 23** A sports psychologist was interested in the effectiveness of two types of fitness regime on athletes' performances. She allocated participants to two groups. The first group took part in an intensive training regime. The second group took part in a less intensive, 'balanced training' regime. Performance was measured using the multi-stage fitness test (or the dreaded beep test to many schoolchildren). Higher scores indicate greater performance on the test. The psychologist also wanted to control for the athletes fitness levels pre-training. The psychologist ran an ANCOVA on the data. From the tables below, what should she conclude? --------------------------------- -- -- -- -- -- Dependent Variable: Performance --------------------------------- -- -- -- -- -- --------------------------------- -- -- -- -- Dependent Variable: Performance --------------------------------- -- -- -- -- A Training type was significantly associated with post training performance, with participants in the 'balanced' training group performing better than those who received intensive training. There was also a significant interaction between training type and pre-level fitness on performance scores. B Fitness level was significantly associated with post-training performance. After controlling for fitness level, there was no significant effect of training type on performance. C Fitness level was significantly associated with post-training performance. After controlling for fitness level, there was a significant effect of training type, with participants in the 'balanced' training group performing better than those who received intensive training. D Fitness level was significantly associated with post-training performance. After controlling for fitness level, there was a significant effect of training type, with participants in the 'balanced' training group performing better than those who received intensive training. However, as *p* was close to.05, the effect size is small. **Question 24** A nutritionist was interested in the effectiveness of two of the latest fad diets. The nutritionist took 30 people who wanted to lose weight and allocated them to either the SuperScienceMaxPro weight loss regime, or the SensiNutriPlus diet. He recorded their weight at 4 time points. (The start of the diet, and then every month after that for 3 months). In addition, the nutritionist was interested in whether males and females would differ in recorded weight loss over the 4 time points. What is the design of this study? A Two factorial with one independent factor and one repeated measures factor B Three-factorial with two independent factors and one repeated measures factor C Three-factorial with one independent and two repeated measures factors D Four-factorial with two independent factors and 4 repeated measures factors **\ ** **Question 25** Based on visual interpretation of the graph below, what does this suggest? A A main effect of sleep, a main effect of caffeine, and no interaction effect B A main effect of sleep, a main effect of caffeine, and an interaction effect C A main effect of caffeine, no main effect of sleep, and no interaction effect D A main effect of caffeine, no main effect of sleep, and an interaction effect **Question 26** What is the non-parametric equivalent of a one-way repeated measures ANOVA? A Wilcoxon sign test B Mann-Whitney U test C Kruskall-Wallis test D Friedman test **Question 27** What is a limitation of the Chi-square test? A It cannot be used when you have more than 2 categorical variables B Directional hypotheses are not possible when you have more than two conditions of a variable C A small sample size can result in an unreliable test statistic D All of the above **Question 28 -29** A lecturer was interested in which factors predicted exam success. The lecturer already knew that the number of hours spent studying would likely be associated with exam performance. However he also wished to look at the influence of other possible factors. Firstly, he thought that alcohol use and cigarette use would be negatively associated with exam score. He also thought that the number of hours spent working in employment would impact on exam score, but was not sure whether this would be positively or negatively related. The lecturer ran a forced entry multiple regression on the data, with number of hours spent working, number of hours spent studying, alcohol use, and cigarette use as predictor variables. Exam score was the outcome variable.  **Question 28** What proportion of variance in exam score was accounted for by the overall model? A 14.2% B 19.3% C 61.8% D 78.6% **Question 29** Which of the following statements is true? A Number of hours spent studying, cigarette use, and alcohol use significantly predicted exam score, with a positive association for all three variables. There was no significant contribution of hours working to exam score. B A higher number of hours spent studying and reduced cigarette use significantly predicted higher exam scores. There were no significant contributions of hours working and alcohol use on exam score. C Number of hours spent studying and cigarette use significantly predicted exam score, but we do not have enough information to determine the direction of the effect. There were no significant contributions of hours working and alcohol use on exam score. D None of the variables were significant predictors of exam score. **Question 30** Statistics enthusiast and Dub Reggae legend 'Mad Professor' conducted a study into the effects of listening to music on a memory task. He ended up with three independent variables and one dependent variable, and he wished to analyse all possible main effects and interaction effects. How many model effects in total will he have? A 1 B 3 C 6 D 7 **ANSWERS** **Q1 D Q16 C** **Q2 A Q17 C** **Q3 B Q18 A** **Q4 C Q19 B** **Q5 B Q20 D** **Q6 A Q21 C** **Q7 C Q22 B** **Q8 A Q23 C** **Q9 B Q24 B** **Q10 B Q25 A** **Q11 B Q26 D** **Q12 D Q27 D** **Q13 C Q28 C** **Q14 C Q29 B** **Q15 A Q30 D**