Practice 102 PDF - Key Movements of the Neck & Trunk

HSE102 Wednesday, 6 November 2024 3:47 PM Key Movements of the Neck 1. Neck Movements: ○ Flexion. ○ Extension. ○ Lateral flexion (right/left). ○ Rotation (right/left). 2. Demonstrations: ○ Flexion: Decreasing angle (e.g., chin to chest). ○ Extens...

HSE102 Wednesday, 6 November 2024 3:47 PM Key Movements of the Neck 1. Neck Movements: ○ Flexion. ○ Extension. ○ Lateral flexion (right/left). ○ Rotation (right/left). 2. Demonstrations: ○ Flexion: Decreasing angle (e.g., chin to chest). ○ Extension: Increasing angle (e.g., head tilting backward). ○ Lateral flexion: Ear toward the shoulder. ○ Rotation: Turning head to one side. 3. Muscle Involvement: ○ Flexion: Sternocleidomastoid, Longus Capitis. ○ Extension: Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicus. ○ Lateral Flexion: All listed neck muscles. ○ Rotation:  Opposite side: Sternocleidomastoid.  Same side: Splenius muscles. Key Movements of the Trunk 1. Trunk Movements: ○ Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Rotation. ○ Paired movements and directional specificity. 2. Muscle Involvement: ○ Flexion: Rectus Abdominis, External Oblique, Internal Oblique. ○ Extension: Erector Spinae, Multifidus. ○ Lateral Flexion: External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Quadratus Lumborum. ○ Rotation:  Same side: Internal Oblique, Erector Spinae.  Opposite side: External Oblique, Multifidus. Visible Body App Usage Purpose: Visualize muscle origin, insertion, and actions. Key Features: ○ Muscle Actions tab for movement videos. ○ Origin (red) and insertion (blue) markers. ○ Focus on contraction types: Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric. Contraction Types and Analysis 1. Concentric: Muscle shortens (e.g., flexion of the trunk). 2. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while producing force (e.g., controlled trunk extension). 3. Isometric: Muscle holds position (e.g., planks). 4. Application: Understand movement origin and insertion dynamics for precise analysis. Tips and Key Points Always observe movements from the perspective of the performer. Use tables as references for muscle actions during assessments. Origin and insertion understanding simplifies movement interpretation. Avoid common errors like mislabeling lateral extension (use lateral flexion). Key Components of the Axial Skeleton Skull 1. Cranial Bones: ○ Frontal (1), Parietal (2), Occipital (1), Temporal (2), Sphenoid (1). ○ Functions: Protection of brain lobes (e.g., frontal bone → frontal lobe). ○ Assessment Tips: Focus on main bones; sphenoid is not heavily tested. 2. Facial Bones: ○ Zygomatic, Maxilla, Mandible, Nasal. All paired ○ Cheekbone (zygomatic), upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible). ○ Paired vs. Singular: Zygomatic (paired), Mandible (singular). Vertebral Column 1. Sections of the Vertebral Column: ○ Cervical (C1–C7): Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are atypical. ○ Thoracic (T1–T12): Connect with ribs. ○ Lumbar (L1–L5): Largest vertebrae for weight-bearing. ○ Sacrum (5 fused) and Coccyx (4 fused): Immovable sections at the base. 2. Landmarks: ○ Vertebral Body: Key for load-bearing; increases in size from cervical to lumbar. ○ Processes:  Spinous Process: Projects posteriorly; distinct shapes across sections.  Transverse Processes: Extend laterally.  Articular Processes (Superior and Inferior): Facilitate vertebrae articulation. ○ Foramen: Vertebral foramen allows the spinal cord to pass through. 3. Facet Joints: Connections between vertebrae, commonly associated with back pain. Thoracic Cage 1. Sternum: ○ Manubrium: Connects clavicle and first rib. ○ Body: Articulates with most true ribs. ○ Xiphoid Process: Attachment site for rectus abdominis. 2. Ribs: ○ True Ribs (1–7): Directly connected to the sternum. ○ False Ribs (8–10): Indirect connection via cartilage. ○ Floating Ribs (11–12): No connection to the sternum. The dynamic stability provided by these stabiliser muscles is important, because the congruency (fit) between the spherical head of the humerus and the shallow (and relatively flat) glenoid fossa is poor (only one third of the fossa accepts the large humeral head). This is analogous to a golf ball on a tee or a ball rolling around on a seals nose Concentric and isometric