Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research PDF

Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright sha...

Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio SENIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM Author : Debbie S. Labrador Co-Author – Language Editor : Niljoy G. Senina Co-Author – Content Evaluator : Roanne S.J. Tolentino Co-Author – Illustrator : Joshua D. Hernandez Co-Author – Layout Artist : Jexter D. Demerin Team Leaders: School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza, EdD LRMDS Coordinator : Karl Angelo R. Tabernero SDO-BATAAN MANAGEMENT TEAM: Schools Division Superintendent : Romeo M. Alip, PhD, CESO V OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent : William Roderick R. Fallorin, CESE Chief Education Supervisor, CID : Milagros M. Peñaflor, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS : Edgar E. Garcia, MITE Education Program Supervisor, AP/ADM : Romeo M. Layug Education Program Supervisor, Senior HS : Danilo S. Caysido Project Development Officer II, LRMDS : Joan T. Briz Division Librarian II, LRMDS : Rosita P. Serrano REGIONAL OFFICE 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM: Regional Director : May B. Eclar, PhD, CESO III Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD : Librada M. Rubio, PhD Education Program Supervisor, LRMS : Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD Education Program Supervisor, ADM : Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan Office Address: Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (047) 237-2102 E-mail Address: [email protected] Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 – Module 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.  What I Need to Know This module is designed to let you understand the difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Moreover, you will be provided with some examples of research so you will be able to think about possible research in your area of interest or field of specialization. As a senior high school student, you have to be knowledgeable about these because you will be required to create your own output at the end of the semester. At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following competencies: 1. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research; and 2. provide examples of qualitative research in areas of interest. 1  What I Know Read and analyze the following characteristics of research method carefully. Classify whether it is for QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE. Write your answers on your notebook. __________ 1. Aims to characterize trends and patterns __________ 2. Applies more flexible processes __________ 3. Gains greater understanding of group similarities __________ 4. Follows structured processes __________ 5. Employs structured research instruments __________ 6. Chooses small sample sizes purposely __________ 7. Focuses on greater understanding of individual differences __________ 8. Administers either unstructured or semi-structured instruments __________ 9. Provides deeper context and meaning __________ 10. Starts with neither a theory nor hypothesis 2  Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative 1 Research In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. Aside from them, you also need to know the two broad categories of research. They can be identified by the type of methodology used such as quantitative and qualitative. The research method determines the way on how the researcher will identify, collect, and analyze relevant data for his/her research. As a student- researcher, choosing either qualitative or quantitative research will affect the components of your study. Hence, you need to recognize the similarities and differences between them. What’s In Create different interesting questions that you wonder about. Start with the following interrogative pronouns. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. Who _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. What _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. When _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3  4. Where _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Why _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6. How _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Now, reflect on those questions you have listed. What will you do to answer them? What methods are you going to use? Well, that’s what you will learn in this module. You will be oriented with two methods that you can use in solving problems or answering research questions. Remember that the type of information you will get depends on the type of questions you ask. Notes to the Teacher This module prepares the learners to know the similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative research that will guide them in choosing the appropriate methodologies to be used in their future research. 4  What’s New Take a look on the comic strip below. Can you distinguish the difference between the two panels? As a senior high school student, it is very important for you to know different methodologies being applied in conducting a research. In this lesson, you will be familiarized with the difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods and how they can be applied in your area of interest. 5  What is It Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) There are two broad categories of research methodology: quantitative research and qualitative research. The method to be used in conducting a research will determine the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the research. For instance, a researcher may decide to undertake a scientific research. If he/she takes a quantitative approach, he/she will use statistical data to provide an explanation of the phenomenon. On the other hand, if the researcher chooses qualitative approach, the goal of the study will be to discuss and analyze the underlying concepts and theories related to the research topic. For you to easily understand the similarities and differences between the two research methods, here is a short definition of terms that you have to be familiar with. contact time – the period when the researcher interacts with the research subjects or participants to obtain relevant information hypothesis – a statement usually predicting the relationship between variables that can be tested by scientific research outlier – a statistical observation in a set of data that is inconsistent with the majority of the data output replicability – capable of repetition, imitation or reproduction research instrument – a measurement tool designed to obtain, measure and analyze data from research subjects around the research topic sample size – the number of subjects to be taken from the target population of the study trend – an assumed development in the future that will have a long-term and lasting effect; prevailing style or preference validity – the functional quality of research instrument on obtaining data and producing results based on the purpose of the study variable – any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary across research participants 6 Now, study the following table cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) from the Social Science Research Extension Institute (SSREI), University of the Philippines (UP)-Baguio (2009). Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Aims to characterize trends and Involves processes, feelings, and patterns motives (the why’s and the how’s) and produces in-depth and holistic data Usually starts with either a theory Usually concerned with or hypothesis about the generating hypothesis from data relationship between two or more rather than testing a hypothesis variables Uses structured research Uses either unstructured or semi- instruments like questionnaires structured instruments or schedules Uses large sample sizes that are Uses small sample sizes chosen representatives of the population purposely Has high output replicability Has high validity Used to gain greater Used to gain greater understanding of group understanding of individual similarities differences in terms of feelings, motives, and experiences Uses structured processes Uses more flexible processes Methods include census, survey, Methods include field research, experiment, and secondary case study, and secondary analysis analysis Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differs on the type of data they produce. The former dwells on the collection of numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the latter deals with descriptive, in-depth and holistic data analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting. On this note, you need to use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test a theory or hypothesis and use qualitative research if you want to understand concepts, thoughts and experiences. 7 Here is a simple example on how you can apply two methods differently on the same research question, “How satisfied are students with their studies?” In quantitative research, you may survey 250 students at your school and ask them a question, “On a scale from 1-5, how satisfied are you with your studies?” Then, you can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: “On average, students rated their studies 4.1”. In qualitative research, you may conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?”, and “What can be done to improve the study program?” Based on their answers, you can ask follow- up questions to clarify things. Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews and try to find patterns and commonalities. 8 Do you want to know more? Read and analyze the following table from “What is Qualitative Research” by Alasuutari (2011) to be deeply acquainted with quantitative and qualitative research based on different categories. Category Quantitative Qualitative Question Who, What, When, How, What, Why Domains Where Common 150 to 200+ 10 to 15 Sample Size Contact 10 to 20 minutes 45 to 240 minutes Time each Validity Must be true of most Must be true of each of the data or case or ideographic nomothetic (law- (case-oriented) oriented) Variables Define relationships Describe and establish general relationship and case establish meaning structures and contexts Outliers Unique positions lost Valuable descriptive to the weight of the cases with unique average access to average cases Examples Surveys, numerical Interviews, literature counts, statistical content reviews, real analyses, world observations, mathematical case studies, modeling ethnographies 9 Here are some examples of research conducted by Abdullah (2019; 2020) to give you a glimpse on how the two methodologies can be applied in different studies. Qualitative Research 1: K-Pop Apocalypse: Invading Filipino Cultures This study aimed to explore why Filipino cultures are invaded by the K-Pop mania. In this research, the researcher used survey and descriptive method to determine the reasons and venues of where Filipinos would usually find out about K-pop. Their answers would then help the researcher gather data on the awareness of the respondents regarding K-pop and how it has penetrated their life and culture. Qualitative Research 2: Livelihood Aspirations and Life Struggles of Badjao People This study aimed to discover the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of Badjao people in the 21st century generation. In this ethnographic research, the researcher employed participant- observation with a combination of unstructured interviews as tools in acquiring data. This involved the use of behavioral analysis and recording of the information gained from participating and observing on daily interactions. Through face-to-face discussions, the respondents’ subjective and detailed personal story can be told. This further granted access to deep knowledge and explanations, and helped in grasping the subjects’ perspective on their livelihood aspirations and life struggles. 10 Quantitative Research 1: K-Pop Comparative Assessment on the Full Implementation of Senior High School Curriculum among Private and Public Schools This study aimed to investigate the impact of the respondents’ expectations and apprehensions on the effectiveness of the full implementation of SHS curriculum. Comparative assessment of the program was conducted between private and public schools with students, parents, teachers and principals as respondents. To give comprehensive analysis, interpretation and implication of data, weighted mean, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson r were employed. Quantitative Research 2: Use of Supplemental Learning Materials in Improving Students’ Academic and Attitudes in Pre-Calculus This study aimed to determine the effect of simplified supplemental learning materials in improving students’ achievement and attitudes towards Pre-calculus. Quasi-experimental research design was employed with 70 students as subjects of the study. Mean Percentage Score (MPS), weighted mean and t-test were applied to describe data and make good inferences about the experimentation. The researcher used the gathered statistical data to analyze and interpret the achievement and attitudes of students on using the supplemental learning materials in Pre-Calculus. 11  What’s More Pick at least three questions from what you have listed in the activity What’s In. Consider those that you think may present a problem in your area of interest or field of specialization. Describe how you will conduct qualitative research about those problems. Write your answers on your notebook. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12  What I Have Learned What are the two broad categories of research methods? Fill in the blanks to show how they differ from one another. Write the statements on your notebook. o ______________________________ uses statistical data to explain a phenomenon. o ______________________________ aims to discuss and analyze underlying concepts and theories related to the study. o ______________________________ identifies abstract concepts. o ______________________________ measures numerical results to predict outcomes. You can also express your new learnings on your notebook: 13  What I Can Do Compare and contrast the two broad categories of research by using the Venn diagram below. Write the distinctive characteristics of quantitative research in the left circle and qualitative research in the right circle. Write your output on your notebook. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Research Methods 14  Assessment Read and analyze the following concepts. Then, categorize them into what type of research method they belong to. Use the given table below and accomplish it on your notebook. ❖ The researcher is an objective observer. ❖ There is one concrete reality being governed by unchanging natural laws that can explain any given phenomenon. ❖ The researcher is part of the context and intrinsically linked to the findings. ❖ Concerns of bias are not part of research because the researcher is transparent. ❖ There is one true reality regardless of context. ❖ A phenomenon can be understood by studying its component parts. ❖ Conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent unwanted influences. ❖ Reality is context-specific. ❖ A phenomenon can be understood only when studied as a whole. ❖ Reality is socially and experientially constructed – resulting in multiple realities of a phenomenon. Quantitative Qualitative Research Research ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ 15  Additional Activities Using any available online or printed resources, find at least five research titles conducted by their respective researcher/s. Then, identify whether the study utilized qualitative or quantitative method. Use the given table below and accomplish it on your notebook. Research Titles Researcher/s Type of Method Used 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 16  17 What I Can Do: QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Research Methods Additional What I Have Learned: Activities: - Quantitative - Answers may Research vary. What I Know: - Qualitative Research - Research titles should match 1. QUANTITATIVE - Qualitative Research 2. QUALITATIVE the type of - Quantitative 3. QUANTITATIVE method. Research 4. QUANTITATIVE 5. QUANTITATIVE 6. QUALITATIVE 7. QUALITATIVE 8. QUALITATIVE 9. QUALITATIVE 10. QUANTITATIVE What’s More: What’s In: - Answers may vary. - Answers may vary. Answer Key  18 Assessment: Quantitative Research Qualitative Research ❖ Reality is socially and experientially ❖ There is one concrete reality that is constructed, resulting in multiple governed by unchanging natural realities of a phenomenon. laws that can explain any given phenomenon. ❖ Reality is context-specific. ❖ There is one true reality regardless of context. ❖ A phenomenon can be understood ❖ A phenomenon can be understood only when studied as a whole. by studying its component parts. ❖ The researcher is part of the context ❖ The researcher is an objective and intrinsically linked to the observer. findings. ❖ Concerns of bias are not part ❖ Conditions must be carefully because the researcher is controlled to prevent unwanted transparent about this. influences. Answer Key References Abdullah, Samsudin N. 2019. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/40867036/Qualitative_Research_for_Seni or_High_School_Students?sm=b. —. 2020. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/43200572/Use_of_Supplemental_Learnin g_Materials_SLMs_in_Improving_Students_Achievement_and_Attitude s_in_Pre-Calculus. —. 2020. Academia. Accessed June 2020. https://www.academia.edu/40904311/Comparative_Assessment_on_ the_Full_Implementation_of_Senior_High_School_Curriculum_among_ Private_and_Public_High_Schools. Alasuutari, Pertti. 2011. "What is Qualitative Research?" Finland: University of Tampere. Accessed June 2020. http://www.cadwes.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/02/rtc2011_alasuutari_qualitativeresearch.pd f. Cristobal, Amadeo Jr. P; Cristobal, Maura Consolacion D. 2017. Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc. DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department of Education. —. 2016. "K to 12 Curriculum Guide." Practical Research 1. Department of Education. Guba, Egon G.; Lincoln, Yvonna S. 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA. n.d. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/. Lavoie, Matt P. 2015. "A Crash Course in UX Design Research." UX Design. The UX Collective Newsletter. Orlando. Social Science Research and Extension Institute. 2009. "Comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative Research." UP Baguio. 19 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Region III, Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS) Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (047) 237-2102 Email Address: [email protected]