Practical Research 1 Module 3 PDF

SHS Practical Research 1 Quarter 3: Week 5 & 6 Module 3 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 5 and 6 - Module 3 First Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of th...

SHS Practical Research 1 Quarter 3: Week 5 & 6 Module 3 Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 5 and 6 - Module 3 First Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners. Development Team of the Module Author: Maria Teresa Esperanza H. Badon, T-III Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II  TARGET Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in which Chapter 2 is the review of related literature. A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of research. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate, and clarify this previous research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand. This module is about learning from others and reviewing the literature. It consists of the following lessons: What you are expected to learn? After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. selects relevant literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-1 2. cites related literature using standard style. CS_RS11-IIIfj-2 3. synthesizes information from relevant literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-3 4. writes coherent review of literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-4 Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions, and read the texts? If so, then you may get your ball pen and notebook as I will request you to answer the questions included herein. Good luck enjoy reading and doing the activity. God bless. Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper. PRE-TEST Direction: Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1] Examining or studying again concepts or ideas related to your research is A. Meta-analysis B. Significance C. Review of Related Literature D. Methodology 2] This referencing style is mostly used in social sciences A. APA B. MLA C. MPA D. Brownian 3] It is in this part where you display the identities or names of all writers or owners of ideas that you incorporated in your research paper. A. definition of terms B. references C. in-text citation D. contents 4] To read the literature critically means: A. to suggest the previous research was always poorly conducted B. skimming through the material because most of it is just covering C. evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions D. being negative about something before you read it. 5] It entails taking a phrase - either spoken or written - and restating it. A. In-text citation B. paraphrasing C. referencing D. synonym 6] Which of the following is the primary source of literature? A. Essay on artwork gallery B. Book analyzing absenteeism C. Article critiquing the piece of art D. Diary of a working student 7] One of the important skills that you need to learn in doing a literature review is called_____________. A. Proper location B. Proper identification C. Proper citation D. Proper examination 8] Which citation style is applicable in the fields of Psychology, Education, and other Social Sciences? A. American Psychological Association (APA) B. Chicago Manual of Style C. Modern Language Association (MLA) D. All of these 9] The following statements describe the significant of citation in research, EXCEPT A. Gives credits and acknowledgement to previous literature used. B. Avoids plagiarizing someone else’s works. C. Does research in unethical way. D. Makes research more credible and reliable. 10] Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A. Synthesizing information from relevant literature does not involve citation. B. Integration of materials from several sources that relates to your research problem is significant. C. Making guide matrix, outline or grid is discouraged since it is a waste of time. D. The less materials to be use is the better since it allows research to review fewer. 11] Which of the following set of tips is encouraged to use in synthesizing Information from various materials? A. Reading, analyzing, and evaluating one to two materials. B. Copying statements word for word without citation. C. Avoid using citation and referencing in doing literature review. D. Using guide matrix, outline, and concept map. 12] The following statements show significance of synthesis in review of literature, EXCEPT________.. A. Research involves incorporating many sources to understand a research question. B. Sources support subtopics to prove the research problem and/or answer it C. Synthesis integrates from two or more sources to demonstrate how research works together. D. Replicate materials as it is helpful and useable in answering research problems or questions. 13] The following statements tell what literature review allows researchers to do, EXCEPT__________. A. Relate previous works in context of their research problem to others. B. Copy and replicate someone’s work and research. C. Selects necessary materials in designing research methodology. D. Compare the various arguments, theories, methods, and findings expressed in their research. 14] The following are the possible literature for the research problem, “Bully vs Bullied: A qualitative study”, EXCEPT____________. A. Diary of a bully B. Guidance counselor report on student’s behavior C. Books analyzing bullying cases D. Journal entry of SSG President 15] What style of citation is shown in the quotation below? A. American Psychological Association (APA) B. Chicago Manual of Style C. Modern Language Association (MLA) D. All of these Harris & Hathorn quote a study indicating that “86% of junior high students indicated that they had been bullied” (55).  Lesson 1: Selecting Relevant Literature JUMPSTART Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are expressed in an ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and online reading materials. Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his environment (Ridley 2012). The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a research study, specifically in the second chapter. It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore, selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality research paper. In the previous lessons, you learned the importance of understanding the value of qualitative research: its kinds, characteristics, uses, strengths, weaknesses, specificity, and the feasibility of the study. A good introductory page is a baseline statement of what and how a paper should go fluidly. However, a review of related literature will strengthen your claims of a systematic, purposeful, and well-defined research paper. In this part, you will be exploring the process or reviewing related literatures. DISCOVER We are now living in the world bounded by research. As you learned in the previous lessons, research is essential for every field. One vital part of it is review of related literature. Learning how to select relevant literature can give you an overview or act as a steppingstone in doing a research. This comprehensive knowledge of selecting literature review is an essential skill that you need to be equipped with in order to succeed in your research paper. A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials. The following information may be collected: 1) Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas. 2) Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain variables that is connected to the problem. 3) Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem 4) Detailed and broad results of related studies 5) Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies  The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find out the similarities and differences between the past and present studies, to get ideas into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps recognize and define a research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis aspect, which have been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism of the research methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance with the study until its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study. Moreover, reading extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research topic that will enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research endeavor. What are the sources of Literature Review? Primary Sources Secondary Sources Provide first-hand information that is Provide second-hand data or closest to the object of the study. information. Sources that are non- Embody all sources that are original original. Written about primary sources Different Types of Literature by Wallace and Wray (2006, p.92) Theoretical Literature describes expected or anticipated relationships about the way things happen Research Literature refers to a report of a systematic investigation that has been undertaken in need to answer a specific problem Empirical Research deals with a research that was done through the observation and measurement of the world around us. Practice Literature written by practitioners about their field of expertise. Policy Literature tells practitioners how to act in a set of circumstances. Remember Me! 1) A Review of the Related Literature provides a concise summary of information and data findings that describe current knowledge and facts. 2) It provides foundation of knowledge on a topic. It identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credits to researchers. It helps selects appropriate material in designing your research methodology and find relationship among researches. 3) A good literature involves 5c’s; Cite, Compare, Contrast, Critique and Connect. 4) There are two sources of literature review; the primary sources which contains the first-hand information and the secondary sources which contains non-original information. 5) There are five types of literature. It includes theoretical literature, research literature, empirical research, practice literature and policy literature.  EXPLORE Activity 1.1: Answer Me! Based on the knowledge you have gained accomplished the activity below. Directions: Identify which are the examples of primary and secondary sources. Write P for primary sources and S for secondary sources. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ________ 1. Letters ________ 6. Report on an original experiment ________ 2. Diaries ________ 7. Biography ________ 3. Piece of art critique ________ 8. Book analyzing various cultures ________ 4. Autobiographies ________ 9. Interviews ________ 5. Artifacts ________ 10. Article on ethnic group Activity 1.2: Finding My Pair Listed below are the examples of literature, your task is to find its pair. Directions: Match the 1st box (Types of Literature) to 2nd box (Examples). Write the letters of the correct answer in the 3rd box (Correct Pairing) Activity 1.3: RELEVANT OR IRRELEVANT Let us apply your understanding of who am I, my tasks, my good characteristics and sources. Directions: Written in the box is a sample of qualitative research problem. Below it is a list of possible sources of literature. Your task is to identify which of these samples are RELEVANT and IRRELEVANT to the given research problem. Bullied vs Bully: A Qualitative Study of Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Settings 1. Journal on the effects of bullying on student’s performance. 2. Video clip of lived experiences of working students. 3. Guidance counsellors report on student’s behavior. 4. Yearbook including student awardees. 5. Thesis on Effects of Teenage Pregnancy.  DEEPEN Activity 1.4: Topic That Interest Me Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore. Enumerate at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data needed about the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like to probe on the chosen subject. Follow the format below and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review? Example: Gender Inequality among Senior HS Learners Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ Topic Sentence: Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of PPE. Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited) Source 1: ______________________________________________________________________ Source 2: ______________________________________________________________________ Source 3: ______________________________________________________________________ Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points supported? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles: Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles: Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion: Summarizing Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next step of this study? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________  Lesson 2: Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style JUMPSTART There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed in the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many sources should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how to cite authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step guide in undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding. In the previous lesson, you learned the definition, importance, and purpose of literature review. An effective literature review selects the right and specific write ups that give close information to an identified topic, scrutinize, and synthesize content about key themes or issues, cites properly authors of information gathered, identify similarities and differences between chosen literatures and a lot more. Selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature needs a thorough development of skills in searching, reading, paraphrasing, writing, and even creating your own page of article after reviewing a whole bunch of related sources. DISCOVER As you do literature review, it is required for you to cite the literature you have used. Learning this skill will allow you do research ethically. Following standard style in citing literature review will help you effectively use sources in your writing. Aside from research, this will also be helpful in other fields such as making a term paper, essays, book review, etc. Always Remember! All reading materials related to your research that you intend to review or re- examine offer you concepts, ideas, or information belonging to other people. It is a must for you to cite or make a citation, an in-text citation. (Lupogan, 2018) Proper citation is one of the important skills that you need to learn in doing a literature review. Learning this new skill is one of the ethical standards in research and it will greatly help you to avoid plagiarism in your research. Vocabulary check! According to the University of Oxford 2020, plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgment. “Are you ready to unlock your new skill? If you’re ready, follow me!” In-text citation should be based on the current edition of the American Association (APA), Modern Language Association of America (MLA) or the Chicago Manual of Style and other standards relevant to one’s discipline. 3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style Aspects APA System MLA System Chicago Manual System Areas applicable Psychology, Arts and History and many other Education, and Humanities subjects in scholarly other Social and non-scholarly work Sciences General Rule Follows author- Follows author- Follows author- date date system. page method system. system. Cite the author Cite author's last Cite author’s last name, or editor’s last name and a followed by the year of name, year page, reference publication of the work suffices. in question, and a page of publication. number if needed. No punctuation appears between author and date. Sources: Adapted from APA Manual, 6th ed., Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Working Group – revised October 2012, DIWA Senior High School Series, Newton Gresham Library Sam Houston State University, APA Format (6th Edition), The Reference List and Citations Style Guide for MDPI HSS Journals, March 2017 v1 Take note that whatever style or system is required in your research, you must make sure that all the sources used and cited in your literature review should appear in the “reference” list for APA and Chicago Manual and “works cited” list for MLA.  Examples Aspects APA System MLA System Chicago Manual System Chenail (1995) Dover has One researcher asserted that In text expressed this (Johnson 2019) data is to be concern (118- stated … Single presented in a Author simple is …data format. to be 21). In reference/ This concern Researcher resented in a has been suggested that… Parenthetical simple format format expressed (Johnson 2019). (Chenail, 1995). (Dover 118- 21). Bradly and Both styles Reverte and Rogers stated (Johnson and One work In text Irving in the Smith 2017) by Two or (2009) explained that… hypothesis… suggested that… three In reference/ (7) …both styles Authors …as has been This Parenthetical mentioned as format shown (Reverte hypothesis… shown (Johnson & Irving, 2009). (Bradley and and Smith 2017). Rogers 7). One work Poe et al. Sumner et al. This formula by more In text (2009) suggested suggested (Dale et al. 2016) than Three that… that… asserted that... Authors In reference/ …as shown (Poe et (23) …suggeste Note: Only …the asserted Parenthetical al., 2009). d this cite the first formula shown format theory author or (Dale et al. 2016). editor’s last (Sumner et name and al. 23). add “et al.” Unknow n Using Using a Using an Authors anonymous: source: organization: Anonymous Annual Chicago Style Note: If no In text (2001) implied Guide Citation (Scribbr author is that… listed, you Report 2019) implied can refer to stated that… the In reference/ …implied that that… (4) …implied that organization Parenthetical …as stated by Education Chicago Style , title of format (Anonymous, the Citation (Scribbr source, presidential 2001). 2019). book or commission report. (Annual Guide In rare case Report 4). the “Anonymous” is used for the author. Sources: Adapted from APA Manual, 6th ed., Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Working Group – revised October 2012, DIWA Senior High School Series, Newton Gresham Library Sam Houston State University, APA Format (6th Edition), The Reference List and Citations Style Guide for MDPI HSS Journals, March 2017 v1  EXPLORE Activity 2.1: SPOT IT! Are you overloaded with information or are you confused? Do not worry you will be guided by this activity for you to deepen your understanding about our topic. Directions: Study the following quotations below, identify what style of citation used. Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System (CMS) _1. Significant group of healthy young-old people (World Health Organization 2012) will face at least 20 more years of active life. _2. Venkataraman and Sarasvathy suggest entrepreneurship and strategy are conceptually inseparable; “two sides of the same coin”, highlighting the complementary or independent nature of the two concepts (651). _3. The importance of becoming entrepreneurs depends upon the willingness and motivation of older people to become entrepreneurs and the existence of efficient policy measures to increase this willingness if it is perceived to be too low (Backman and Karlsson, 2013). _4. Another barrier is ageist attitudes where society upholds the perception regarding “older entrepreneurs in a negative light” (Wainwright et al. 8). _5. Great things happen to those who stop believing, trying, learning, and being grateful (Bennett, T, n.d) Activity 2.2: Reflection Time Directions: Reflect on the following questions carefully; write your answer on a separate sheet. 1) Why do always need to write citations when writing or doing a research? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________. 2) Aside from writing or doing a research, in which field or area of learning is citations significant? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.  Deepen Activity 2.3: Cite Me! Based on the topic you are most interested to explore (from your Activity 1.4: Topic That Interest Me!) write the correct APA format of referencing of at least five sources of your RRL. Source 1: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. Source 2: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. Source 3: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. Source 4: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. Source 5: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________.  Lesson 3: Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature JUMPSTART This time, you will be guided through the process of synthesis which will make you identify, analyze, and evaluate various materials. You may find it challenging to organize ideas and information in a meaningful way. To help you with this, you need to learn how to synthesize information from relevant literature and that will be the purpose of this lesson. Activity 3.1 Amazing Maze Directions: Provided below is a maze, you are task to connect the words to form sentences. Find your way from the beginning of the maze to the end. Write the sentences in a separate sheet of paper.  DISCOVER After you have collected the articles you intend to use in your literature review, you are ready to analyze each one – break it down and identify the important information in it and synthesize the collection of articles, integrate them and identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as a group. How to make synthesis of literature review? You must integrate materials from several sources that relate to your research problem. In simple term, you are just like putting puzzles pieces How to synthesize effectively? An effective synthesis includes strong, clear and precise statements. It must discuss sources in relation to your research problem. When you are using more than one sources make sure to relate or compare with each other. Use more sources, the more sources you must support your claim make your research paper more credible. Types of Synthesis 1 ) Similarity → demonstrate how two or more sources agree with one another. 2 ) Contrast → show how two or more sources support a main point in different ways. 3 ) Accumulation → refers on how one source builds on the idea of another. 4 ) Causation → demonstrate how one source discusses the effects of another source’s ideas. According to Garrard (2017), your synthesis must demonstrate a critical analysis of the sources/materials you’ve collected as well as your ability to integrate it with your analysis into your own research. He added that collection of materials should be based for its adequacy, appropriateness, and thoroughness. Materials that do not meet these criteria are discouraged to use in your synthesis. Guidelines in Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature 1) Analyze – skim the articles to get an overview of each one. 2) Based on your overview, group the articles by categories. It is common to group by topic and subtopic and then chronologically within each topic. 3) Take detailed notes on each article. Use a consistent format. Example: a. Author: b. Article Title: c. Publication Year: d. Main point of article: e. Method: f. Participants: How many were there, what were their demographics, and how were they sampled? g. Independent Variable (IV) or quasi-IV: Were participants randomly assigned to groups, or divided into groups based on a pre-existing variable? If there was an IV, how was it manipulated? h. Dependent Variables (DVs): How were they operationalized and measured? i. Results:  j. Conclusions: k. Specific details that are especially relevant to your study. 4) Look for explicit definitions of key terms in the literature. Note whether different authors use different definitions. 5) Look for key statistics that you might use in your introduction. 6) Identify short notable quotations that might be used sparingly in your review because they make a point very concise. 7) Look for methodological strengths and weaknesses. 8) Distinguish between an author’s assertations and evidence in support of the assertations. 9) Identify gaps in the literature. 10) Identify relationships among studies. 11) Note how closely each article relates to your topic. 12) Evaluate your reference list for currency and coverage. 13) Synthesize – Create an outline that puts your topics and subtopics in a logical order. 14) For each subtopic you identified during your analysis, determine how the articles in that group have in common. 15) For each subtopic you identified during your analysis, determine how the articles in that group differ. 16) If there are contradictory findings, you may be able to identify methodological differences that could account for the contradiction (e.g., differences in measurement or participant demographics) 17) Determine what general conclusions you can report about a subtopic, given the entire group of studies related to it. 18) As you begin to write your introduction, follow your outline and remember to use transitions between topics. Adapted from Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing Literature reviews (3 rd Ed). Glendale, CA: Pyrozak Publishing. Another tip: When doing synthesis creating a grid, matrix, concept map table or an outline that you will summarize, using the common themes you have identified and the sources you have found are better ways to organize concepts. Whichever method you use, it will help you organize and summarize the content of your literature review. EXPLORE Guide matrix for your synthesis. Keep your head high my dear. Keep on striving! Research Problem: e.g. Bully vs. Bullied Source #1 Source #2 Source #3 Main Idea 1 e.g. Getting to knowNotes… Quotations… Keywords… bullies Main Idea 2 e.g. Laws regardingNotes… Quotations… Keywords… bullying Label the columns across the top of your chart with the author’s last name or with a few keywords from the title of the work. Then label the sides of the chart with the main ideas that your sources discuss about your topic. As you read each source, make notes in the appropriate column about the information discussed in the work. After your matrix is a complete, notice pattern of information. You may find that your sources, at times, discuss very similar material, or that they sometimes deal with completely different aspects of your topic. These patterns can be useful in creating a thesis statement that can guide your writing and keep you focused as you begin your draft. DEEPEN Activity 3.1 Directions: Look for literature review material and make your own literature review synthesis matrix. You can also adapt the given example above. Use your synthesis matrix to organize and synthesize literature related to your research problem. Research Problem: ______________________________________________________________ Source #1 Source #2 Source #3 Main Idea 1 Main Idea 2 Rubric in Rating the Task Criteria Exemplary (5) Effective (4) Minimal (3) Synthesis Clearly explained Expressed with With sufficient and include all the clarity but some clarity but shows relevant details are missing. little evidence of information. elaboration of the relevant information. Organization Well organized, Some information Poorly organized blended, and is organized and easy to follow. blended Citation Full citation is Only some Most of the provided quotations are quotations are not cited. cited.  Lesson 4: Writes Coherent Review of Literature JUMPSTART Review of Related Literature and the purpose it serves in research This is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other documents that describes the past and current state of information on the topic of your research study. to justify your choice of research question, theoretical or conceptual framework, and method. to establish the importance of the topic. to provide background information needed to understand the study. to show readers you are familiar with significant and/or up-to-date research relevant to the topic; and to establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your field. DISCOVER In writing this section… o Use the statement of problem as guide to structure and sequence of topics o Avoid ‘copy/cut and paste; all literature cited must form a coherent whole o Last part highlights gaps in literature specifically addressed by your study  o Use appropriate format for citations and references o Cited references should be congruent to bibliography entries How to come up with effective research review? Copper (1988) suggests that a good research review must have the following characteristics: 1. Focus—concentrate on four foci: research theories, methods, outcomes, and practices and applications o theories helps in looking at the relationships between the variables and concepts being studied with than of the present ones o methods help in finding the best methodology and the variables looked into o outcomes help in identifying the gaps of information o application and practices is more on the implication of the findings to policy, people, knowledge, education, etc. 2. Goal--useful in integrating, resolving, bridging and generalizing the theories and concepts under study. Explicate the arguments. 3. Coverage—looks on how wide the study must be by looking at sample/population (central and representative), how exhaustive the sampling was and how they were selected 4. Organization or format—helps in designing the presentation of the literature review, which this can be historical in format (development of related concepts, theories, or findings), conceptual in format—that is about the relationship about the concepts that the researcher is looking into, and methodological in format— that is the presentation more focus on the research methods applied 5. Audience—always consider that your research work is intended to fellow researchers, academicians, and professionals, thus avoid writing it for general public or for laymen. Structure of review of literature Under the APA format, the structure of the literature review must be “continuous in the flow of thought”—that is the different paragraphs or sections must be linked to one another. They may reinforce the previous entries or contradict them. Do not categorize the entries into local, national, or international. It can be composed of the following: introduction, body, and conclusion. ▪ Introduction – give a quick idea of the topic of the literature review as the central theme or organizational pattern. ▪ Body – contains your discussion of sources. ▪ Conclusion – Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing the literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed? Under the conclusion part, establish your reason or point of view about the literature or study, compare and contrast them first and come up with your own point of view why you have included the concept, theory or findings of the reviewed literature. Organization of literature review A general organization looks like a funnel Broader topics Subtopics Studies like yours How to organize studies: Chronological – By publication date – By trend Thematic – A structure which considers different themes Methodological – Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches Making links between studies: Agreements Similarly, author B points to… Likewise, author C makes the case that… Author D also makes this point… Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D… Disagreements However, author B points to… On the other hand, author C makes the case that… Conversely, Author D argues… Nevertheless, what author E suggests… Consider the 5C’s in reviewing and writing. 1. CITE by keeping on the primary focus on the literature 2. COMPARE the various arguments, theories, methodologies, approaches and or findings expressed in the literature. What the authors agree on? Who employ similar approaches? What are their findings? 3. CONTRAST the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches, and controversies expressed in the literature. What are the areas of major disagreement, controversy, or debate? 4. CRITIQUE the literature. Which argument is more persuasive and why? Which approach, finding or methodology seem the most reliable, valid, or appropriate and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe on what the author says or does? 5. CONNECT the literature to your own research area. How does your own work draw on or depart from the reviewed literature? BOTTOM LINE: Review of related literature is a discursive prose and not simply describing and summarizing what has been read and written.  Some important points to consider GOLDEN RULE TAKE A READER’S VIEW Write for your audience not for yourself. TELL A STORY Direct your research, but keep a clear focus in the paper and present results related to it BE YOURSELF Write like you are speaking, then revise and polish MAKE IT SIMPLE Use simple examples to explain complex methodology MAKE IT CONCRETE Use concrete words and strong verbs. Avoid ambiguous words MAKE IT SHORT Avoid redundancy and over-explanation TAKE RESPONSIBILITY Make clear distinction between your work and that of others MAKE STRONG Ex. We concluded…instead of –It can be concluded…. STATEMENTS BE SELF-CRITICAL Consider uncertainty of conclusions and their implications. Acknowledge others’ work. EXPLORE Activity 4.1: Complete Me! Based on the discussion above, process the methods of selecting, citing, and synthesizing literature review by filling in the blanks provided in each statement. 1) In selecting sources of related literature, choose articles which are related to your research interest. 2) A are brief summaries of research work presented at conferences. 3) A is a scholarly written article submitted for a doctorate or a higher degree at a university. 4) A method of expressing borrowed ideas using different words to give clarity to an idea is called. 5) Using is a technique in paraphrasing which utilize words of same meanings. 6) In making , all materials including all books, journal, theses, dissertations, and other literary works are listed alphabetically or chronologically as it appears in the manuscript. 7) A/an format of referencing is the most frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. 8) _ is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking only the most important details of the text. 9) It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid the act of stealing other intellectual properties known as. 10) Referencing within the main body of the text is branded as.  DEEPEN Activity 4.2: Applying the 5C’s DIRECTION: Read other sources of information, at least five, related to your chosen research topic in online libraries, databases, and other sources. Cite portions of the articles that are close to your chosen interest of study. Keep in mind and apply what you have learned about in-text citation and referencing style. List and arrange the sources in alphabetical order to create REFERENCES using the APA Referencing style. Submit a soft copy of your output in MS Word format through Gmail. GAUGE Direction: Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1] Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is A. Review of Related Literature B. Methodology C. significance D. Meta-analysis 2] The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences. A. MLA B. APA C. Chicago Manual D. AMA 3] What is the importance and purpose of related literature? A. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and present studies, B. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial. C. to collect background information about a topic D. all of the above 4] Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based on APA format? A. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001 B. M. Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.2015 C. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils. 2015 D] M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant- growth- promoting bacteria 5] It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it. A. In-text citation B. paraphrasing C. referencing D. synonym 6] Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Horses like grasses and hay, and they can munch through 90 kilos of food a day”. A. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day. B. Grasses is the food of horses C. Cows eat grass D. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it. 7] Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal congestion.” A. Covid is influenza B. Covid has influenza like symptoms C. When you have fever and flu, you have covid. D. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu. 8] What is plagiarism? A. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own B. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source C. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing source D. all of the above 9] Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references? A. Author’s name B. The dates your copies were published C. Titles of the article D. Age of the author 10] The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature EXCEPT __________________. A. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research B. Recommendations for additional study C. Gaps between similar studies D. Authors maiden name, address, and gender 11] It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview of all the writings relative to your specific topics. A. Introduction B. Methodology C. Review of Related Literatures D. Results and Discussion 12] It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research paper in between texts and/or end of each paragraph. A. In-text citation B. Bibliography C. Out-text citation D. Referencing List 13] Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is A. Review of Related Literature B. Methodology C. Significance D. Meta-analysis 14] Which among the following is NOT a factor when choosing the type of review you want to write? A. a limit on the number of words and citations. B. locale of the study C. the nature of the material found D. the time available to write the review 15] In which part of the book should you investigate when searching for literature reviews? A. bibliography B. index C. table of contents D. All of the above  KEY ANSWER PRE-TEST GAUGE: References Printed Materials: Baraceros, Esther L. 2017. Practical Research 2 First Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher’s Guide. Senior High School. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig City, Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc. Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda de Castro, Jeanette Grajo. 2016. Practical Research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc. Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin. 2008. Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc. Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc. Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles: Sage. Ruben E. Faltado III, Medaedo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano, Angeline M. Pogoy. 2016. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research for SHS. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Website: Research Process. (n.d.) Research Methodology. Research-Methodolog.net. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from https://research-methodology.net/research- methodology/research-process Practical Research 2. Chua, Von Christopher. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html Problem Definition and Research Proposal. (n.d.) Research Methods. ZeePedia.com. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from https://www.zeepedia.com/research_methods http:// library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-papers/writing- literaturereview https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-Literature Review-worksheet.pdf