Practical II practice exam.docx

1. \*\*1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?\*\* - A\) Excessive salt intake - B\) Diarrhea - C\) Adrenal insufficiency - D\) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 2. Correct Answer: A 3. \*\*2. How does the...

1. \*\*1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?\*\* - A\) Excessive salt intake - B\) Diarrhea - C\) Adrenal insufficiency - D\) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 2. Correct Answer: A 3. \*\*2. How does the addition of aldosterone affect potassium concentration in urine?\*\* - A\) Increases concentration - B\) Decreases concentration - C\) No effect - D\) Only affects sodium reabsorption 4. Correct Answer: A 5. \*\*3. Which of the following accurately describes the role of ADH in the kidney?\*\* - A\) Increases sodium reabsorption - B\) Increases water reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts - C\) Decreases potassium reabsorption - D\) Increases urine volume 6. Correct Answer: B 7. \*\*4. What effect does decreasing the efferent arteriole radius have on GFR?\*\* - A\) Increases GFR - B\) Decreases GFR - C\) No effect - D\) Variable effect based on blood pressure 8. Correct Answer: A 9. \*\*5. In a hyperventilation experiment, what is the expected change in blood pH?\*\* - A\) Decrease due to increased CO2 - B\) Increase due to decreased CO2 - C\) No change - D\) Fluctuates between increase and decrease 10. Correct Answer: B 11. \*\*6. What is the function of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?\*\* - A\) Regulates blood pH by controlling H+ ion concentration - B\) Removes CO2 from the bloodstream - C\) Absorbs excess sodium ions - D\) Prevents protein denaturation 12. Correct Answer: A 13. \*\*7. What is the likely blood type of a person whose serum shows agglutination with anti-A but not with anti-B or anti-Rh serum?\*\* - A\) Type A, Rh+ - B\) Type B, Rh- - C\) Type A, Rh- - D\) Type AB, Rh+ 14. Correct Answer: C 15. \*\*8. What occurs when the body is exposed to a hypertonic IV solution?\*\* - A\) Cells swell due to water influx - B\) Cells shrink due to water efflux - C\) No change in cell size - D\) Increased intracellular fluid volume 16. Correct Answer: B 17. \*\*9. Which metabolic disorder is characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate levels in the blood?\*\* - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Metabolic acidosis - C\) Respiratory alkalosis - D\) Metabolic alkalosis 18. Correct Answer: B 19. \*\*10. Which of the following increases during exercise in a conditioned athlete compared to a sedentary individual?\*\* - A\) Tidal volume - B\) Expiratory reserve volume - C\) Vital capacity - D\) All of the above 20. Correct Answer: D 21. \*\*11. How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?\*\* - A\) Primary active transport in the collecting duct - B\) Simple diffusion in the distal convoluted tubule - C\) Secondary active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule - D\) Facilitated diffusion in the loop of Henle 22. Correct Answer: C 23. \*\*12. What happens to urine volume if ADH secretion is inhibited?\*\* - A\) Increases due to decreased water reabsorption - B\) Decreases due to increased water reabsorption - C\) Remains unchanged - D\) Increases due to increased sodium reabsorption 24. Correct Answer: A 25. \*\*13. What is the major determinant for the release of aldosterone?\*\* - A\) Blood potassium levels - B\) Blood sodium levels - C\) Blood pressure - D\) Blood glucose levels 26. Correct Answer: A 27. \*\*14. Where is aldosterone produced?\*\* - A\) Anterior pituitary gland - B\) Adrenal cortex - C\) Kidney cortex - D\) Hypothalamus 28. Correct Answer: B 29. \*\*15. During rebreathing, what happens to blood pCO2 and pH levels?\*\* - A\) pCO2 decreases, pH increases - B\) pCO2 increases, pH decreases - C\) Both pCO2 and pH increase - D\) Both pCO2 and pH decrease 30. Correct Answer: B 31. \*\*16. What would be the expected result if a patient with Type I diabetes mellitus was not administered insulin?\*\* - A\) Low blood glucose levels - B\) No change in blood glucose levels - C\) Elevated blood glucose levels - D\) Elevated blood insulin levels 32. Correct Answer: C 33. \*\*17. What is the main function of the renal corpuscle?\*\* - A\) Filtration of blood to form urine - B\) Reabsorption of water and electrolytes - C\) Secretion of hormones - D\) Regulation of blood pressure 34. Correct Answer: A 35. \*\*18. How is solute reabsorption in the nephron related to water reabsorption?\*\* - A\) Independent processes - B\) Solute reabsorption drives water reabsorption - C\) Water reabsorption inhibits solute reabsorption - D\) Water reabsorption increases solute reabsorption 36. Correct Answer: B 37. \*\*19. What is the primary effect of increasing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla?\*\* - A\) Increased urine volume - B\) Decreased urine volume - C\) Increased urine solute concentration - D\) Decreased urine solute concentration 38. Correct Answer: C 39. \*\*20. What happens to GFR when blood pressure increases?\*\* - A\) GFR decreases - B\) GFR increases - C\) GFR remains unchanged - D\) GFR fluctuates irregularly 40. Correct Answer: B 41. \*\*21. Which hormone has a greater effect on urine volume: ADH or aldosterone?\*\* - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Both have equal effects - D\) Neither affects urine volume 42. Correct Answer: A 43. \*\*22. How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?\*\* - A\) Increase in blood bicarbonate - B\) Decrease in blood bicarbonate - C\) Increase in CO2 exhalation - D\) Increase in renal bicarbonate secretion 44. Correct Answer: A 45. \*\*23. What is the effect of hypertonic IV fluid administration on intracellular fluid volume?\*\* - A\) Increases due to water movement into cells - B\) Decreases due to water movement out of cells - C\) No effect on intracellular fluid volume - D\) Depends on the type of solute in the IV fluid 46. Correct Answer: B 47. \*\*24. What characterizes the condition of metabolic alkalosis?\*\* - A\) Elevated blood pH due to decreased bicarbonate - B\) Elevated blood pH due to increased bicarbonate - C\) Decreased blood pH due to increased CO2 - D\) Decreased blood pH due to increased H+ 48. Correct Answer: B 49. \*\*25. How does a decrease in afferent arteriole radius affect GFR?\*\* - A\) Increases GFR - B\) Decreases GFR - C\) No effect on GFR - D\) Increases GFR only if blood pressure is high 50. Correct Answer: B 51. \*\*26. What is the main buffer system in the extracellular fluid?\*\* - A\) Phosphate buffer system - B\) Protein buffer system - C\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - D\) Hemoglobin buffer system 52. Correct Answer: C 53. \*\*27. In a blood transfusion, what is the most critical factor to consider?\*\* - A\) Donor\'s antigen type - B\) Recipient\'s antibodies in plasma - C\) Donor\'s blood type - D\) Recipient\'s Rh factor 54. Correct Answer: B 55. \*\*28. What does a high specific gravity in urine indicate?\*\* - A\) Low urine concentration - B\) High urine concentration - C\) High water intake - D\) Decreased kidney function 56. Correct Answer: B 57. \*\*29. How does aldosterone regulate blood pressure?\*\* - A\) Increases sodium excretion - B\) Decreases potassium excretion - C\) Increases sodium reabsorption - D\) Decreases water reabsorption 58. Correct Answer: C 59. \*\*30. What are agglutinins?\*\* - A\) Antigens on red blood cells - B\) Antibodies in plasma - C\) Hormones that regulate blood pressure - D\) Enzymes involved in metabolism 60. Correct Answer: B 61. \*\*31. What occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis?\*\* - A\) Decrease in blood glucose levels - B\) Increase in blood ketone levels - C\) Increase in insulin sensitivity - D\) Decrease in urine output 62. Correct Answer: B 63. \*\*32. Where is ADH produced?\*\* - A\) Adrenal cortex - B\) Posterior pituitary - C\) Hypothalamus - D\) Anterior pituitary 64. Correct Answer: C 65. \*\*33. How does water reabsorption in the nephron occur?\*\* - A\) Passive diffusion through aquaporins - B\) Active transport against the concentration gradient - C\) Facilitated diffusion through ion channels - D\) Active transport coupled with sodium reabsorption 66. Correct Answer: A 67. \*\*34. Which ion\'s concentration primarily determines extracellular fluid volume?\*\* - A\) Potassium 68. B\) Calcium - C\) Sodium - D\) Chloride 69. Correct Answer: C 70. \*\*35. What is the expected outcome when the body compensates for metabolic acidosis?\*\* - A\) Increase in blood pH - B\) Decrease in blood pH - C\) No change in blood pH - D\) Increase in blood CO2 71. Correct Answer: A 72. Here are 20 additional questions based on the content from the \"Practical Review 3.pdf\" document: 73. \*\*36. What is the primary effect of aldosterone on sodium balance in the body?\*\* - A\) Increases sodium secretion in the urine - B\) Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys - C\) Decreases sodium reabsorption in the intestines - D\) Decreases sodium concentration in sweat 74. Correct Answer: B 75. \*\*37. Which of the following is a major symptom of hyperosmotic volume contraction?\*\* - A\) Increased blood pressure - B\) Decreased blood osmolarity - C\) Dehydration and hypernatremia - D\) Increased ECF volume 76. Correct Answer: C 77. \*\*38. During respiratory alkalosis, what happens to blood pH and PCO2?\*\* - A\) pH decreases, PCO2 decreases - B\) pH increases, PCO2 decreases - C\) pH decreases, PCO2 increases - D\) pH increases, PCO2 increases 78. Correct Answer: B 79. \*\*39. What causes metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease?\*\* - A\) Increased renal reabsorption of HCO3- - B\) Decreased renal excretion of H+ - C\) Increased production of CO2 - D\) Decreased production of lactic acid 80. Correct Answer: B 81. \*\*40. What role does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system play in the ECF?\*\* - A\) Buffers changes in plasma sodium concentration - B\) Maintains osmotic pressure - C\) Buffers changes in blood pH - D\) Regulates potassium levels 82. Correct Answer: C 83. \*\*41. In the context of fluid compartments, what does a decrease in intracellular fluid (ICF) volume typically indicate?\*\* - A\) Iso-osmotic fluid loss - B\) Increased osmolarity in the ICF - C\) Fluid movement into the extracellular fluid (ECF) - D\) Excessive water intake 84. Correct Answer: C 85. \*\*42. What is a key characteristic of hypo-osmotic volume expansion?\*\* - A\) Decreased ECF osmolarity - B\) Increased ECF osmolarity - C\) Decreased ICF volume - D\) Increased urine output 86. Correct Answer: A 87. \*\*43. Which condition might lead to hypo-osmotic volume contraction?\*\* - A\) Sweating in a desert - B\) Excessive intake of isotonic saline - C\) Adrenal insufficiency - D\) High sodium diet 88. Correct Answer: C 89. \*\*44. What is the effect of ADH on the nephron\'s permeability to water?\*\* - A\) Decreases permeability - B\) Increases permeability in the proximal tubule - C\) Increases permeability in the collecting ducts - D\) No effect on permeability 90. Correct Answer: C 91. \*\*45. How does angiotensin II affect the efferent arterioles in the kidney?\*\* - A\) Dilates the efferent arterioles - B\) Constricts the efferent arterioles - C\) Decreases blood flow through the efferent arterioles - D\) Has no effect on the efferent arterioles 92. Correct Answer: B 93. \*\*46. Which of the following is true regarding iso-osmotic volume expansion?\*\* - A\) It results from the intake of hypertonic solutions - B\) It leads to an increase in both ECF and ICF osmolarity - C\) It involves the intake of isotonic saline, increasing ECF volume - D\) It causes fluid to move from the ECF to the ICF 94. Correct Answer: C 95. \*\*47. How does the kidney respond to metabolic acidosis?\*\* - A\) Increases reabsorption of H+ - B\) Increases excretion of HCO3- - C\) Increases reabsorption of HCO3- - D\) Decreases production of NH3 96. Correct Answer: C 97. \*\*48. What is the primary stimulus for ADH release?\*\* - A\) High blood pressure - B\) Low plasma osmolarity - C\) High plasma osmolarity - D\) High blood glucose 98. Correct Answer: C 99. \*\*49. What is the expected outcome when the afferent arteriole dilates?\*\* - A\) Decrease in GFR - B\) Increase in GFR - C\) No change in GFR - D\) Decrease in renal blood flow 100. Correct Answer: B 101. \*\*50. Which type of acid-base imbalance is characterized by elevated HCO3- levels?\*\* - A\) Metabolic acidosis - B\) Respiratory acidosis - C\) Metabolic alkalosis - D\) Respiratory alkalosis 102. Correct Answer: C 103. \*\*51. How is metabolic alkalosis compensated for by the respiratory system?\*\* - A\) Hyperventilation - B\) Hypoventilation - C\) Increased H+ secretion - D\) Increased HCO3- reabsorption 104. Correct Answer: B 105. \*\*52. What is the main component of the glomerular filtration barrier that prevents large proteins from being filtered?\*\* - A\) Glomerular basement membrane - B\) Podocytes - C\) Endothelial cells - D\) Mesangial cells 106. Correct Answer: A 107. \*\*53. During hyperosmotic volume expansion, what is the body\'s response?\*\* - A\) Decreased ADH release - B\) Increased ADH release - C\) Decreased thirst sensation - D\) Increased aldosterone secretion 108. Correct Answer: B 109. \*\*54. Which of the following describes the effect of decreased efferent arteriole resistance on GFR?\*\* - A\) Decreases GFR due to decreased filtration pressure - B\) Increases GFR due to increased filtration pressure - C\) No effect on GFR - D\) Increases renal blood flow without affecting GFR 110. Correct Answer: A 111. \*\*55. What is the effect of the renal compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis?\*\* - A\) Decreases H+ excretion - B\) Increases HCO3- reabsorption - C\) Decreases NH3 production - D\) Increases renal blood flow 112. Correct Answer: B 113. \*\*1. During iso-osmotic volume contraction, such as in diarrhea, what happens to the ECF volume and osmolarity?\*\* - A\) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity increases - B\) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity remains constant - C\) ECF volume increases, ECF osmolarity decreases - D\) ECF volume remains constant, ECF osmolarity increases 114. Correct Answer: B 115. \*\*2. What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction, as seen in sweating in a desert?\*\* - A\) ECF volume decreases, water moves from ICF to ECF - B\) ECF volume increases, water moves from ECF to ICF - C\) ECF osmolarity decreases, volume increases - D\) ECF and ICF volumes increase 116. Correct Answer: A 117. \*\*3. Which condition results from hypo-osmotic volume contraction, such as adrenal insufficiency?\*\* - A\) Decreased aldosterone leads to more NaCl reabsorption - B\) Increased aldosterone leads to more NaCl secretion - C\) ECF osmolarity decreases, water moves into the ICF - D\) ECF volume increases, ICF volume decreases 118. Correct Answer: C 119. \*\*4. In the case of excessive NaCl intake, which type of volume change occurs?\*\* - A\) Iso-osmotic volume expansion - B\) Hypo-osmotic volume expansion - C\) Hyperosmotic volume expansion - D\) Hyperosmotic volume contraction 120. Correct Answer: C 121. \*\*5. How does ADH influence water reabsorption in the kidneys?\*\* - A\) It decreases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts - B\) It increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins in the DCT and collecting ducts - C\) It increases sodium reabsorption, indirectly reducing water reabsorption - D\) It reduces the permeability of the collecting ducts to water 122. Correct Answer: B 123. \*\*6. What role does aldosterone play in renal physiology?\*\* - A\) Decreases potassium reabsorption - B\) Increases sodium and water reabsorption - C\) Decreases sodium reabsorption - D\) Increases water excretion 124. Correct Answer: B 125. \*\*7. Which of the following pressures contributes to the filtration pressure in the glomerulus?\*\* - A\) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - B\) Bowman\'s capsule osmotic pressure - C\) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - D\) Efferent arteriole colloid pressure 126. Correct Answer: A 127. \*\*8. What is the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on GFR?\*\* - A\) Increases GFR - B\) Decreases GFR - C\) No effect on GFR - D\) Increases filtration pressure 128. Correct Answer: B 129. \*\*9. What would you expect to happen during hyperventilation?\*\* - A\) Increased CO2 levels and decreased pH - B\) Decreased CO2 levels and increased pH - C\) Increased O2 levels and decreased pH - D\) Decreased O2 levels and decreased pH 130. Correct Answer: B 131. \*\*10. Which buffer system is most abundant in the body\'s cells and blood?\*\* - A\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Protein buffer system - D\) Ammonia buffer system 132. Correct Answer: C 133. \*\*11. Which condition is characterized by a decrease in HCO3- and pH, and compensatory hyperventilation?\*\* - A\) Metabolic acidosis - B\) Respiratory acidosis - C\) Metabolic alkalosis - D\) Respiratory alkalosis 134. Correct Answer: A 135. \*\*12. In the case of respiratory acidosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?\*\* - A\) Decrease in renal H+ excretion - B\) Increase in renal HCO3- reabsorption - C\) Decrease in ventilation rate - D\) Increase in lactic acid production 136. Correct Answer: B 137. \*\*13. What changes occur in ECF and ICF compartments during hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as with excessive distilled water intake?\*\* - A\) ECF osmolarity increases, ICF volume decreases - B\) ECF volume increases, ICF osmolarity decreases - C\) ECF volume decreases, ICF volume increases - D\) ECF volume increases, ICF volume increases 138. Correct Answer: D 139. \*\*14. In which location is ADH synthesized?\*\* - A\) Posterior pituitary gland - B\) Anterior pituitary gland - C\) Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus - D\) Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex 140. Correct Answer: C 141. \*\*15. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?\*\* - A\) 7.35-7.45 - B\) 7.25-7.35 - C\) 7.45-7.55 - D\) 7.15-7.25 142. Correct Answer: A 143. \*\*16. Which type of acid-base imbalance might occur at high altitudes due to increased ventilation?\*\* - A\) Metabolic acidosis - B\) Respiratory alkalosis - C\) Metabolic alkalosis - D\) Respiratory acidosis 144. Correct Answer: B 145. \*\*17. What is the result of aldosterone secretion in response to decreased ECF volume?\*\* - A\) Decreased sodium reabsorption - B\) Increased potassium reabsorption - C\) Increased sodium and water reabsorption - D\) Decreased blood pressure 146. Correct Answer: C 147. \*\*18. What effect does ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) have in the RAAS pathway?\*\* - A\) Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I - B\) Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II - C\) Directly increases aldosterone secretion - D\) Inhibits renin release from the kidney 148. Correct Answer: B 149. \*\*19. How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?\*\* - A\) Hypoventilation - B\) Hyperventilation - C\) Increased renal excretion of HCO3- - D\) Increased renal reabsorption of H+ 150. Correct Answer: A 151. \*\*20. What is the major determinant for the release of ADH?\*\* - A\) Plasma sodium concentration - B\) Plasma osmolarity - C\) Blood pressure - D\) Blood glucose levels 152. Correct Answer: B 153. \*\*21. What is the expected outcome of iso-osmotic volume expansion, such as from the intake of isotonic saline?\*\* - A\) Increase in ECF osmolarity - B\) Decrease in ECF volume - C\) No change in osmolarity, increase in ECF volume - D\) No change in ECF volume, increase in ICF volume 154. Correct Answer: C 155. \*\*22. During respiratory alkalosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?\*\* - A\) Renal retention of H+ - B\) Renal excretion of HCO3- - C\) Increase in ventilation rate - D\) Decrease in ventilation rate 156. Correct Answer: B 157. \*\*23. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metabolic acidosis?\*\* - A\) Elevated blood HCO3- concentration - B\) Decreased blood CO2 levels - C\) Increased blood H+ concentration - D\) Decreased blood K+ levels 158. Correct Answer: C 159. \*\*24. What is the primary action of angiotensin II in the RAAS system?\*\* - A\) Vasodilation of afferent arterioles - B\) Stimulation of renin release - C\) Constriction of efferent arterioles - D\) Inhibition of aldosterone secretion 160. Correct Answer: C 161. \*\*25. In which buffer system does hemoglobin play a critical role?\*\* - A\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Protein buffer system - D\) Ammonia buffer system 162. Correct Answer: C 163. \*\*26. What is the consequence of decreased efferent arteriole radius on GFR?\*\* - A\) Increased GFR - B\) Decreased GFR - C\) No change in GFR - D\) Decreased filtration pressure 164. Correct Answer: A 165. \*\*27. Which condition can lead to respiratory acidosis?\*\* - A\) Anxiety-induced hyperventilation - B\) Obstructive pulmonary diseases - C\) Excessive vomiting - D\) Ingestion of antacids 166. Correct Answer: B 167. \*\*28. How does aldosterone affect potassium levels in the body?\*\* - A\) Increases potassium reabsorption - B\) Decreases potassium secretion - C\) Increases potassium secretion - D\) Decreases potassium reabsorption 168. Correct Answer: C 169. \*\*29. What is the primary function of aquaporins in the kidney?\*\* - A\) Reabsorption of sodium - B\) Excretion of potassium - C\) Facilitation of water reabsorption - D\) Regulation of acid-base balance 170. Correct Answer: C 171. \*\*30. Which hormone is released in response to increased plasma osmolarity?\*\* - A\) Aldosterone - B\) Renin - C\) ADH - D\) Angiotensin II 172. Correct Answer: C 173. \*\*31. What role does the phosphate buffer system play in the body?\*\* - A\) Regulates blood pH - B\) Maintains plasma calcium levels - C\) Buffers urine pH - D\) Controls sodium balance 174. Correct Answer: C 175. \*\*32. What is the physiological response to hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as from excessive water intake?\*\* - A\) Increase in ADH secretion - B\) Increase in aldosterone secretion - C\) Decrease in ADH secretion - D\) Decrease in aldosterone secretion 176. Correct Answer: C 177. \*\*33. How does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?\*\* - A\) Increase in renal H+ secretion - B\) Decrease in ventilation rate - C\) Increase in ventilation rate - D\) Decrease in renal HCO3- excretion 178. Correct Answer: B 179. \*\*34. Which laboratory measurement is used to clinically assess GFR?\*\* - A\) Serum creatinine levels - B\) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - C\) Urinary protein levels - D\) Plasma osmolarity 180. Correct Answer: A 181. \*\*35. How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?\*\* - A\) Increased renal H+ secretion - B\) Increased HCO3- reabsorption - C\) Increased ventilation rate - D\) Decreased ventilation rate 182. Correct Answer: C