Practical Research 1 Week 6 PDF

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Week 6 LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4.1. selects relevant literature 4.2. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) 4.3. synthesizes information from relevant literature 4...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Week 6 LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4.1. selects relevant literature 4.2. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) 4.3. synthesizes information from relevant literature 4.4. writes coherent review of literature 4.5. follows ethical standards in writing related literature 4.6. presents written review of literature 3  MEANING OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ✘ A review of related literature is an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world. ✘ You examine representations of man’s thinking about the world to determine the connection of your research with what people already know about it. ✘ Review of related literature is a detailed evaluation of written materials on a research topic It involves the selection, classification, and synthesis of the given materials. 4  PURPOSE OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ✘ It shows the extent of research and study conducted on an area of interest. ✘ It serves as a context and frame of reference to build hypothesis, assumptions, and conceptual framework as well as a guide to determine the appropriate approach and methodology fit to the study. ✘ It provides the nuances of the phenomenon being studied pointing to various directions for current and future research. ✘ It is used as a reference to justify the research questions and as a point of comparison to the claims of the current 5 study by either confirming or negating them.  SEARCHING AND SELECTING LITERATURES FOR THE STUDY ✘ The literature required must follow certain parameters to be as part of the study. ✘ One that is greatly considered is the date of publication. ✘ Next consideration is the source. The source can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. ✘ Related to the source is the place of origin of the source which can be either local or foreign. ✘ the literature must be related and relevant to the area of interest 6  SEARCHING AND SELECTING LITERATURES FOR THE STUDY ✘ Further, with the criteria in place, literature search can commence with the following steps: ✗ Identify the key words. ✗ Start with the general references. ✗ Look at different sources. 7 SELECTING CREDIBLE SOURCES Academic journals Scholarly books Theses/Dissertations Documents and vertical files Specialized magazines/ Reference materials General Interest Magazines and Newspapers General Encyclopedia WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Reading and Note-taking Writing the review of related literature starts with note-taking Every find is classified according to the variables or concepts in the study. The ideas contained in these literatures are synthesized for easier reference when the whole body of information is put together coherently. WRITING THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Reading and Note-taking Balboing, A. (2021) Using Graphic Organizers as a Previewing Strategy in Improving Academic Writing Skills of Grade 11 Students Senior High School Journal 200-235. The use of graphic organizer as a prewriting strategy greatly improved the writing skills of Grade 11 senior high school students. It helped them visualize their thought process and see the direction of what they are about to write. The strategy gave an overall view of the paper without necessarily having to attend to the details at once. The need to deal with the details at the prewriting stage is likewise perceived to delay the actual writing of the paper.  FORMAT OF A LITERATURE REVIEW I. The Introduction a. This should provide an overview of what to expect on this portion. b. The general problem and the variables should be defined.  FORMAT OF A LITERATURE REVIEW I. The Body a. Chosen approaches, conclusion of authors, specific objectives, methods, and the like should be included. b. Studies and literature should be summarized. c. Divide works such as those that support a particular position, those against, and those that offer other ideas. d. Explanation of the comparison of the gathered literature.  FORMAT OF A LITERATURE REVIEW I. The Conclusion a. Major contributions of the studies or articles should be summarized. b. Current developments and new information should be evaluated. c. The review should be concluded by relating the gathered data to the central theme or problem. d. Identification of the research gap that would accentuate the importance of doing the current study. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS Theoretical framework is the grounding of the current study on established theories that offer points of view on a certain topic in terms of content and process. Conceptual framework is the application of the theories in the current study. It shows to the variables and important concepts constitute the framework the defines the direction leading to the answers to the research problem. Theoretical and frameworks are not usually employed in qualitative research due to its inductive nature.  PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES ❖The most common ethical concern in student papers is careless use of the works of others. ❖One manifestation of such practice is half-using the tenets of a research study. This is manipulation of the claims of a study to fit to support the claims of own research work. The other is failure to have proper attribution of the source. This is called plagiarism when one claims credit for the work of others. It is a form of intellectual dishonesty.  PURPOSES OF CITATION 1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field. 2. To give authority, validity, credibility, to other people’s claims, conclusions and arguments 3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic 4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily 5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work 6. To save yourself from plagiarism  THE FF ARE THREE TERMS USED TO EXPRESS YOUR APPRECIATION FOR OR RECOGNITION OF PEOPLE’S OWNERSHIP OF BORROWED IDEAS: Acknowledgement- the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper References or Bibliography- a complete list of all reading materials, including book, journals, periodicals etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from Citation or In-text citation- references within the main body of the text, specifically in RRL.  STYLES OF CITATION Integral citation- you do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author’s ideas. Examples: APA MLA One study by Manalo (2015) reveals… One study by (Manalo 70) The latest work by Lee (2015) asserts… The latest work by (Lee 123) According to Abad et al. (2015) context is… According to (Abad et al.: 54) STYLES OF CITATION Non-integral citation- this citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas. Examples: ?The code of ethics for intercultural competence give four ways by which people from different cultural background can harmoniously relate themselves with one another (Dela Cruz, 2015).  PATTERNS OF CITATION Summary- the citation in this case is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text. Paraphrase- this is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. Short Direct Quotation- only a part of the author’s sentence or several sentences not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quoted or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. PATTERNS OF CITATION Long Direct Quotation/Block Quotation/Extract- makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Tense of Verbs for Reporting- active verbs are effective words to use in reporting author’s ideas. APA system prefers the use of present perfect tense. Examples: Present tense- Rivera explains Past tense- Rivera explained Present perfect tense- Rivera has explained  EXAMPLE: The Original Passage By and large Yosemite has been preserved as though it were a painting. The boundaries of the park are the gilt frame around a masterpiece, and within the frame we are urged to take only pictures, leave only footprints. There are enormously important reasons to do so—there are too many people coming to the park to do it any other way—and yet I cannot help feeling something is sadly missing from this experience of nature. Looking is a fine thing to do to pictures, but hardly an adequate way to live in the world. It is nature as a place in which we do not belong, a place in which we do not live, in which we are intruders. A tourist is by definition an outsider, a person who does not belong, a stranger in paradise. Solnit, Rebecca. Savage Dreams: A Journey into the Landscape Wars of the American West. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print. EXAMPLE: Legitimate Summary Conservation efforts traditionally have represented Yosemite as a work of art marked by distinct borders (Solnit, 1999). While Solnit (1999) acknowledges that this representation may serve to protect the park, she also suggests that it limits the individual’s relationship to the landscape. EXAMPLE: Legitimate Paraphrase Solnit (1999) argues that because conservation efforts have conceived of Yosemite as a work of art, the park is represented as nature appropriately experienced as one might experience a painting: through sight only. While this representation makes sense in light of the throngs of people flocking to Yosemite, it limits the ways in which an individual might experience the park’s landscape, since it implies that that nature is to be viewed and not altered, that it is to be visited and not lived in (Solnit, 1999).  FOLLOWING REASONS TO JUSTIFY YOUR ACT OF QUOTING: 1. The idea is quite essential. 2. The idea is refutable or arguable. 3. The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple meanings. 4. There’s strong possibility that questions may be raised about the citation. 5. It is an excellent idea that to make it a part of your paper will bring prestige and credibility to your entire work.  PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES ❖APA uses the author-date format. Separated by a comma, the surname of the author is mentioned, followed by the year of publication (e.g., Balaoing, 2018). There are variations of this citation depending on specific situation. 1. Citing an author where the idea is part of a body of information 1. In metamemory (Flavell, 1979), the subject is actively involved in managing the contents of their memory. PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES  PLAGIARISM AND CITATION OF SOURCES ❖If the author is unknown: ❖(Use the title, 2000) ❖if the date is unknown: Use "n.d." or "no date." ❖(Navero, n.d.) ❖Navero (n.d.) claims that..... ❖a specific part of the work of an author: ❖(Navero, 2000, p. 36)  STANDARD STYLES IN RELATED LITERATURE CITATIONS OR REFERENCES REFERENCES THIS IS A QUICK GUIDE TO THE APA REFERENCING STYLE (7TH EDITION) The American Psychological Association reference style uses the Author-Date format IN-TEXT CITATION: THE BASICS To cite information directly or indirectly, there are two ways to acknowledge citations: 1) Make it a part of a sentence (integral) or 2) put it in parentheses at the end of the sentence. (non-integral) DIRECT QUOTATION Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers Examples: 1) Cohen and Lotan (2014) argue that "many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession" (p.151). 2) “Many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession" (Cohen & Lotan, 2014, p.151).  DIRECT QUOTATION Long Direct Quotation- quotation of 40 or more words Wang, Johnston, Juarez, and Marks (2010) described effective time management as an ongoing process: Time management is not a skill that can be achieved at once; it takes self-awareness, planning, execution, and reflection. The perception about time management is that the work is done once a schedule is created. In reality, that is only the first step. Successful students are adaptable and flexible; they are able to make changes to a schedule because they can purposefully and proactively move tasks around to adjust to new situations. (p. 27) *period before the parentheses for long quotation  INDIRECT QUOTATION/ PARAPHRASING/ SUMMARIZING no quotation marks 1) Professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable professional (Cohen & Lotan, 2014). 2) According to Cohen and Lotan (2014), professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable professional. IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS A Work by One Author The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". As Ahmed (2016) mentions... (Ahmed, 2016) IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS A WORK BY TWO AUTHORS Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... (Wegener & Petty, 1994) IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS A WORK BY THREE OR MORE AUTHORS List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources. (Kernis et al., 1993) Kernis et al. (1993) suggest... In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period. IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors: Jones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020) Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020) They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: (Jones, Smith, Liu, et al., 2020) (Jones, Smith, Ruiz, et al., 2020) Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead. IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS UNKNOWN AUTHOR If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists). A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001). Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS UNKNOWN AUTHOR If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists). A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001). Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person. According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity). First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000) IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations. (Smith, n.d., 1995, 2002, in press) IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) IN-TEXT CITATION: AUTHOR/AUTHORS TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.  Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in CITATIONS another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your FROM A reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the SECONDA original source, include it in the citation. RY SOURCE Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). FORMATTING A REFERENCE LIST: BASIC RULES FOR MOST SOURCES All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation. All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first). Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials. oFor example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M." oIf a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J." 49 FORMATTING A REFERENCE LIST: BASIC RULES FOR MOST SOURCES Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent. 50 FORMATTING A REFERENCE LIST: BASIC RULES FOR MOST SOURCES When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. ? Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on). Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections. 51 REFERENCE LIST: BOOKS 52  BASIC FORMAT FOR BOOKS In-reference list Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available) Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press. N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.  EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if available) Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.  EDITED BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available) Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer.  A TRANSLATION Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR) DOI (if available) Plato (1989). Symposium (A. Nehamas & P. Woodruff, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work published ca. 385-378 BCE) Note: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Plato (385-378/1989)  EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI (if available) Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.  ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available) Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer. Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).  MULTIVOLUME WORK Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher. DOI (if available) David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages (8th ed.,Vol. A). W. W. Norton and Company. REFERENCE LIST: OTHER PRINT SOURCES 60  ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.  ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher. Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (ed.), Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.  DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page. Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74, 03(E).  DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, PUBLISHED Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name. Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.  DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, PUBLISHED Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name. Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Note: If the dissertation or thesis is not published in a database, include the URL of the site where the document is located.  DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, UNPUBLISHED Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree. Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.  FEDERAL OR STATE STATUTE Name of Act, Public Law No. (Year). URL The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Publ. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111pu bl148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf  REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf  REPORT BY INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS AT GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications- Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRi sk.pdf  CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable) Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox REFERENCE LIST: ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS 71  ARTICLE IN PRINT JOURNAL Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13. Note: APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source. The example above assumes no DOI is available.  ARTICLE IN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979  ARTICLE IN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979  ARTICLE IN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal, 37(1), 67–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363  ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), pages. Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.  ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), pages. Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A, 2A.  REFERENCE LIST: ELECTRONIC SOURCES 78 WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT If the page names an individual author, cite their name first: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-doe s-not-exist-3af27e312d01 WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation. Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-cl osed-over-40-dogfighting-victims WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited). Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/ WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.). Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-He alth-Conditions ONLINE NEWS ARTICLE If the source does come from a site with an associated newspaper, leave the title of the article unformatted, but italicize the title of the newspaper. Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best- music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-ameri ca/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html ONLINE NEWS ARTICLE On the other hand, if the source doesn't come from a site with an associated newspaper, italicize the title of the article, but leave the name of the site unformatted. Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats- dominate-spains-housing-market DISSERTATION/THESIS FROM A DATABASE Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name. Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation. Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio ENTRY IN AN ONLINE DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1 ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document). Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-l earning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017 BLOG POST Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293 305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-raci al-equality YOUTUBE OR OTHER STREAMING VIDEO Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=14 8s Note: The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author. If the author’s name is the same as the username, you can omit the [Username]. TED TALK Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). Superheroes inspired by Islam [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/naif_al_mutawa_superheroes_ins pired_by_islam#t-4909 Or (if on YouTube) Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU  REFERENCE LIST: AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA 92 FILM OR VIDEO Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company. Loyd, P. (Director). (2008). Mamma mia! [Film]. Universal Pictures. TV SERIES Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s). Sherman-Palladino, A., Palladino, D. (Executive Producers). (2017-present). The marvelous Mrs. Maisel [TV series]. Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions; Picrow, Amazon Studios. TV SERIES EPISODE Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [Tv series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s). Korsh, A. (Writer & Director). (2019, September 25). One last con (Season 9, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In D. Liman & D. Bartis (Executive Producers), Suits. Untitled Korsh Company; Universal Content Productions; Open 4 Business Productions. MUSIC ALBUM Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label. The National. (2019). I am easy to find [Album]. 4AD. MUSIC ALBUM Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label. The National. (2019). I am easy to find [Album]. 4AD. Note: if you are referencing a re-recorded version of a classical work, list that album title in brackets following the name of the album. SINGLE SONG OR TRACK Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label. Dacus, L. (2018). Night shift [Song]. On Historian [Album]. Matador Records. SINGLE SONG OR TRACK Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label. Dacus, L. (2018). Night shift [Song]. On Historian [Album]. Matador Records. Note: if the song is a piece of classical music, you can list the composer instead of the recording artist. Note: if the song does not have an associated album, simply omit the section with the album. PODCAST Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL Bae, P. (Executive Producer). (2017-present). The big loop [Audio podcast]. QRX. https://www.thebiglooppodcast.com/ Note: in place of the executive producer, you can also list the host of the podcast. Note: if you did not access the podcast via an online source (e.g., if, you used a podcast app), omit the URL. ARTWORK IN A MUSEUM OR ON A MUSEUM WEBSITE Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum, City, State, Country. URL of museum Hopper, E. (1942). Nighthawks [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/artworks/111628/nighthawks Note: if the artwork is available via a museum website, cite that website at the end of the citation. If there is no associated website, simply omit the URL. Note: if the artwork does not have a title, briefly describe the work and put that description in square brackets. PHOTOGRAPH (NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A MUSEUM) Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL Ryan, S. (2019). Sea smoke on Lake Michigan [Photograph]. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/world/year-in-pic tures.html Note: if the photograph does not have a title, describe the photograph and put that description in square brackets.