Practical Research 2 PDF

**REVIEWER** **PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2** **[CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, AND KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.]** - Descriptive research is best described as a method that describes and interprets the current status of individuals, settings, or phenomena - Quasi-experimental re...

**REVIEWER** **PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2** **[CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, AND KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.]** - Descriptive research is best described as a method that describes and interprets the current status of individuals, settings, or phenomena - Quasi-experimental research involves comparing and contrasting two or more groups of study subjects based on a particular dependent variable - Correlational study aims to investigate the nature of relationships or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating the causal reasons underlying them - Comparative research involves comparing and contrasting two or more groups of study subjects based on a particular dependent variable - The fixed objective answers in quantitative research instruments might not reflect the real answers of respondents and may lead to confirmation bias, as the questions are tailored to conform to specific hypotheses - One strength of quantitative research is that it can process data analysis faster, making it efficient in summarizing information within a short period of time. - Quantitative research can be costly due to the need for a large sample size, which requires reaching out to many people as respondents - The goals of quantitative research encompass making predictions, testing hypotheses, and generalizing characteristics of a population. However, it does not primarily aim to explore experiences, as its focus is on measurable, objective data. - Quantitative research is considered generalizable when it approximately represents a wider population due to a greater number of respondents, making it more likely to be applicable to the whole population. - Quantitative research yields numerical outcomes when the researcher is allowed to present the findings through percentage, frequency distribution, and a range of numbers. This is indicative of its ability to provide a quantitative representation of data **IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS.** - Quantitative Research is important to the following field: Social Inquiry, Arts, Information and Communication Technology, Science, Agriculture, Sports, health, Business ,Education. **KINDS OF VARIABLES AND THEIR USES** Variable is anything that changes (Shukla, 2018). Simply it is a characteristic that vary from one person to person, text to text, or object to object. Kinds of Variable A. **Independent Variable** refers to the one that may cause the results. The variable that the researcher analyzes is likely the change agent for one or more other variables. **1. Active Independent Variable**. It is an independent variable that the researcher manipulates the condition or value of the independent variable. **2. Assigned Independent Variable.** It is an independent variable where the researcher has no control over how the variable appears for each subject. Example: students' gender, strand and or grade level. B. **Dependent Variable**- refers to those variables that change as an effect of the changes brought by the other variable. This is the variable that is affected by the independent variable. Example 1: Hours of studying and academic performance of Grade 12-Students in MKN National High School. **NATURE OF VARIABLES** 1. **Nominal-** These variables are labels or categories of a bigger variable. Hair colors (black, white, gold) Sex (male, female) 2. **Ordinal-** These variables have natural order among the categories, such as, ranking or letter grades. They are categorical variables and do not provide exact measurements. - Class ranking of honors (1st , 2 nd) 3. **Interval-** This is a level of measurement that can be measured along a continuum and the intervals between values are equally spaced. Degree Fahrenheit, Degrees Celsius (Temperature) 4. **Ratio-** This is a level of measurement with condition that 0 (zero) of the measurement indicates that there is none in that variable. Age (16, 17, 18, 19) Height (5", 5"3') Scores (90, 83, 85, 75) Weight (45 kgs., 80 kgs.) **[RESEARCH TITLE]** - A good research title should be simple, direct, clear, brief, and informative, inform the reader accurately about the contents of the paper, and avoid abbreviations or jargon. However, it does not necessarily need to contain numerical values of the parameters, as not all research topics involve numerical values. 1. Example of titles \*The Relationship of Covid-19 Anxiety and Physical Activities of Adult Residents in Davao City. \* Awareness on Covid- 19 and Healthcare Practices among Secondary Students in Calinan National High School \* Senior High School Students of Daniel R. Aguinaldo National School: Comparing their Microsoft Office Competence **[BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH]** - Good presentation of the background of research includes several elements. It consists of providing context, both global and national or local settings, identifying the research gap, discussing the significance of the study, and mentioning the method to be used. - **Research gap-**a missing or unexplored area within existing knowledge or literature that represents a valuable opportunity for further research. It signifies a topic or aspect where current understanding is insufficient, incomplete, or lacks comprehensive investigation. - **Significance of the study\"-**in the research background, It underscores the importance of the research findings - **Element of the research background.** It provides relevant contextual information **[STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM]** 1\. Statement of the problem is the explanation of an issue presently existing which needs to be addressed. 2\. There are four (4) basic steps in writing statement of the problem: a\. going back to the research title; b\. identifying the variables of the study; c\. identifying the respondents; d\. writing the statement of the problem. Ex. The Microsoft Office Competence Between the Junior High School and Senior High School Students in Pardillo Science High School: A Comparative Study Statement of the Problem 1. The study aims to determine the significant relationship in Microsoft Office Competence between the Junior High School and Senior High School students in Pardillo Science High School. **[Research questions.]** - Research questions (RQs) are questions derived from the purpose that a researcher is trying to answer in a study - In stating research question, there are important steps to consider as well as qualities on how to come up with a good research question: Step 1. Go back to the Research Title Step 2. Identify the Variables of the Study Step 3. Determine the Respondents of the Study Step 4. Formulate the Objective of the Study Step 5. State the Research Questions (Descriptive & Inferential) **[Steps for Stating Research Questions for Test of Relationship]Example: Awareness on COVID-19 and Healthcare Practices of Senior High School Students in Pilipi National High SchooL** **Descriptive Questions:** 1. What is the level of awareness on COVID-19 of the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School? 2. What is the level of healthcare practices of the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School? **Inferential Questions:** Asking for statistical significance + between + variable A + variable B + respondents + location + assigned independent variable 3. Is there a significant relationship between the awareness on COVID-19 and healthcare practices among the senior high school students of Pilipi National High School?? **[Steps for Stating Research Questions for Test of Difference]** Example: Awareness on Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) of Among Secondary Students in Pilipi National High School **Descriptive Questions:** Wh Question + linking verb + assigned independent variable + profile + respondents + location 1\. What is the grade profile of the secondary students in Pilipi National High School? **Wh Question + linking verb + level + dependent variable + respondents + location(Variable B)** 2\. What is the level of awareness on COVID-19 of the secondary students in Pilipi National High School? **Inferential Question (**Asking for statistical significance + main variable + respondents + location + assigned independent variable) 3\. Is there a significant difference in the awareness on COVID-19 among secondary students of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to grade level? **SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF STUDY** 1\. Scope and Delimitations of a study- tell the reader on what information is included in the research and give explanation why the author chose that information. 2\. Scope refers to the depth at which the research area will be explored. 3\. Delimitation parameters or characteristics that limit the scope and outline the boundaries of the study. These parameters include sample size, time, and geographic area. **[CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.]** **Conceptual framework** is a structure that shows the connectedness of phenomena under study. This is a visual illustration of the connection of key concepts or defined variables to be tested (e.g. relationship or difference) shown in logical and sequential manner. **[Correlation Conceptual Framework]** The illustration below shows the conceptual framework of correlation study or test of relationship. Research Question: Is there a significant relationship between the COVID-19 awareness and healthcare practices of the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School? Variable 1: Covid-19 awareness Variable 2: Covid-19 healthcare practice Comparative Conceptual Framework **The illustration below shows the placement of the independent and dependent variables in comparative study or test of difference.** Comparing 2 groups: Research Question: Is there a significant difference in the COVID-19 awareness of the senior high school students of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to sex? Variable 1: Covid-19 awarenes s Variable 2: sex Note: Sex is a classification. Hence, it is the (assigned) independent variable. COVID19 awareness is a respondents' (students) perception on their awareness about the disease. It changes depending on the independent variable. The arrow used is single-headed arrow to the right  **Comparing 3 groups or more:** Research Question: Is there a significant difference in the COVID-19 awareness of the senior high school students of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to grade level? Variable 1: COVID-19 awareness Variable 2: grade level **[RESEARCH HYPOTHESES]** **Hypothesis-** is a tentative proposition with unknown validity and more often than not, it can specify a relationship between variables, and it does not matter if its causal or not, and it can also specify a difference in groups as well as effects of interventions In basic research, we traditionally look at two types of hypotheses namely **the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis**. The alternative hypothesis is a statement that you usually state it like you want it to be true, and the null is otherwise **STEPS IN WRITING HYPOTHESIS FOR TEST OF RELATIONSHIP/CORRELATION STUDIES** **EXAMPLE 1 Research Question**: 1. Is there a significant relationship between the awareness on COVID-19 and healthcare practices among the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School? **Alternative: Format: There is a significant relationship between (Variable A) and (Variable B) among the (respondents) in (location)** H~a~ There is a significant relationship between the awareness on COVID-19 and healthcare practices among the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School. **STEPS IN WRITING HYPOTHESIS FOR TEST OF DIFFERENCE/COMPARATIVE STUDIES** EXAMPLE 1 Research Question: Is there a significant difference in the awareness on COVID19 among secondary students of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to grade level?