Practical Research 2 PDF

FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Practical Research 2 Part 1: INDEPENDENT vs DEPENDENT VARIABLE Independent Variable - is the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe its effect on another variabl...

FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Practical Research 2 Part 1: INDEPENDENT vs DEPENDENT VARIABLE Independent Variable - is the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable. It is considered the presumed cause in a cause-and-effect relationship. For example, in an experiment studying the impact of study time on test scores, the amount of study time is the independent variable because it is what the researcher changes to see how it affects outcomes. Dependent Variable - is the outcome that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to change as a result of manipulations made to the independent variable. Continuing with the previous example, the test scores would be the dependent variable since they depend on the amount of study time. Example: A chef in a kitchen is chopping vegetables for a dish. The number of servings the chef can Independent Variable prepare depends on how many vegetables are available. Dependent Variable Part 2: KINDS of RESEARCH DESIGN Experimental Research – a research design is often conducted in a controlled setting with corresponding research treatment Correlational Research - a non-experimental method that examines the statistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. Ex Post Facto Research - a type of observational study where the researcher examines the effects of an independent variable after it has occurred naturally, without manipulation. Survey Research - involves collecting data from a predetermined group of respondents through questionnaires or interviews to gather insights on opinions, behaviors, or characteristics. Part 3: KINDS of CORRELATION Positive Correlation - A positive correlation occurs when two variables move in the same direction; as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases, the other decreases. Example: There is a positive correlation between hours studied and test scores. Generally, students who study more hours tend to achieve higher test scores. Negative Correlation - A negative correlation occurs when two variables move in opposite directions; as one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice versa. Example: There is a negative correlation between the amount of time spent watching television and academic performance. Typically, as television viewing time increases, academic performance tends to decrease. No Correlation - No correlation indicates that there is no discernible relationship between two variables; changes in one variable do not predict changes in the other. Example: There is no correlation between a person's shoe size and their intelligence level. Changes in shoe size have no effect on or relationship with intelligence scores. Part 4: OTHER RESEARCH CONCEPTS 1. It is important to consider contacting those who will participate in your study to: Communicate effectively and clearly outline the purpose of the survey to potential participants. Clearly express your willingness to accommodate the participant's schedule for the survey. Researchers should be ready to adjust their availability to fit the participants' schedules. 2. The topic being RESEARCHABLE is the most important thing for a researcher to consider when deciding on a research topic. Page 1 of 3 3. HYPOTHESIS - is an educated prediction. 4. Write down topics you are interested in when you are feeling overwhelmed trying to decide on a problem to research. 5. Research design – a research process made a general plan for selecting participants, assigning participants to experimental conditions, controlling extraneous variables, and gathering data. 6. All references that are used in your paper are what the reference section of an APA-format paper should contain. 7. Lying with statistics – is violated when someone collects his data, conducts a number of analyses, and only presents the results that support his hypothesis, ignoring results that run contrary to his hypothesis. 8. The purpose of educational research is to explain and be able to predict relationships – this is a philosophical assumption of quantitative researchers. 9. In an exact manner – when people are inclined to do quantitative research when they want to discover the truth. 10. Some researchers think that quantitative research is complex because of numerical data. 11. Legality and formality – should reflect the proper referencing of the contents of your paper. 12. The purpose of methodology in writing a research paper is to explain how the study will be conducted. 13. The researcher should not use leading questions when designing a questionnaire. 14. Likert is a scale for measuring the numerical data in survey research. A Likert scale is a widely used rating system in survey research that measures respondents' attitudes, opinions, or feelings toward a specific statement or question. It typically consists of a series of statements followed by a range of response options, allowing participants to express varying degrees of agreement or disagreement. 15. Nominal - is a scale of measurement that assigns values to variables based on their names or categories. It is the most basic level of measurement where numbers are used only as labels or names. There is no inherent order or ranking to the categories. Examples include gender (male/female), marital status (single/married/divorced), and political affiliation (Democrat/Republican/Independent). 16. Ordinal Scale - is a scale of measurement that assigns values to variables based on their rank or order. While the categories have a specific order, the differences between them cannot be quantified. Examples include educational attainment (elementary/high school/college), pain level (mild/moderate/severe), and letter grades (A/B/C/D/F). 17. Verbal Interpretation - refers to assigning qualitative labels or descriptions to quantitative data. It involves translating numerical scores or values into words that provide meaning and context. For instance, a test score of 90% could be verbally interpreted as "excellent performance", while a score of 60% as "needs improvement". Verbal interpretation helps make quantitative data more understandable and relatable. 18. In a research proposal, it should be included your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them. 19. Plagiarism be avoided by paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words. 20. Plagiarism is any suggestion that we have written what another actually wrote is morally wrong. The whole point of literature is to show what we have read and what we thought about it. 21. A systematic literature review is a replicable, scientific, and transparent process. 22. Critical reading of literature means evaluating what you read in terms of your research questions. Page 2 of 3 23. To review the existing literature, the researcher needs to find out what is already known about your area of interest. 24. Research is important in daily life because: Research has the potential to provide quality life. Research helps professionals provide quality education services. Research assesses individuals’ or groups’ plans of action as bases for accurate inventions and decisions in life. 25. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that respondents can be put at ease. 26. The most important consideration in selecting a sample is that it should be representative of the population. 27. It is important to have well-formulated research questions because it gives greater clarity to the research process and what you wish to research. 28. A criterion for a good research question is that questions should connect with established theory and research. 29. The introduction is the part of Chapter 1 answers the questions: “What is the problem? Why is it a problem?, Why should it be solved?, and How should it be solved?” 30. Conducting the literature review is a component of the research process that should be conducted first. 31. When the research question is: “What is the effect of television viewing on Filipinos?” It needs revision because it does not center on specific concerns or issues. 32. Reliability in a research study means that the measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions. 33. Research Design is a framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data. 34. A poor research idea is not testable. 35. Plagiarism is using someone else’s work without giving credit to the original source in his paper. Page 3 of 3