Different Types of Research Methods PDF

different types of research  general forms of research  SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH A research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by generating credible theories. Ex: researches about climate change, gene therapy and etc.  RESEARCH...

different types of research  general forms of research  SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH A research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by generating credible theories. Ex: researches about climate change, gene therapy and etc.  RESEARCH in the humanities Seeks to define the purpose of human existence by tapping into historical facts and future possibilities. Ex: relationship between religion and politics  artistic research Provides alternative approaches to established concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones. Expounds current accepted concepts and opens them to further interpretation. EXAMPLES OF research designS  research design Enables the researcher to organize the components of his/her research in an orderly and coherent manner, ensuring that the research or study will effectively address the problem. ACTION RESEARCH Follows a cyclical process. First, the researcher identifies a problem and determines a plan of action to address it. Then, the action plan is implemented. The collected data is analyzed for the effects of the action implemented to gain a better understanding of the problem and the effectiveness of the solution causal design Explores how a specific change impacts a certain situation shows a cause-and-effect relationship between variables descriptive design Answers who, what, when, where, and how questions related to a particular research problem. Used to obtain information about the present situation to gain an understanding of a certain phenomena. exploratory design This research focuses on topics or problems which have had little or no studies done about them. purpose is to gain information and insight that can be used for later researches. EXPERIMENTAL design In this design, the researcher controls the factors and variables related to a certain phenomena and tries to change or manipulate one or several factors to determine the possible effects. cohort design Identifies a group of people sharing common characteristics who are then studied for a period of time. Researcher seeks to identify how these groups are affected by certain factors or changes and relates the information gathered to the problem. cross-sectional design It looks into a large group of people, composed of individuals with varied characteristics. Researcher seeks to determine how these individuals are affected by a certain variable and gathers data at a specific period of time. longitudinal design Follows a group of people over a long period of time. Explores causal relationships over time and determines how long these relationships last and the extent of their effects on the group being studied. mixed-method design This research combines aspects of various research designs and methods. It primarily combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to gain a complete picture of the research problem and gather data that will fully determine the validity of the hypotheses. research methods Research Methodology Determines the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data for the research, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. quantitative research A research strategy that involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to test theories, explain phenomena, and draw conclusions qualitative research A method of inquiry that involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand human behavior and social phenomena. Focuses on gaining insights and understanding about an individual’s perception and interpretation of events.  characteristics of qualitative research 1.Qualitative research is conducted in a systematic and rigorous way. However, it is more flexible than quantitative research. 2.It usually follows an iterative process, which means that data collection and analysis occur simulataneously. 3. It focuses on gathering information from people who can provide the richest insights into the phenomenon or interest. 4. Collection of data is continuous until saturation, or when it reaches the point where no new information is revealed with respect to the key themes from the data. 5. Qualitative data collection examines everyday life in its natural context or in an uncontrolled naturalistic setting. common types of qualitative research phenomenological study A type of research that seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining how complex meanings are built out of simple units of inner experience. phenomenological study It examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents. Ex: What are the common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is undergoing rehabilitation? ethnographic study This study involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities. The researcher immerses with the people and becomes part of their culture. ethnographic study During the immersion process, the researcher talks to the key persons and personalities called key informants who provide important information about the study. Ex: What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in Brgy. Cutcut, Angeles City? Historical study This study is concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events. It also involves relating the implications of the past to the present and future time. Ex: What were the roles of women in the Katipunan? SOURCES OF DATA FOR HISTORICAL STUDY Documents - printed materials that can be found in libraries, archives, or personal collections. Relics and artifacts - physical remains or objects from a certain historical period. Oral Reports - information that is passed on by word of mouth.  CLASSIFICATION OF DATA SOURCES Primary Sources - materials providing first- hand information (e.g. oral histories, written records, diaries, eyewitness accounts, pictures, videos, and other physical evidence.  CLASSIFICATION OF DATA Secondary SOURCES Sources - second-hand information such as an account based on an original source, or a material written as an abstract of the original materials. case study An in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution. It also provides information on where to draw conclusions about the impact of a significant event in a person’s life (Sanchez, 2002). Ex: How do cancer survivors look at life? grounded theory study The method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, properties, and hypotheses that state relations between these categories and properties emerge. Hypotheses are tentative and suggestive, and are not tested in the study. grounded theory study Ex: Ten school counselors were given structured interviews to help determine how their professional identity is formed. narrative analysis Involves analyzing stories to understand how people experience and communicate events and phenomena. The main sources of data for this type of research are the life accounts of individuals based on their personal experiences. common types of narrative analysis Psychological - This involves analyzing the story in terms of internal thoughts and motivations. Biographical - This takes the individual’s society and factors like gender and class into account. common types of narrative analysis Discourse Analysis - This studies the approach in which language is used in texts and contexts. critical qualitative research This type of research seeks to bring about change and empower individuals by describing and critiquing the social, cultural, and psychological perspectives on present-day contexts. postmodern research It seeks to analyze the facts that have been established as truths, the ability of research and science to discover truth, and all generalizations and typologies. basic interpretative qualitative study This is used when a researcher is interested in identifying how individuals give meaning to a situation or phenomenon. strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research strengths of qualitative research The study requires few cases or participants. It is useful for describing complex phenomena. Issues can be examined in detail and in depth. strengths of qualitative research Interviews are not restricted to specific questions and can be guided or redirected by the researcher in real time. Subtleties and complexities about the research subjects or topic are often missed by more positivistic inquiries. strengths of qualitative research It provides individual case information. It provides understanding and description of people’s personal experiences of phenomena. It can describe in detail the phenomena as they are situated and embedded in local contexts. strengths of qualitative research The researcher usually identifies contextual and setting factors as they relate to the phenomenon of interest. The researcher can study dynamic processes. The researcher can use grounded theory to generate a tentative but explanatory theory about a phenomenon. strengths of qualitative research It can determine how participants interpret constructs. Data are usually collected in naturalistic settings. Qualitative approaches are especially responsive to local situations, conditions, and stakeholders’ needs. strengths of qualitative research Qualitative data in the words and categories of participants lend themselves to exploring how and why particular phenomena occur. You can use an important case to vividly demonstrate a phenomenon to the readers.  weaknesses of qualitative research The knowledge produced might not be applicable to other people or other settings. Inflexibility is more difficult to maintain, assess and demonstrate. Data analysis is often time-consuming.  weaknesses of qualitative research It is sometimes not as well understood and accepted as quantitative research within the scientific community. The researcher’s presence during data gathering, which is often unavoidable in qualitative research, can affect the subject’s responses.  weaknesses of qualitative research Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present problems when presenting findings. It is difficult to make quantitative predictions. It is more difficult to test hypotheses and theories with large participant pools.  weaknesses of qualitative research Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present problems when presenting findings. It is difficult to make quantitative predictions. It is more difficult to test hypotheses and theories with large participant pools.  weaknesses of qualitative research It might have lower credibility with some administrators and commissioners of programs. It generally takes more time to collect the data compared to quantitative research. The results are more easily influenced by the researcher’s personal biases and idiosyncrasies.