PR-II-Reviewer.pdf

PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter Nature of Inquiry and Research: Describing Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, & Kinds of Quantitative Research:  Experimental design - A research des...

PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter Nature of Inquiry and Research: Describing Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, & Kinds of Quantitative Research:  Experimental design - A research design that allows the researcher to control the  A. Characteristics of Quantitative situation and identifies the cause and Research: Antwi and Hamza (2015) effect relationship between variables stated that quantitative research Prieto et. al (2017). (Prieto et al., 2017). approach primarily follows the  Inquiry - It is synonymous to the term confirmatory scientific method because 'investigation' that when you inquire or its focus is on hypothesis testing and investigate, you tend to ask questions to theory testing. probe or examine something  B. Strengths and Weaknesses of (Baraceros, 2016) Quantitative Research: identified the  Non-experimental - A research design strengths and weaknesses of qualitative that is sometimes equated with survey research as summarized in the table research and is very common in the below: social sciences (Mujis, 2004).  Numerical data - It pertains to a Strengths Weaknesses number or symbol to express how many, how much or what rank things Gives way to a new Time consuming, costly, are to have in this world. (Baraceros, hypothesis or to disproving it and difficult 2016). Bigger number of population, Requires extensive  Quantitative research - A type of more reliable the results are statistical treatment research that makes you focus your The results can be seen as It leaves a room for mind by means of statistics that involve real and unbiased uncertainty or grey areas collection and study of numerical data (Baraceros, 2016).  Research - A scientific, experimental, or  C. Kinds of Quantitative Research: inductive manner of thinking Mujis (2004) identified the two major (Baraceros, 2016) types of quantitative research designs:  Research hypothesis - It is a tentative experimental designs and non explanation that accounts for a set of experimental designs. facts and can be tested by further 1. Experimental Research - investigation. Experiments in research came  Research title - This summarizes the to mean "taking a deliberate main idea or ideas of your study. It action followed by systematic condenses the paper's main ideas/ideas observation. Experiments are into few words. used in explanatory research  Variable - It is a characteristic or and are based on causal logic attribute of interest in the research (or cause-and-effect logic). study that can take on different values and is not constant.  PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter Leavy (2017) further classified experimental with one another. It cannot design into three primary categories of establish cause-effect experiments: pre-experiments, true relationships. experiments, and quasi- experiments. A. Survey research is the most widely used A. Pre-experimental designs are focused quantitative design in the social on studying a single group that is given sciences. Common uses of survey the experimental intervention research with which you are probably (experimental groups only). familiar include the census, polling on B. True experimental designs (also called political issues or public opinions, and classical experiments) are based on market research (Leavy, 2017). randomization. Research subjects are B. Descriptive or observational studies randomly assigned to control and because the researcher observes or experimental groups. describes what the subjects report and C. Quasi-experimental designs involve do not intervene with a treatment taking advantage of natural settings or (Patten and Newhart, 2017) groups, and thus subjects are not C. Correlational research (Prieto et al., randomly assigned. 2017) - has three types: i) Bivariate correlational studies- obtain scores from two variables Example: A researcher is studying the effect of from each subject and use them to the different formulations of the composite calculate a correlation coefficient. wheat flour-sweet potato flour pandesal. To test Correlation means variables are the differences in the sensory characteristics selected because they are believed (color, odor, taste and texture) of the different to be related. (Positive Correlation, formulations the following hypothesis were Negative Correlation, & Zero tested: Correlation) Alternative hypothesis (Hi)- That there are ii) Prediction studies- the correlation significant differences in the sensory coefficient to show how one characteristics specifically color, odor, taste and variable predicts another. texture among the treatments. iii) Multiple Regression Prediction Studies - these make it possible to Null hypothesis (Ho)-That there are no combine the variables that can significant differences in the sensory contribute to the over-all prediction characteristics specifically color, odor, taste and in an equation that adds together texture among the treatments. the predictive of each identified 2. Non-experimental Research - variable. According to Baraceros (2016), non-experimental research is a way of finding out the truths about a subject by describing the collected data about such subject and determining their relationships or connections  PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter Four types of Quantitative Research Four main types of variables in Quantitative Research:  Descriptive - It provides a description  Independent Variables (IV) - are those and exploration of phenomena in real- that are suspected of being the cause in life situations and characteristics. a causal relationship. If you are asking a  Comparative - is a systematic cause and effect question, your IV will investigation of relationships between be the variable (or variables if more two or more variables used to explain than one) that you suspect causes the the nature of relationships in the world. effect.  Quasi-experimental - It is a study that (a) Active Independent resembles an experiment but random Variable (IV) - are assignment had no role in determining interventions or conditions which participants were placed on a that are being applied to specific level of treatment. Generally, the participants. would have less validity than (b) Attribute Independent experiments. Variable (IV) - are intrinsic  Experimental (empirical method) - It is characteristics of the also often called true experimentation, participants that are uses the scientific method to establish suspected of causing a the cause-effect relationship among a result. group of variables that make up a study. 2) Dependent Variables (DV) - are those that are influenced by the independent variables. Dependent variables are Importance of Quantitative Research variables that depend on or are influenced by the independent variables. They are  More reliable and objective outcomes or results of the influence of the  Can use statistics to generalize a finding independent variable.  Tests theories or hypotheses 3) Sample Variables - In some studies, some  Often reduces a complex problem characteristic of the participants must be  Looks at relationships between measured for some reason, but that variables characteristic is not the IV or the DV. In this case, these are called sample variables. 4) Extraneous Variables - Extraneous variables are not of interest to the study but Variables in Quantitative Research may influence the dependent variable. For  A variable is any characteristic, number, this reason, most quantitative studies or quantity that can be measured or attempt to control extraneous variables. counted. A variable may also be called a data item. Age, sex, business income  Covariate variables - included in the and expenses, country of birth, capital research study to create interactions expenditure, class grades, eye color and with the independent and dependent vehicle type are examples of variables. variables.  Continuous variables quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale measurement  PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter  Attribute variables - characteristics of people intelligence, creativity, anxiety and learning styles.  Dichotomous variable is a type of variable that only takes on two possible values.  Latent Variables - cannot be directly observed like personality traits (Russell 2013 and Babbie 2013)  PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter Parts of Research (Chapter I- The Problem and STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SOP) Its Background)  Sub-problems: contains the variables needed in the study and their measurements  Introduction  Main Problem: investigates the  Background of the Study significant relationship or difference  Theoretical Framework between or among variable  Conceptual Framework  Statement of the Problem  Hypothesis HYPOTHESIS  Scope and Delimitation of the Study  Significance of the Study  A research hypothesis (also called a  Definition of Terms scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study  Shortest part of Chapter 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY - The background  Educated guess that will be tested using of a study is the first section of the paper and inferential statistics establishes the context underlying the research. It contains the rationale, the key problem statement, and a brief overview of research questions that are addressed in the rest of the paper. SCOPE & DELIMITATION: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  Discusses the theories on which your study is anchored  Relevant theories or laws are presented and explained how they lead to the present study CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions.  PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  Explain why the study is important  Who will benefit from the study (Use you SOP)  Use general to specific DEFINITION OF TERMS  Mini-dictionary in your study that contains important terminologies/ concepts in your paper that needs to be defined.  Define the important terms and variables 2 Types of Definition:  Operational Definition- How the term is applied or used in the research  Conceptual Definition- The basic dictionary definition PR II Reviewer | 1st Quarter