Psychology Chapter 1 Lectures 1, 2 & 3 PDF

Faculty of Physical Therapy Course Title: Psychology Course Code: FM307 Department: Psychology Lecture Title : Chapter1: introduction Lecturer Name : Prof. Hesham Abdelhamid Tohamy  Psychology Chapter 1 Lectures: 1 , 2 & 3...

Faculty of Physical Therapy Course Title: Psychology Course Code: FM307 Department: Psychology Lecture Title : Chapter1: introduction Lecturer Name : Prof. Hesham Abdelhamid Tohamy  Psychology Chapter 1 Lectures: 1 , 2 & 3 Weeks: 1 2 & 3 “An introduction to General Psychology” Presentation prepared by: Prof. Hesham Abd-Elhamid Tohamy  COURSE GRADES Total 30 marks 70 marks Grade 100 marks Class work: including FINAL EXAM: 4 quizzes MCQ + questions MIDTERM EXAM: MCQ questions CLASS MEETS: ROADMAP: Specific topics to be addressed include:  What is psychology?  What is Disability?  Assessment  Intellectual disability  Autism Spectrum Disorder  CP and GMFCS-ER (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS))  Psychological report Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 5  LECTURES: 1, 2 & 3 WEEKS: 1, 2 & 3 Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 6  An Introduction to Contemporary Psychology  Learning Objectives After completing this introduction, the student should be able to: 2- Identify and 4- Gain some 1- Define differentiate between 3- Understand the understanding of the the three subject notion of contemporary matters of four aims of psychologists as psychology. contemporary psychology. scientists and psychology. professionals.  CONTENT The subject The major Definition of Aims of Questions for matter of branches of psychology psychology review psychology psychology  Psychology is now taught to an increasing number of university students from different academic backgrounds.  We will introduce a great deal of the necessary information about human psychology; especially psychology of disability. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 10  Human Social nature science Psycholog science y is seen now as : Behavioral Life sciences sciences Human sciences Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 11 What is contemporary psychology? Contemporary psychology is commonly defined as: the scientific study of the behavior and experience of humans and animals. We can also define it as the science of behavior and mental processes that seeks to describe and explain aspects of human thoughts, feelings, perceptions and actions. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 13 To study psychology is to learn how humans and other organisms think, understand, learn, perceive, feel, act, and interact with others. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 14 The focus of psychology is generally on the individual, whether alone or in interaction with others and the environment. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 15 Psychological research have produced information on topic such as : 1- How people grow up and become independent? 2- How they learn and remember, sleep and dream, perceive the world, and live fulfilling lives? 3- How people interact? 4- Behavioral problems such as violence and drug abuse 5- Assessing and treating mental and psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, phobia …… etc. 6- Different kind of disabilities such as mental retardation, Autism, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) …. etc. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 16 Mental processes include thoughts and ideas as well as more complex aspects of reasoning and all cognitive functions such as creativity, intelligence, memory, perception, attention, learning, thinking, reasoning, abstraction …. etc. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 17 Participants in Psychological Research include: 1- Human Participants: - Normals and Abnormals - All the life span : infant , child , adolescent , adult ,and old age 2- Animal Participants: - Such as Pavlov's dogs, Skinner’s white rats - Animals still used in 7-8% of psychological experiments - By using animals experimenters can overcome problems related to code of ethics - Animals used because they are a simpler model, but generalization to humans are needed - a wide range of medical and other manipulations - we can study the lifetime and multiple generations; inexpensive and available. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 18  Ethics in Research: participation must be voluntary, confidentiality, freedom to withdraw, deception can be used if it is only way, not a danger Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 19  Comprehensive theories and reliable knowledge. Why does psychology differ from common The study of behavior sense or non-scientific should be exact and sources of knowledge? systematic. That can be done by applying the scientific YES method in studying psychological phenomena. Is psychology a science? The scientific method is a basic strategy that is carefully designed to ensure that reliable facts are established and observations can be replicated by independent and other investigators. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 20 What is the the Subject matter of psychology? The subject matter of psychology involves three sets of events Overt Covert Physiological Behavior Behavior Changes (Experience)  Overt Behavior Responses that are directly observable: They involve: Motor activity (Walking , running , jumping , all other gross motor acts or fine motor behaviors) Verbal communication (talking & speech) Non-verbal communication (body language) o eye – contact o body posture o facial expressions o personal space  Covert Behavior (Experience) Events that take place within an individual. They cannot be directly observed because they are private and internal events. However we can infer them from overt behavior. Experience includes: feelings emotions moods attitudes beliefs thinking imagination motives  Covert Behavior (Experience) Events that take place within an individual. They cannot be directly observed because they are private and internal events. However we can infer them from overt behavior. Experience includes: feelings emotions moods attitudes beliefs thinking imagination motives  Physiological Changes Psychologists are interested in some physiological changes that associate with behavior and experience. They are not observed directly, but they can be measured objectively and accurately (must be measured with instruments). Such changes involve: heart rate blood pressure secretion of saliva the electrical conductivity of the skin (GSR)  Biofeedback is a type of therapy that uses sensors attached to your body to measure key body functions. Biofeedback is intended to help you learn more about how your body works. This information may help you to develop better control over certain body functions and address health concerns. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 26 The GSR2 (Biofeedback relaxation system): Listen to you skin One of the principle ways your body reacts to tension and stress is through your skin and what scientists call galvanic skin resistance. This galvanic skin resistance, or GSR, is a reflection of variations in your sweat gland activity and pore size, both of which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. When you become excited, frightened or disturbed to any degree, the system activates chemical and physical changes all through your body. Your GSR level also changes. Your skin resistance increases when you are calm and relaxed. When you tense up even slightly, your skin resistance decreases.  By letting you hear those increases and decreases; the GSR2 monitor can give you new awareness of the internal stat of your mind and body and help you develop the ability to control tension and stress. Dr. HESHAM ABD ELHAMID TOHAMY 27  What is the Aims of Psychology? As any science Psychology has four major aims: (a) Two Theoretical aims (b) Two theoretical aims:  (a) Theoretical aims: 1. Description: Naming or classifying without asking "why?". Useful knowledge often begins with accurate description which should be as free as possible from biases. In descriptive studies we can answer questions like as : 1- What happen when the right side of the brain is injured or damaged ? 2- To what extent creative thinking differs from intelligence? 3- How many type of memory are there ? 2. Understanding: Establishing cause – effect relationships. Identifying the factors and mechanisms that cause or maintain behavior. Answering the question of "why?"  (b) Practical aims: 3. Prediction: The ability to accurately forecast behavior. For example: To predict occupational success or higher occupational performance from scores on an aptitude test 4. Control: It is also referred to as modification - To change the conditions that affect behavior in predictable ways. - This can be achieved by altering (changing) conditions that affect behavior in predictable way - In other words control refers to the ability to arrange for an event to happen and then modify or control it - For example, to change an educational system to get higher achievement level or to develop a therapeutic procedure for treating phobia NB: Prediction & control are important tests of the validity of our descriptions and explanations (aims No1 & No2). No prediction and control without description and explanation Put (  ) or (X) and correct the false statement: (20 marks) 1. Participation in the psychological research must be voluntary ( ). 2. Participants in psychological research include humans only ( ). 3. Verbal report is referred to as body language ( ). Put (  ) or (X) and correct the false statement: (20 marks) 4. Reasoning is considered an overt behavior ( ) 5. Description leads to establishing Cause-effect relationships between variables ( ) 6. Physiological changes are like heart rate and secretion of saliva ( ) Put (  ) or (X) and correct the false statement: (20 marks) 7. To study covert behaviors we have to convert them into overt behaviors ( ) 8. Mental processes include thinking and reasoning ( ) 9. Control refers to the ability to accurately forecast overt and covert behaviors ( ) 10. Physiological changes could be associated with behavior ( ) Put the definition of the followings: (10 marks) 1- Psychology ………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… 2- Scientific method ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… 3- Covert behavior ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Put the definition of the followings: (10 marks) 4. Description………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… 5. Control………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… Complete the following sentences: (10 marks)  1. ………………..……communication is referred to as body language. 2. ………….…behaviors are private and internal events because they cannot be directly observed. 3. In …………….…………. we can establish Cause-effect relationships among variables. 4. ………………. refers to expressing self in talking and speech 5. Psychology differs from common sense or non-scientific sources of knowledge by applying the …………………..…method.  What Psychologists Do? Two kinds of psychologists Pure/Basic Applied Psychologists Psychologists Who Who try to discover the basic put principles to work in principles of mental attempting to help activity humanity in one way or another  Two kinds of psychologists Pure/Basic Applied Psychologists Psychologists Who Who try to discover the put principles to work basic principles of in attempting to help mental activity humanity in one way or another  Basic & Applied Psychology Some Fields Some Of Basic Studies Professional in Psychology Psychologists Experimental psychology Personnel psychologists Physiological psychology Clinical psychologists Animal psychology Educational psychologists Developmental psychology Social psychology Abnormal psychology Some Fields Of Basic Studies In Psychology Experimental Psychology:  Studies the basic facts and principles of behavior,  usually in a laboratory and with human adults as his experimental subjects. Physiological Psychology:  Investigates the bodily structures and functions that seem most directly related to mental activity. Animal Psychology:  Uses lower animals as experimental subjects,  hoping thereby to learn much about human nature indirectly and economically. Developmental Psychology:  Is concerned with the development of behavior in :  The fetus, infant, child, adolescent, adult, and old age. Social Psychology :  Finds out how social objects and events affect our behavior &  how groups operate. Abnormal Psychology:  Is concerned with the odd and the unusual aspects of behavior,  looking toward the understanding of people in trouble. Some Professional Psychologists Applied Psychologists Sports Psychologist Industrial Psychologist Military Psychologist Educational Psychologist Clinical Psychologist Counseling Psychologist Psychoanalyst Personnel Psychologists:  Are concerned with problems of vocational adjustment of individuals.  They attempt to find the best individuals for jobs and the best kinds of work for individuals.  They serve in connection with institutions of learning as well as military and industrial organizations. Industrial-organizational psychologist: The field of industrial-organizational psychology applies the psychologists’ scientific knowledge of human behavior in order to help determine which organizational and leadership techniques are most effective for a particular place of business. He works with individual employees or managers. The psychologist may help managers to discover the best methods to teach employees new processes. The psychologist may help to find 1- the best ways for employees to work as a group. 2- the best way to improve the company’s performance and production. 3- the best one for a job and the job for one. He may help managers to achieve the company’s goals. Military psychologist: Military psychology is the research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations. Military psychology is applied towards counseling and treatment of stress and fatigue of military personnel as well as treatment of psychological trauma suffered as a result of military operations. Another use of military psychology is in interrogation of prisoners who may provide information. The Educational Psychologist:  Is concerned with the application to education of psychological principles & findings ,  together with the psychological study of problems of education.  Works with gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Educational vs. school psychologist: Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. This distinction is however not made in the UK, where the generic term for practitioners is "educational psychologist".  Sport psychologist:  A sports psychologist is a licensed mental health professional who helps athletes improve their performance and focus. He or she works with sports players to help them identify their challenges, work through difficult times, and set goals. Clinical psychologists: Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders & Disabilities. The Clinical Psychologists: - are concerned with the mental welfare of individuals by applying the principles of behavior to problems of adjustment. - deal with specific behavior-abnormal, maladjusted, deviant, pathological, unhappy, anxious, unfulfilled, and so on. - evaluate patients through interviews, observation, and psychological tests, and they apply current research findings and methodologies in making diagnoses and assigning treatments. - hold an academic degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) rather than a medical degree (M.D.). - may provide psychotherapy but cannot prescribe medications. - work in hospitals or clinics or in private practice. - work often in tandem with psychiatrists and social workers.  Activities of Clinical Psychologists Assessment Therapy Prevention Assessment : 1- Assessment of intellectual functioning and personality. 2- It may be in the form of : Observation Testing Interviewing 3- In either case , it is a way of gathering information so that a problem can be solved. Assessment is a way of gathering information so that a problem can be solved. 4- These information may help in : - Reaching a better diagnosis ( e.g., is the child mentally retarded , experiencing organic problems , or just saddled with an insensitive teacher ). - Determining the efficacy of specific therapeutic techniques (using pre-post testing procedures ). - Solving some research problems, e.g.: Can a specific personality test predict who will benefit most from specific therapy ? Or who at risk for specific psychiatric disorder ? Therapy: It includes any technique or recommendation for improving the adjustment of the individual. Therapy: - It may be done with groups or one person at a time. - It may last for just a few sessions or it may go on for years - It may focus narrowly on one circumscribed problem or broadly on the entire personality. Prevention: Beside treating existing problems and abnormalities , Clinical psychologist can play an important role in preventing certain kinds of difficulties or psychological disturbances from arising in the first place. He can promote, plan or carry out programs for : A- Primary prevention B- Secondary prevention C- Tertiary prevention  The term "prevention" is typically used to represent activities that stop an action or behavior. It can also be used to represent activities that promote a Prevention positive action or behavior. Primary Secondary Tertiary A- Primary prevention : It means : Reducing the mental disorders in a community through: - Mental health education - Improving physical, psychological, or socio-cultural supplies - Enhancing people’s capacity to cope with crisis B- Secondary prevention : Detecting and treating of problems at an early stage while they are still manageable, before they become resistant to intervention. C- Tertiary prevention: It means : Reducing the duration (Chronicity) and the negative effects (relapses) of mental disorders and disabilities after their occurrence Key Terms and Concepts for Review: psychology description overt behavior understanding covert behavior (experience) predication physiological changes control basic psychologists scientific method applied psychologists Try to figure out more key terms and concepts …. Remember what is all mentioned before Put (  ) or (X) and correct the false statement: 1. Creativity is considered as covert behavior ( ). 2. Covert behaviors include feelings and emotions ( ). 3. Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific method ( ). 4. One of the principal topics in developmental psychology is language acquisition and development ( ). 5. Reasoning is an example of the mental processes ( ). 6. Description refers to the ability to accurately forecast overt and covert behaviors ( ). 7. Physiological changes could be associated with behavior and experience ( ). 8. Applying principles of psychology will enable psychologist to help humans in one way or another ( ). 9. Psychology is seen as human nature science ( ). 10. Psychology seeks to describe and explain aspects of human thoughts, feelings, perceptions and actions ( ). 11. Fine motor behaviors are referred to as non-verbal communication ( ). 12. Modification refers to naming or classifying without asking why ( ). 13. According to the Ethics in Research, participation can not withdraw if they wish ( ). 14. As any science psychology has three aims ( ) 15. In descriptive studies we can establish Cause-effect relationships between or among variables ( ). 16. Verbal communication is referred to as behaviors ( ). 17. Intelligence is considered as overt behaviors ( ). 18. Psychology is the scientific study of overt and covert behavior in humans and animals ( ). 19. Facial expressions are referred to as motor behaviors ( ). 20. Beside treating existing problems and abnormalities, clinical psychologist can play an important role in preventing certain kinds of difficulties ( ) 21. Assessment is a way of gathering information so that a problem can be solved ( ). 22. Applying principles of psychology will enable psychologist to help humans in one way or another ( ) Complete the following sentences: 1. The main three aspects of the subject matter of psychology are ………………………….., ………………… and …………………….. 2. Overt behavior involves three aspects, and they are ……………………………… , ……………………….. and …………………….. 3. Mental processes include …………….…………., ……………………….., ………………………., …………….. and ……………….. 4. Physiological changes include …………………….. 5. The main three research methods are ……………………, …………………………………. and …………………….. 6. In …………………………,clinical psychologist gather information so that a problem can be solved. 7..……………………………………………. means detecting and treating of problems at an early stage. 8. Creativity is considered a …………………….process. Choose the correct answer: 1- Useful knowledge must begin with accurate ………. a- description b- modification c- understanding 2- …………. refers to responses that are directly observable. a- overt behavior b- covert behavior c- physiological changes 3- The ……… psychologist usually conducts laboratory research. a- experimental b- physiological c- developmental 4- Using tests is considered ………………. a- prevention b- assessment c- herapy 5- Reducing the prevalence of the disability is …………. prevention a- Primary b- Tertiary c- Secondary 6- It refers to the ability to accurately forecast behavior ……... a- prediction b- description c- control 7- ……… psychologist may provide psychotherapy but cannot prescribe medications. a- Physiological b- Clinical c- Experimental 8- ……… is a way of gathering information about the patient. a- Prevention b- Therapy c- Assessment 9- …… may be in the form of observation, testing or interviewing. a- Prevention b- Therapy c- Assessment 10- …………psychologist helps athletes improve their performance and focus. a- Sport b- Developmental c- Industrial determine which Match group"1" with group"2" and write your answer below: Group (1) Group (2) 1- Uses animals as experimental subjects A Counseling psychologists 2- Studies development and growth of behavior and experience. B Clinical psychologist 3- A branch of psychology concerned with social interaction. C School psychologist. 4- He helps athletes improve their performance and focus D Physiological psychologist 5- Investigates the bodily structures and functions that seem to be E Experimental psychologist correlated with the behavior 6- He is concerned with how students learn in educational F Abnormal psychologist settings. 7- He is concerned with the odd and unusual aspects of the G Sport psychologist. behavior and experience. 8-Usually conducts laboratory research and psychological H The psychologist interested in the experiments. animal psychology 9- Works with normal or moderately maladjustment individuals. I Social psychology 10- He is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of mental J Developmental psychology disorders. 1 with ( ) 2 with ( ) 3 with ( ) 4 with ( ) 5 with ( ) 6 with ( ) 7 with ( ) 8 with ( ) 9 with ( ) 10 with ( ) References:  American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.- TR). Washington, DC: Author.  American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.  American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed- TR.). Washington, DC: Author.  Attwood, T. (1993). Why does Chris do that? Some suggestions regarding the cause and management of the unusual behavior of children and adults with autism and Asperger Syndrome. London, National Autistic Society.  Palisano, R. J, Rosenbaum, P, Bartlett, D& Livingston, M. (2007). GMFCS-E & R Gross Motor Function Classification System: Expanded and Revised. Canchild Centre for Childhood Disability Research.  Rucker, C. N. (1967). Report writing in school psychology: A critical investigation. Journal of School Psychology, 5, 101-108  Salah El- Din, S. A. (2020). The Cognitive Profile for Children with Cerebral Palsy. A dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts Beni-Suef University For the Degree of Doctor in Psychology. Supervised by Prof: Hesham Abd-El hamid Tohamy  Sattler, J. M. (1988). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher.  Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S.A., Bradley, V.J., Buntinx, W.H.E & and Coulter, D.L., Criage, E.M., Gomez, S.C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R., Reeve, A., Shogren, K.A., Snell, M.E., Spreat, S., Tasse, M.J., Thompson, J.R., Verdugo-Aionso, M.A., Wehmeyer, M.L. & Yeager, MH. (2010). Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. The 11th Edition of the AAIDD. American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, The AAIDD Ad Hoc Committee on the Terminology and Classification.  Suzuki, L. A., & Ponterotto, J. G. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.  Tyler, L. E (1965). The psychology of human difference (3rd ed). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Thank you