Population And Ecology Recombination PDF

POPULATION AND ECOLOGY RECOMBINATION Jae Elaiza Candia Jan Cezar Chona Coronado Liza Jane Mahomitano Christian John Paul Oracion Celeste Tagaro Hyasaint Virile Teniso  OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: - Know how organisms adapt t...

POPULATION AND ECOLOGY RECOMBINATION Jae Elaiza Candia Jan Cezar Chona Coronado Liza Jane Mahomitano Christian John Paul Oracion Celeste Tagaro Hyasaint Virile Teniso  OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: - Know how organisms adapt their physiological processes in response to their environments; - Analyze the role of abiotic factors that influence survival and growth; - Understand the relationship between recombination and population growth; and - Differentiate mutualistic and commensal relationships between organisms.  Population Ecology - It is study of populations in relation to their environment. It includes environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.  Characteristics of Population Population Size – is the number of organisms in a population. Population Density – is the measurement of the number of individuals in an area. Survivorship Curves – a representation of number of individuals in a population that can be expected to survive any specific age.  3 types of Survivorship Curves Type I – large species that reproduces fewer number of offspring, devote much time and energy in caring their young. Type II – species that reproduce many offspring provide little to no care for their young. Type III – reflective of very high mortality among the young but flattens out those individuals who reach maturity, survive for a relatively longer time. Dispersion pattern – a pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic boundaries. 3 types of dispersion pattern: - Clumped - Uniform - Random Clumped – individuals are aggregated in patches; such as wolves living in groups increases effectiveness of hunting and protection. Uniform – evenly spaced distribution in which members of the population maintain a minimum distance from one another; such as animals that have a strong territoriality. Random – spacing pattern based on total unpredictability, least common pattern of distribution; in which members of species do not frequently interact with one another.  Population Growth - refers to number of individuals in population that increases and decreases with time. Controlled by the rate which new individuals are added to the population (birth rate) and leave the population (death rate). Example: The current population for 2017 is 300,000 people. Back in 1980, the population was only 150,000 people. So, the total change in population size since 1980 is 150,000 people.  2 Types of Population Growth Exponential – a population has a constant birth rate and is never limited by food or disease. Logistic – as resource depleted, population growth slows and eventually stops.  Recombination - In ecology, it refers mainly to genetic recombination which ids a process by genetic material is exchanged between different organisms resulting in an offspring with combined traits from both parents.  Recombination Types of recombination: Homologous Recombination Non-homologous Recombination Site-specific Recombination  Homologous Recombination - The exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes (having a similar size and the same number of genes) during meiosis is called homologous recombination.  Non-Homologous Recombination - The exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes (no homology between two chromosomes) is called non-homologous recombination or crossing over.  Site-Specific Recombination - The type of recombination in which DNA is cut from a specific site with the help of restriction endonucleases enzymes and insertion of the desired interest of DNA is called Recombinant DNA Technology. How recombination ties into population Genetic Variation - The differences in DNA sequence that makes every individual unique; variation in each of our genome. It contributes to genetic diversity within the population, by mixing different forms of gene (alleles) to create new genetic combinations that can enhance population adaptability. Evolutionary Adaptation - defined as the alteration or adjustment in structure or habits which is hereditary, and by which a species or individual improves its ability to survive and pass on its genes in relationship to the environment. Recombination plays a crucial role in how species adapt to factors such as climate change, resource availability, and predation. Ecological Interactions – a biological interaction of organisms living together in a community. They can be either of the same species or of different species. In which affect competition, predator-prey relationships, or symbiosis; are important ecological interactions that shapes the structure of population. Population Dynamics - the cumulative result of individual choices and opportunities, portion of ecology that deals with the variation in time and space of population size and density for one or more species.  KEY CONCEPTS: Physiological Ecology Abiotic factors Population growth Mutualism and Commensalism Physiological Ecology or Ecophysiology (or Autecology) - is the study of how physical factors, such as temperature, moisture, and light, affect the survival and reproduction of individual organisms. Physiological Ecology or Ecophysiology (or Autecology) - Physiological ecology focuses on understanding the relationships between the physiological attributes of organisms and their environments. The effects of climate on physiological processes in plants and animals.  Homeostasis - maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environment. Adaptation of organisms to specific environment. Abiotic Factor - Basically it is a non-living component. It is a component of the ecosystem that includes basic inorganic elements such as soil, water, oxygen, calcium, and carbonates. It also includes physical factors and ingredients such as moisture, wind currents, and solar radiation.  Consist mainly of non-living components Temperature - Organisms generally live within a narrow range of temperature (5° 35°C) with the exception of spores, seeds, some prokaryotes and other lowly organized individuals. Light - It provides solar energy to the ecosystem for heating and photosynthesis. Maximum light energy is available at equator, it decreases towards poles. Water – Plants and animals show modification according to the availability of water in the area and requirement of conserving obtained water. Oxygen – Although oxygen is a gas, it is considered as abiotic factor which is essential for all organisms (except for some bacteria) in order to survive.  Population Growth - refers to number of individuals in population that increases and decreases with time. Controlled by the rate which new individuals are added to the population (birth rate) and leave the population (death rate). 2 types of population growth: Exponential growth Logistic growth  Factors affecting population growth: ▪︎Birth rate ▪︎Natural increase ▪︎Life expectancy ▪︎Migration ▪︎Infant mortality ▪︎Overpopulation ▪︎Fertility rate ▪︎Under-population ▪︎Death rate ▪︎Optimum population  Birth Rate - The rate at which a particular species or population produces offspring. The birth rate of a species is used to measure its fecundity (reproductive capability).  Life Expectancy - the average number of years an individual is expected to live.  Infant Mortality - average number of babies dying before they reach one year old.  Fertility Rate - average number of children a woman of childbearing age is expected to have in her lifetime.  Death Rate - is a mortality indicator, an annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 persons at midyear, which is also known as "crude death rate."  Natural Increase - the difference between the number of births, and the number of deaths over a period of time. If there are more births than deaths over a period, natural increase will have a positive contribution to population growth.  Migration - move of people (usually permanently) from one area to another; these individuals are referred to as migrants. Two types of migration: - Emigration - Immigration  Overpopulation - a situation in which a country’s resources are unable to meet the needs of its existing population  Under-population - it refers to a country in which resources are underutilized due to insufficient individuals living in the area.  Optimum Population - an ideal situation where the needs of the existing population are adequately met and there is maximization of resources for usage.  Mutualism and Commensalism Mutualism – mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species (+ / +). Commensalism – individuals of one species benefit, while individuals of the other species do not benefit and are not harmed (+ / -).  Mutualistic relationship Plant Pollinators and Plants - Insects and animals play a vital role in the pollination of flowering plants. While the plant pollinator receives nectar or fruit from the plant, it also collects and transfers pollen in the process. retrieved from: https://www.exampleslab.com/15- examples-of-mutualism/#google_vignette  Mutualistic relationship Clownfish and Anemones - Clownfish safely nestle into the anemone's tentacles to hide from predators. Anemones that harbor clownfish appear to have faster growth rates, higher rates of asexual reproduction and lower mortality than those without fish. retrieved from: https://c2.staticflickr.com/ 2/1049/1004710143_54bd55e715_b.jpg  Mutualistic relationship Sharks and Remora Fish - Remora are small fish that can attach to sharks and other large marine animals. They receive food, while the shark receives grooming. retrieved from: https://www.treehugger.com/thmb /UIOlkWLr7eLFi_l3CHsCNEF_1bM=/2121x1414/filters:fill(auto,1)/Gett yImages-1269715295 1a85053e40f649c1b46a1f8451084c17. jpg  Commensal relationship: Orchids Growing On Branches - Orchids secure themselves to the surfaces of trees, utilizing the elevated position to access sunlight, which is crucial for their photosynthetic needs. retrieved from: https://www.worldatlas.com /r/w768/upload/7f/38/13/shutterstock-2328086511.jpg  Commensal relationship Livestock And Cattle Egrets -As the livestock moves through grasslands, their movement flushes out various insects from their hiding places, making them accessible to egrets. retrieved from: https://www.worldatlas.com /r/w768/upload/e5/12/c4/shutterstock-401629699.jpg  Commensal relationship Barnacles attached to Whales - As the whales’ journey through the oceans, the barnacles affixed to their skin benefit from a mobile existence that they could not achieve on their own. retrieved from: https://brandonboyd981.weebly.com /uploads/4/0/3/5/40358389/7268819_orig.jpg Prepared by: CANDIA, JAE ELAIZA L. CEZAR, JAN S. CORONADO, CHONA M. MAHOMITANO, LIZA JANE M. ORACION, CHRISTIAN JOHN PAUL P. TAGARO, CELESTE T. TENISO, HYASAINT VIRILE R.