Political Career in SA PDF

**[Political Career in SA:]** 1.It was while he was contemplating his seemingly bleak future that a **representative of an Indian business firm situated in the Transvaal** (now [Gauteng](https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/gauteng)), South Africa offered him employment. He was to work in South Afri...

**[Political Career in SA:]** 1.It was while he was contemplating his seemingly bleak future that a **representative of an Indian business firm situated in the Transvaal** (now [Gauteng](https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/gauteng)), South Africa offered him employment. He was to work in South Africa for a period **of 12 months** for a fee of £105.00. Gandhi in South Africa 2\. Gandhi arrived in [Durban](https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/durban), Natal (now [KwaZulu-Natal](https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/kwazulu-natal) - KZN) in 1893 to serve as **legal counsel to a merchant Dada Abdulla**. In June, Dada Abdulla asked him to undertake a rail trip to Pretoria. 3\.  \'coolies\' (a racist term for Indians) and non-whites were not permitted in first-class compartments.  4\. \"It was winter,\" Gandhi was to write in his autobiography,  5\. bigger mishap awaited him on the journey from Charlestown to Johannesburg which had to be covered by stagecoach. He was made to sit with the coachman on the box outside, while the white conductor sat inside with the white passengers. 6\. position of Indians in the Transvaal( aka Gauteng, Johannesburg was the capital and the smallest province) was worse than in Natal. They were compelled to pay a poll tax of £3. 7\. During his stay in Pretoria, Gandhi read about **80 books** on religion. He came under the influence of Christianity but refused to embrace it. 8\. During this period, Gandhi attended Bible classes. Gandhi made **his first public speech** making **truthfulness in business** his theme. The meeting was called to awaken the Indian residents to a sense of the oppression they were suffering under.  9\. The **first discriminatory legislation** directed at Indians, [Law 3 of 1885](https://www.sahistory.org.za/politics-and-society/anti-indian-legislation-1800s-1959), was passed in the **South African Republic, or the Transvaal**. The **right to self-government** had been granted to **Natal in 1893** 10\. The [Immigration Law Amendment Bill](https://www.sahistory.org.za/politics-and-society/anti-indian-legislation-1800s-1959) stated that any Indian had to return to India at the end of a five-year indenture period or had to be re-indentured for a further two years. If he refused an amount of £3 annual tax had to be paid. **The bill came into law in 1895.** 11\. A [Franchise Amendment Bill](https://www.sahistory.org.za/politics-and-society/anti-indian-legislation-1800s-1959) was introduced in **1894**. 12\. **Lord ripon was the Secretary of State for Colonies**, which Gandhi sent the petition to. 13\. He [enrolled as an advocate of the Supreme Court of Natal]. 14.On **25 June 1894,** at the **residence of Sheth Abdulla**, with Sheth Haji Muhammad, the **foremost Indian leader of Natal** in the chair, a meeting of Indians was held and it was **resolved to offer opposition to the Franchise Bill.** 15\. the [Natal Indian Congress](https://www.sahistory.org.za/organisations/natal-indian-congress-nic) **(NIC) on 22 August 1894**, which marked the birth of the first permanent political organisation to strive to maintain and protect **the rights of Indians in South Africa.** 16\. his **pamphlet of Indian grievances, known as the Green Pamphlet**, had been exaggerated and distorted. When the ship reached Durban harbour, it was for held for 23 days in quarantine 17\. last son was born in Natal. 18\. In **1899** the [Second Anglo-Boer (South African War)](https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/second-anglo-boer-war-1899-1902) war broke out. Though Gandhi's sympathies were with the Boers who were fighting for their independence. 19\. He organized and, with the help of Dr. Booth, trained **an Indian Ambulance Corps** of 1,100 volunteers and offered its services to the Government. 20\. When the [Zulu rebellion](https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/bambatha-rebellion-1906) broke out, he again offered his help to the Government and raised an Indian Ambulance Corps. He was happy that he and his men had to nurse the sick and dying Zulus 21\. **British Indian Association (BIA) in 1903.** The movement was to prevent **proposed evictions of Indians in the Transvaal** under British leadership. 22\. influenced by the Hindu religious book, the Bhagavad Gita, Gandhi wanted to purify his life by following the concepts of aparigraha (non-possession) and samabhava (equability) 23\.  **Unto This Last, by John Ruskin**; The book inspired Gandhi to establish a **communal living community called Phoenix Settlement** just outside of **Durban** in June **1904**.  24\. **1906, Gandhi took the vow of brahmacharya** (a vow of abstinence against sexual relations, even with one\'s own wife). 25\. Gandhi believed that his taking the vow of brahmacharya had allowed him the focus to come up with the concept of [Satyagraha](https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/44-gandhi-explains-satyagraha) in late 1906 26\. On 28 December 1907, the first arrests of Indians refusing to register were made, and by the end of January 1908, 2,000 Asians had been jailed. 27\. The first **time Gandhi officially used Satyagraha was in South Africa beginning in 1907** when he organised opposition to the **Asiatic Registration Law (the Black Act). ** 28.In March 1907, the Black Act was passed, requiring all Indians - young and old, men and women - **to get fingerprinted and to keep registration documents on them at all times.** 29\. In **January 1908**,. This was the **first of Gandhi\'s many jail sentences**. Gandhi was arrested a **second time in September 1908**.  In **February 1909** he was arrested a **third** time. 30\. **On 29 October 1913**, hundreds of men, women and children led by Gandhi marched **from Newcastle, Natal Colony (now** KwaZulu Natal) into the Transvaal to purposefully defy the **Immigrants Regulation Act of 1913 (Act no. 22).** 31.Gandhi was followed by two parties led by **[Thambi Naidoo](https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ck-thambi-naidoo) and Albert Christopher. **This marked one of the greatest episodes in South African history. He was **arrested the following day at Palmford. ** 32\. a march on [6 November 1913](https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/mohandas-k-gandhi-arrested-he-leads-march-indian-miners-south-africa), **Gandhi was arrested**. He was released on bail, rejoined the march and was re-arrested. **The Indian Relief Bill was finally scrapped**, [law that scrapped the £3 tax on ex-indentured workers.] **Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)** 1. The non-cooperation movement was a political campaign launched on 4 September 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi to have Indians revoke their cooperation from the British government, with the aim of persuading them to grant self-governance. 2. Gandhi\'s non-cooperation movement also called for stopping planned dismemberment of Turkey (Khilafat Movement) and the end to untouchability. 3. The non-cooperation movement was among the broader [movement for Indian independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement) from British rule[^\[10\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)#cite_note-CulturalIndia-10) and ended, as Nehru described in [his autobiography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)), \"suddenly\" on 4 February 1922 after the [Chauri Chaura incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident)(Gorakhpur, UP) 4. The non-cooperation movement was among the broader [movement for Indian independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement) from British rule[^\[10\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)#cite_note-CulturalIndia-10) and ended, as Nehru described in [his autobiography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)), \"suddenly\" on 4 February 1922 after the [Chauri Chaura incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident) 5. movement ultimately led to the first arrests of both [Jawaharlal Nehru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru) and his father, [Motilal Nehru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehru), on 6 December 1921 6. Gandhi strengthened the movement by supporting the contemporaneous [Khilafat Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Movement), the Muslim campaign to restore the status of the [Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa) and protest the dismemberment of the [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) after [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I). 7. Gandhi appealed to the Indian public for all resistance to end, went on a fast and on 12 February 1922 called off the non-cooperation movement. 8. Gandhi was also a firm believer of STS (struggle truce struggle). He believed that after a duration of struggle, there should be a resting phase by which they could recover the power and rise again more strong and powerful.\\ 9. On 18 March 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. 10. Noncooperation was agreed to by the Indian National Congress at Calcutta (now Kolkata) in September 1920 and launched that December. (Nagpur session) 11. In 1921 the government, confronted with a united Indian front for the first time, was visibly shaken, but a revolt by the Muslim Moplahs of Kerala (southwestern India) in August 1921 and a number of violent outbreaks alarmed moderate opinion. 12. Vijayaraghavachariar was the president of the Nagpur Session 1920, which endorsed the non-cooperation movement 13. What was the reason for holding the Special Session of INC in Calcutta in 1920? 14. The Indian National Congress met under Hasan Imam's presidency at special session in Bombay in August 1918 and condemned the reforms of Montagu-Chelmsford and instead called for effective self-government. **Civil Disobidience movement-** 1. Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929 - instead of Dominion status, it demanded Poorna Swaraj". 2. The historic Independence Resolution was adopted and the tri-colour flag of independence was hoisted at the midnight of 31st December 1929. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi  3. **On 2^th^ March 1930**, Gandhiji wrote his famous **letter to Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India**, narrating the evils of the British rule, He also communicated the decision to launch the 'Satyagraha' campaign by manufacturing salt at Dandi, a village on the sea coast of Gujarat, **in case his eleven point demands were turned down by** the Government. 4. On March 12, 1930, Gandhiji led a march from his Sabarmati Ashram with his 78 followers and reached the sea at Dandi on 5^th^ April 1930. The distance covered was 241 miles. 5. On the morning of 6th April Gandhiji and other 'Satyagrahis' prepared salt as an instance of braking the Salt Law.  6. On 5^th^ May 1930, Gandhiji and other top leaders of Congress were imprisoned. 7. Gandhiji and other important leaders of Congress were released from jails in the last week of January 1931. 8. As a result of a long negotiation, on **5^th ^March 1931**, **the Gandhi-Irwin Pact** was signed. 9. [Gandhiji as the sole representative of the Congress to participate in the Second Round Table Conference] 10. In the **Second Round Table Conference**, Gandhiji made it clear that India would think of Dominion status, if it was to be given at once and in full and also India would be made equal with Britain. But the Conservative Party which came to power in the general elections of **November 1931**, refused to concede the demands and also by Viceroy Lord Willingdon 11. Gandhi decided to revive the Civil Disobedience Movement and it was again started in January 1932 and continued for 6 more months. 12. [However, it is alleged that the Poona Pact (harjian etc.) shifted the attention of the Indian leaders from the central motive of the movement.] 1. **Sarvodaya-** Sarvodaya is a term meaning*** \'Universal Uplift\'*** or ***\'Progress of All\'.*** The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title of his translation of **John Ruskin\'s** tract on political economy, ***\"Unto This Last\".*** 2. Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India, and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel, the "center of the solar system" of Mahatma Gandhi's **constructive program.** 3. **Gandhi promoted the establishment of self-reliant communities known as what?**\ **Answer: c) Gram Swaraj** Books by Gandhi 1. **\"The Story of My Experiments with Truth\"** -- Mahatma Gandhi\ (Gandhi\'s autobiography, detailing his early life, experiences, and philosophies) 2. **\"Gandhi: An Autobiography -- The Story of My Experiments with Truth\"** -- Mahadev Desai\ (Translated by Mahadev Desai from Gujarati to English) 3. **\"Gandhi Before India\"** -- Ramachandra Guha\ (Covers the early life of Gandhi before his return to India) 4. **\"Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World\"** -- Ramachandra Guha\ (A detailed biography focusing on Gandhi's role in India's independence struggle) 5. **\"Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India\"** -- Joseph Lelyveld\ (A nuanced portrait of Gandhi, with a focus on his struggles and challenges) 6. **\"Gandhi\'s Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi\"** -- Stanley Wolpert\ (A scholarly analysis of Gandhi\'s impact and legacy) 7. **\"The Life of Mahatma Gandhi\"** -- Louis Fischer\ (A classic biography that was the basis for the Academy Award-winning film *Gandhi*) 8. **\"Mahatma Gandhi: The Man Who Became One with the Universal Being\"** -- Romain Rolland\ (Written by the French Nobel Laureate, a close observer of Gandhi\'s life) 9. **\"An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth\"** -- Mahatma Gandhi (Translated by Mahadev Desai)\ (A detailed look into Gandhi\'s personal journey and philosophy) 10. **\"The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire\"** -- Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed\ (Explores Gandhi's time in South Africa and how it shaped his political ideas) 11. **\"From Yeravda Mandir\"** (1932) is a collection of reflections written by Mahatma Gandhi during his imprisonment at Yeravda Central Jail, located in Pune, India. This period of incarceration occurred after Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, which led to his arrest by British authorities. 12. **Anasaktiyoga (The Gospel of Selfless Action)\" (1926)** 13. **Articles in \"Young India\" and \"Harijan\"** **Summary**: Gandhi regularly wrote for these two newspapers, discussing a variety of topics including non-violence, independence, social reform, and rural development**.** **Significance**: His articles in *Young India* (published between 1919-1932) and *Harijan* (from 1933 onward) were widely read and had a major influence on public opinion in India and abroad.