PolGov Reviewer PDF

PolGov Reviewer Lesson 1: Introduction to Politics Lesson Objectives Welcome to the Introduction to Politics. For this lesson, we will be discussing the definition of Politics and the different views to study politics. At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. Articulate the definition...

PolGov Reviewer Lesson 1: Introduction to Politics Lesson Objectives Welcome to the Introduction to Politics. For this lesson, we will be discussing the definition of Politics and the different views to study politics. At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. Articulate the definition of Politics 2. Differentiate the various views on Politics 3. Analyze a political phenomenon in the country using the different views on politics “Man is by nature is a political animal” - Aristotle Politics In its broadest sense, it is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live (Heywood, 2009). It is also a process that determines the distribution of power and resources. This refers to the theory and practice of how people influence others in making decisions and carrying out projects and programs. “Who gets who, when, and how” - Harold Laswell Two Approaches to Define Politics 1. Politics as Arena Associated with an arena or location or where the “politics” happen. It limits politics to the state and all its instrumentalities and related institutions, its hierarchy of offices and personnel, laws, and policies. covers action and activities that are sanctioned by the state. Ex. Election 2. Politics as Process Associated with the activity or process. Or how the “politics” happened. Goes beyond the narrow arena approach, how decisions are made and executed for a society. focused on activities outside constitutional and legal framework. Ex. Organized Protests Politics and Political Science Political Science - branch of social science that deals with the study of politics. It deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity, behavior, theories, and practices. Politics in Political Science refers to human behavior with regards to matters related to government activities such as the formulation and execution of policies, creation of laws, selection of government officials It is associated with the concept of power and the legitimate authority in the state. Studying Politics: Different Views of Politics 1. Politics as Art of Government Politics could be seen as the process by which the government responds to the needs of its constituents. Politics is viewed as an art or practical application of knowledge for the achievement of a particular objective. Art of government or the exercise of control within society through making and enforcement of collective decisions. This view was developed in Ancient Greek. Politics was derived from the Ancient Greek word “polis” which means “city-states” Politics can be understood to refer to the affairs of the polis – in effect “what concerns the polis”. 2. Politics as Public Affairs Public life or public affairs – the distinction between the political and the non-political coincides with the division between an essentially public sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private sphere. Considers what happens in the public sphere of life is politics The traditional distinction between the public realm and the private realm conforms to the division between the state and civil society. The state is seen as the apparatus of the government responsible for collective organization of community life while being funded by public money. Public Ex: The institutions of the state such as the apparatus of government, the courts, the police, the army, the social security system and so forth are regarded as “public” Private Ex: Civil Society consists of the “little platoons” institutions such as the family and kinship groups, private businesses, trade unions, clubs, community groups and so on, that are ‘private’. 3. Politics as Compromise and Consensus Relate in the way how decisions are made in politics as it is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict that is by compromise, conciliation, and negotiation rather than through force and naked power Based on the belief that society is characterized by consensus rather than irreconcilable conflict Ex. The description of a solution to a problem implies peaceful debate and arbitration, as opposed to what is often called “military solution.” See conflict as an inherent part of everyday life and it is through politics that these conflicts are resolved. 4. Politics as Power Politics concerns the production, distribution and use of resources during social existence. Politics is about diversity and conflict, but the essential ingredient is the existence of scarcity, politics therefore be seen as a struggle over scarce resources Politics is power The ability to achieve a desired outcome through whatever means. Faces of Power a. Power as decision-making - consist of conscious actions that influence the content of decisions The stick – use of force or intimidation The deal – productive exchanges involving mutual gain The kiss – creation of obligations, loyalty, and commitment b. Power as agenda setting - ability to prevent decisions being made. Ability to prevent decisions being made: that is, in effect, ‘non-decision-making’. This involves the ability to set or control the political agenda, thereby preventing issues or proposals from being aired in the first place. c. Power as thought control- ability to influence another by shaping what s/he thinks, wants or needs or psychological control Lesson 2: Government VS Governance Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Differentiate governance from government 2. Recognize the value of politics and good governance 3. Analyze the situation of the Philippines in terms of the characteristics of good governance. What is government? Term generally used to describe the formal institutions through which a group of people is governed. Extends to include the persons and organizations that make, enforce, and apply political decisions for a society Example: Government of the Philippines, Quezon City Government, Supreme Student Government, etc. Government is different from administration as government is permanent while administration is a batch of people who are entrusted with the management of political affairs. Example: Philippine Government but we also have Duterte Administration, BBM Administration What is Governance? According to Leftwich (2011), governance refers to the web of formal or informal institutions, rules, norms, and expectations which govern behaviors in societies and without which the very idea of human society is impossible. Refers to the activities of the government as an institution relative to its management of the public affairs. The process by which decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Therefore, governance is about governing, regulating, managing, and ordering a group of people or the whole state Social Contract Theory - the view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. People enter themselves into a social contract or a written/unwritten binding agreement among people that bids the creation of a government and consequent use of politics for the achievement of peace and order. Objective of the Government In accordance with the Social Contract Theory, the only reason for the Government to exist is to serve the people. Therefore, the government was instituted for no other purpose but to promote the general welfare. A government which does not serve the people does not serve its purpose and therefore, worth replacing. Basic Types of Government 1. Monarchy Form of government ruled by a single person The sole ruler is called as the monarch but may also called as King or Queen ○ Absolute - words of a single person governs all ○ Constitutional - power of the ruler are subject to the limitations set by the constitution 2. Republic form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body. 3. Oligarchy Refers to the rule by a small group of people. This was the common form of government during the medieval period when the nobility established an aristocracy of social elite 4. Democracy Perhaps the most ancient of all governmental system based on the Athenian concept of government. Refers to the rule of the people who directly participate in all government activities. The Philippine Government The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them (Art. 2 Sec. 1) 1. Being a Democratic Government It’s the people who essentially governs “Salus populi est suprem lex” or the welfare of the people is the supreme law 2. Being a Republican Government The essence of republicanism is the selection by the citizenry of a corps of public functionaries who derive their mandate from the people and act on their behalf. Public office is a public trust, and public officers must always be accountable. Characteristics of a Democratic and Republican State 1. Existence of Bill of Rights 2. Majority Rule Governs 3. Accountability of public officials 4. Separation of powers and the system of check and balance 5. Delegation of Powers The Three Branches of the Government (will discuss thoroughly in Module 3) Executive – execute laws and legislation. Legislative – enacts laws and legislation. Judicial - Interpret laws and legislations. Doctrine of Separation of Powers The three branches must discharge their respective functions within the limits and authority conferred by the constitution Non-concentration of power in one department Doctrine of Checks and Balances One department can resist encroachments on its prerogatives from one department or rectify mistakes or excesses committed by another. Indicators of Good Governance Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law (UNESCAP) 1. Participation Key cornerstone of good governance Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives.  2. Rule of Law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities 3. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement 4. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. 5. Consensus oriented Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved 6. Equity and Inclusiveness A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society 7. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. 8. Accountability a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality. Lesson 3: Introduction to Philippine Constitution Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the definition of the Constitution and its importance 2. Cultivate a sense of pride in the nation's foundational document and a commitment to upholding its values. What is a Constitution? The Constitution is the basic and paramount law to which all other laws must conform, and to which all inhabitants, including those aliens who sojourn in the Philippines must participate and abide. It is considered as the highest law of the lands (Sabio et.al, v. Gordon et al., 2006) The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines According to American Authority, Philippine Constitution is a written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by which fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic. Development of 1987 Philippine Constitution 1. Martial Law September 21, 1972, Marcos declared the Philippines under Martial Law upon his Proclamation No. 1081 that results to abolition of Congress. He also assumed all the powers that should have been with the legislative, executive, and judiciary in cooperation with his first lady Imelda Marcos. Martial Law remained until January 17, 1981. With the re-election of Pres. Marcos Sr. in 1969, in his early years of presidency economic growth slowed down, crimes increased, and corruption was rampant. On September 21, 1972, he declared the Philippines under Martial Law upon his Proclamation No. 1081 that results to abolition of Congress. He also assumed all the powers that should have been with the legislative, executive, and judiciary in cooperation with his first lady Imelda Marcos. Martial Law remained until January 17, 1981. 2. Snap Election On August 21, 1983, Ninoy his best critic and political rival die Political rallies and demonstrations were observed in the country. This led to a snap election on February 7, 1986 The continued governance of Marcos led to political unrest. With the death of Benigno Aquino Jr. on August 21, 1983, his best critic and political rival, political rallies and demonstrations were observed in the country. This led to a snap election on February 7, 1986, in which Corazon Aquino ran for presidency.  3. EDSA Revolution This snap election was tainted with rampant cheating in all forms that led to the EDSA People Power. People revolt to kick Marcos from his office Ousted Marcos from his position Cory Aquino assumed presidency 4. Constitutional Convention The ouster of Marcos permitted Aquino to create a Constitutional Commission led by Cecilia Palma. A plebiscite was held on February 2, 1987. Its ratification signaled the restoration of democratic government and creation of other branches of government. Aquino to create a Constitutional Commission led by Cecilia Palma. A plebiscite was held on February 2, 1987. Its ratification signaled the restoration of democratic government and creation of other branches of government and the 1987 PH Constitution Three Major Parts of the Philippine Constitution The Constitution is mainly divided into three major parts namely: 1. Constitution of Liberty Refers to those Constitutional provisions which provide for the rights of citizens. Ex. Bill of rights, Article III No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. (Art 3. Sec 4) 2. Constitution of Governance Constitutional provisions which provide for the structures of the government including its duties and responsibilities toward people or the governed are referred to as the Constitution of the Government Ex. Declaration of State Principle and Policies, Article II The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. (Art 2. Sec 27) The state values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights (Art 2. Sec 11) 3. Constitution of Sovereignty The Constitution of Sovereignty deals with the constitutional provisions prescribing the manner, mode, and steps undertaken to amend or revise the Constitution Ex. Amendment Provision, Article XVII (1) a constitutional convention, a one-off assembly of specially elected delegates; (2) via Congress, the bicameral national legislature; and (3) a “People’s Initiative,” where citizens directly propose minor amendments to the Constitution through a signature petition.  PREAMBLE “We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.” Preamble Introductory part of the Constitution. Preamble is not a part of the Constitution because it does not establish any right nor create any office. But it is advantageous to have a Preamble as it tells us who are the authors of the constitution and for what reason the same has been promulgated. It also helps in interpreting the vague provisions in the Constitution because we cannot give meaning to any constitutional provisions that are contrary to the purpose laid down in the Preamble. Bill of Rights The 1987 Philippine Constitution has preamble and eighteen articles with numbered sections that resets every article. The Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights. It establishes the relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the individual by limiting the lawful powers of the State. It is one of the most important political achievements of the Filipinos. Significance of the Bill of Rights - It guarantees that there are aspects in a person’s life liberty and property that governmental power cannot touch. All government powers are limited by the Bill of Rights For a number of centuries in British, French, and American political thought, there has grown the conviction that the rights of the individual must be preserved and safeguarded, not through the authority of an individual, not through membership in a particular group or party, not through reliance upon force of arms, but rather through the accepted processes of declared constitutional law. Classification of Rights 1. Civil Rights Rights which law will enforce at the instance of private individuals or securing them the enjoyment of their means of happiness Example: Due process, speech, involuntary servitude 2. Political Rights Granted by law to members of community in relation to their direct or indirect participation in the establishment or administration of government Example: citizenship, suffrage, information or public concern, etc.  3. Social and Economic Rights Rights intended to insure the well-being and economic security of an individual Example: the right to property, just compensation, and cultural rights 4. Human Rights Rights and freedom to which every citizen is entitled Example: right to life, freedom from slavery, freedom of association, freedom of expression, freedom from torture, protection of privacy and family life, and freedom from discrimination. Article III Bill of Rights have 22 sections but we will focus on the first four sections of the Article III that states our rights to life, liberty, and property, rights against unreasonable researches, and rights to privacy of communication and correspondence, and lastly, freedom of expression and assembly. ARTICLE III - BILL OF RIGHTS -Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. ○ Right to Life – includes right to exist, right to be free from arbitrary personal restraint and servitude and right to use faculties in all lawful ways, and the right to a good life ○ Right to Liberty – it includes the right to contract, choose employment, labor, and locomotion. ○ Right to Property – anything that can come under the rights of ownership and be subject of contract Example: Self-defense, freedom of speech, religious and political freedom, exemption from arbitrary arrests, the right to freely buy and sell as others may, the right to labor, etc. In short, all that makes life worth living. -Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Protects all persons, including aliens and, to a limited extent, artificial persons; protects, their houses, papers, and effects. -Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. The privacy of communication and correspondence covers letters, messages, telephone calls, telegrams, and electronic emails. This right covers both the tangible and intangible objects as secured by the: Anti-Wire Tapping Law states that “it shall be unlawful for any person, not being authorized by all parties to any private communication or spoken word, to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other device, or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication or spoken word by using a device commonly known as Dictaphone or dictagraph or walkie talkie or tape recorded or otherwise describe. -Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. This freedom covers all modes of expression: speech, expression, and press either in print or broadcast media. Not all forms of speech are protected. Libel and Obscenity are speeches that are not protected. Libel under Article 353 of the Revise Penal Code is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real and imaginary, or any act, omission, or circumstance tending to cause dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person. Obscenity depicts work that is offensive and sexual in nature as defined by applicable laws; when taken as a whole, the work profoundly lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. Lesson 4: Power and Political Ideologies At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: 1. Assess the definition, significance and implication of power; 2. Classify different types of power and political ideologies 3. Evaluate in a collaborative manner the consequences and responsibilities of having a power Power We may not notice but we may be affected by the play of power in our everyday lives. Dahl (1957) stated power in society is the ability of person/institution A to make person/institution B do something that person/institution B, on his own would not do. From this, we can say that power in society spans a broad spectrum of meaning that includes force, authority, influence, and most of the time, coercion. Or simply, the ability of anyone to make people do as he wants them to for whatever reason. Nature of Power Power by nature is self-demanding in the sense that it is spontaneous upon its holder to exercise the same whenever the condition for its exercise arises. However, there may be an instance where the holder may refrain from himself from exercising the same as a matter of  self-restraint. In this case, this may understood that non-use of non-exercise of the said power is voluntary upon its holder. Dimension of Power Power is dimensional that is encompassing or extensive within the extent of its scope or authority given. In other words, power can be exercised to the fullest and to a certain extent. It is also limited in a way that it cannot be applied, used, or exercised beyond the scope of its authority. 5 Types of Power (Raven & French, n.d) One of the most influential theories of power was developed by Raven and French. Raven identified five different types of power arguing that each type of power involves a different type of social influence and that the different types vary in terms of whether their use will create public conformity or private acceptance.’ 1. LEGITIMATE POWER Power is vested in those who are appointed or elected to positions of authority and their power is successful because members accept it as appropriate. Individuals with legitimate power can exert substantial influence on their followers. Those with legitimate power may not only create changes in others' behavior but also have the power to create and change the group's social norms. Example: The president, monarch, or prime minister has legitimate power as they hold positions in the government. 2. REWARD POWER One person can influence others by providing them with positive outcomes. The ability to wield reward power over those we want to influence is contingent on the needs of the person being influenced. People in power are often able to give out rewards. Power is greater when the person being influenced has a strong desire to obtain the reward, and power is weaker when the individual does not need the reward. Example: Raises, promotions, desirable assignments, training opportunities, and simple compliments – these are all examples of rewards controlled by people "in power." 3. COERCIVE POWER A power with force and someone is not willing to do. Creates an environment of negative feelings, distrust and make interaction difficult. The power based on the ability to create negative outcomes for others, Threats and punishment are common coercive tools. Coercive power is less desirable for both the power-holder and the person being influenced because it creates an environment of negative feelings and distrust that is likely to make interactions difficult, undermine satisfaction, and lead to retaliation against the power-holder. Example: You use coercive power when you imply or threaten that someone will be fired, demoted or denied privileges. 4. REFERENT POWER  Power comes from one person liking and respecting another and identifying with her in some way. the person who provides the influence is (a) a member of an important reference group—someone we admire and attempt to emulate; (b) a charismatic, dynamic, and persuasive leader; or (c) a person who is particularly attractive or famous. Example: Celebrities have referent power, which is why they can influence everything from what people buy to which politician they elect. 5. EXPERT POWER Experts have knowledge or information, and conforming to those whom we perceive to be experts is useful for making decisions about issues for which we have insufficient expertise. When you have knowledge and skills that enable you to understand a situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally outperform others, people will listen to you, trust you, and respect what you say. INHERENT POWER OF THE STATE An inherent power is a power given to a state or organized political body that is not expressly written in a formal political document. States have three inherent powers: the power of taxation, police power, and the power of eminent domain. Being inherent, it means that if the state exists, this power can never be taken away. 1. Power of Taxation exercised through legislature, to impose burdens upon subjects and objects within its jurisdiction, for the purpose of raising revenues to carry out the legitimate objects of the government. Scope: To impose burdens upon subjects and objects within its jurisdiction Purpose: For raising revenue to carry out the legitimate objects of the government Revenue Objective: To build a just and human society and the establishment of a government under certain ideals and aspirations. 2. Police Power power vested in the legislature by the Constitution to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable laws, statues, and ordinances, either with penalties or without, for the good and welfare of the state. Basis: Legal maxim, “salus populi est suprema lex” (the welfare of the people is the supreme law) Nature: founded on the obligation of the state to provide protection for its citizens Scope: founded on which our social system rests and has for its object the improvement of social and economic conditions affecting the community. It depends on the security of the social order, life and health of citizens, comfort and existence in a thickly populated community, enjoyment of social life, and beneficial use of property. 3. Power of Eminent Domain This is the right of the State to acquire private property for public use upon payment of just compensation and observance of due process.  Ex. “Build Build Build Program” of Duterte Administration Basis: It is based on genuine necessity and that necessity must be of public character. It must be reasonable and practicable such that it would greatly benefit the public with the least inconvenience and expense to the condemning party and property owner consistent with such benefit. Requisites: 1. There must be taking of private property 2. It must be for public use 3. There must be just compensation 4. Due process of law must be observed in taking of the of property Lesson 5: Political Ideologies and Its Basic Tenets BASIC TENETS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES What is an Ideology? Ideology refers to the set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or group's view, actions, and interactions in the world. Destutt De Tracy (1754-1836) used it to refer to a new science of ideas (literally, an idea-ology) to set out to uncover the origins of conscious thought and ideas. What is Political Ideology? Political Ideology, on the other hand, is a set of beliefs and ideas that define political activities, policies, and events. It comprised of related and supporting ideas that advance a certain idea of what society and government is or what it should be. It emphasizes certain values, principles, and ideals which distinguish it from other political ideologies. For example, liberalism emphasizes individual freedom while fascism gives primary importance to the state over the individual. Political ideology also outlines the role of government and economy in society. It proposes ideas regarding the most effective government, social and economic structure that will enable the state to uphold its principles and realize its goals. Why is Ideology Important? Four Key Functions of an Ideology 1. It explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of politics work; 2. It evaluates whether a certain political action or program is good or bad; 3. It orients those who subscribe to it to have a sense of identity and direction; and 4. It provides a program or plan of action that will bring about political change The Political Spectrum This is a graphic representation of political ideologies along a line from left to right. The left side includes those that adhere to liberal and socialist ideologies, while the right side of the line represents those that conform to conservative and fascist ideologies. The center of the line presents a moderate or “centris” ideology which balances the ideas from the left and right sides of the political spectrum. The Political Spectrum LEFT CENTER RIGHT Emphasis on personal liberty combine ideas from both the Emphasize the welfare of the and human rights left and the right state of the common good Government regulation of the Individual interests should market and envisions an Seeks the middle ground in give way to national interest egalitarian society where there political issues is no distinction between Markets should be free and people based on economic unregulated status Seeks to maintain the status Often nationalistic and quo ethni-centered Seeks limited role for the government on private matters Most extreme views demand Most extreme view advocate total control over all aspects of dismantling the government their citizens lives Different Classical Political Ideologies 1. Conservatism The central theme of conservative thought, “the desire to conserve”, is closely linked to perceived virtues of tradition, respect for established customs, and institutions that have endured through time. It is characterized by a resistance to change, adherence to limited human freedom as s/he chooses to maintain traditional values. This emerged in the late nineteenth century. It arose as a reaction against the growing pace of economic and political change. Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authority is always exercised “from above” providing that leadership, guidance, and support for those who lack knowledge, experience, or education to act wisely in their own interests. Upholds a strong, stable governmen and the firm implementation of laws and values the continuity of tradition. Also adheres to the belief of a free market with limited intervention from the government. It is wary of change or reform and is opposed to socialist ideas 2. Liberalism Liberalism is both moral and political ideology that has individualism and liberty at its core. Individualism reflects a belief in the supreme importance of the human individual as opposed to any social group or collective body. The liberal goal therefore is to construct a society within which individuals can flourish and develop. Although liberals see government as a vital guarantee of order and stability in society, they are constantly aware of the danger that government may become tyranny against individual It is an ideology that emphasizes on individual freedom and participation between the people and the government. Basically, it works well with the concept of democracy because of its emphasis. Considers economic and social inequality as undesirable and seeks to establish a society that provides opportunities for growth to all individuals Individualism and Liberty ○ Individualism = importance of human individual ○ Liberal = construct a society within which individual can flourish and develop 3. Socialism Socialism developed as a reaction against the emergence of industrial capitalism. It articulated first the interests of artisans and craftsmen threatened by the spread of production factories. In its earliest form, socialism tended to have fundamentalist utopian and revolutionary character. Its goal was to abolish capitalist economists. The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures linked by the existence of a common humanity. This refers to the importance of community, and it highlights the degree to which individual identity is fashioned by social interaction and membership of social groups and collective bodies. Envisions the establishment of a state characterized by public ownership of resources and the means of production. There is democratic control over the use of resources and the production of goods and services are done in a cooperative manner. 4. Communism A Socialist ideology that believes that inequality is a result of capitalism and the existence of a class system. Society, therefore, must be transformed to eliminate class divisions in order to achieve equality. 5. FACism A political ideology based on fierce nationalism and authoritarianism. It advocates a very strong central government centered on dictatorship and political opposition is suppressed. For fascists, society is in danger of invasion and threats, hence a strong government with unlimited power is necessary. “Power is not something confined to armies and parliament: it is, rather, a pervasive, intangible network of force which weaves itself into our slightest gestures and most intimate utterances.” - MICHEL FOCAULT