Ideologies PDF

**IDEOLOGIES** **Antoine Louis Claude Destutt De Tracy** - coined the term or word ideology as systematic study, process, or forming ideas, science of ideas. (Concepts, theory, ideas,) **Francis Bacon** -- "knowledge is power", the purpose of knowledge is not only the liberation of human mind from...

**IDEOLOGIES** **Antoine Louis Claude Destutt De Tracy** - coined the term or word ideology as systematic study, process, or forming ideas, science of ideas. (Concepts, theory, ideas,) **Francis Bacon** -- "knowledge is power", the purpose of knowledge is not only the liberation of human mind from ignorance and superstition but also to improve the life of men on earth. **Marx And Engels** - ideology is fabrication used by a particular group to justify themselves. (Ideology is always subjective) **Mannheim** - no ideology can be understood unless we grasp the ideas of the previous era and investigate the impact of the previous to the current one. (There is always a comparison from the previous to the current one so that we can know the changes) **Fredrick Watkins** - he has a book titled \"age of ideology\" his book, it suggest that the ideology comes from the political extremes. (Political spectrum, political attitudes) political extremes are reactionary or radicals. It always opposes the existing social, economic, and political order or the status quo (the more appropriate term is the present or current situation). **David Ingersoll** - he said, ideology includes assessment of the status quo and a view of the future that the future always represents something better than the present or the past. (He believes that future is always better because there\'s always a change meaning people will change and etc.) **L.T Sargent** - He sees the ideology base on the value of systems of societies provides the believer with the picture of the world as is and as it should be. **Terrence Ball** - he viewed ideology in more flexible and academic terms. He suggests an agenda of things to discuss, questions to ask, and hypothesis to make. **Narcissistic** - you blame others instead of admitting it. **Superstition** - beliefs (it\'s not the superstition, it\'s the ideology.) **Ideology** - a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture. **Political Ideology** - form the basis of how they view the world around them and the proper role of government in the world. (Heywood 2003) **Political spectrum of attitudes** -- **5 Major Ideologies** **1. Anarchism** - Extreme ideology under radicals. - Advocates for the society without government or authority - They want individual freedom and self-governance - believe in decentralized decision making - opposes all forms of authority - They advocate for the replacement of the state (the state is undesirable) **2. Absolutism** - (far right) not extreme ideology - supports a strong centralized government with absolute power rested with a single ruler (exact opposite of anarchism) - With absolute power rested on a single person (monarch, dictator) absolutist- prioritize stability and order. **3. Liberalism** - pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights, equality and liberties. - believes in equality and individual liberty. - support private property and individual rights. - supporting the idea of limited constitutional government. - recognizing the importance of related values such as pluralism, toleration, autonomy, bodily integrity, and consent **4. Conservatism** - values existing tradition or it conserves the status quo. -.seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. - The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in which it appears. **5. Socialism** - between liberals and radicals - (under radicals) promotes collective ownership of resources and wealth distribution. - Aim for economic equality, social welfare and public services - Production is done not for profit but to meet basic human needs. - Preparatory stage for communism **Communism** - it aims to replace private property and profit based economies. - More on revolutionary - Public ownership and communal control - Advocates mass action and armed struggle to achieve goals. - Mass action and armed struggle it uses violence to achieve the goals. **Militants** - uses violence **Leftists** - rallies **Fascism** - advocate very strong central government - centered on dictatorship - Political opposition and decent are suppressed - Interest of the state is considered paramount. - Extreme right **Right Wing** (in between reactionary and conservative) **Totalitarianism** - asserts total control over citizens\' lives, with a highly developed guiding ideology **Authoritarianism** - Relies on passive techniques like propaganda and seeks blind submission to authority. **LEFT WING** (in between of radical and liberal) **Socialism** - an economic system that can exist in various forms under a wide range of political systems. **Communism -** centralized government, planned economy, dictatorship of the \"proletariat\", common ownership of the tools of production, no private property. Equality between genders and all people, international focus. **POWER** **Power** is the currency of politics. Just as money permits the efficient flow of goods and services through an economy, so power enables collective decisions to be made and enforced. Without power a government would be useless as a car without an engine Power is the key political resource that enables rulers both to serve and to exploit their subjects. - From Latin verb **potere** meaning \"to be able\" (Power is being able, physically, intellectually, or a combination of both, to achieve what one wants. Ex. Bully in the street exercises control over others by using physical coercion, intellectual superiority and the ability to solve problems that others perceive to be important, employ emotional appeals to achieve desired ends.) - The ability to cause others to do what one desires, using means ranging from influence to coercion. - The capacity to bring about intended effects. (The term is often used as a synonym for influence, to denote impact (however exercised) of one actor to another. But the word is also used more narrowly to refer to the more forceful modes of influence: for example, getting one\'s way by threats.) - power is a matter of getting people to do what they would not otherwise have done (Dahl) - Power is the ability to impose one\'s will on the behavior of other persons. (Max Weber) **Dimensions of power** 1. **Authority** - the right to rule. Authority creates its own power so long as people accept that the person in authority has the right to make decision. It is a broader concept than power. Where power is the capacity to act, authority is the acknowledged right to do so. It exists when subordinate accept the capacity of superiors to give legitimate orders. To acknowledge the authority of the rulers does not always mean you agree with their decisions, it means only that you accept their right to make decisions and your own duty to obey. 2. **Legitimacy** - returning to the broader notion of authority, we must now introduce its close cousin, legitimacy. The terms are similar in meaning, but legitimacy is the wider concept. - comes from the Latin **legitimare**, meaning to declare lawful - Denotes a general belief that the state\'s powers to make and enforce rules are justified and proper. **Three Types of Power** **Galbraith divides power into three categories:** 1. **Condign (coercion)** - power refers to brute force. This means the ability to inflict punishment on someone if they don\'t obey. **Courts, police forces and armies are the principle instruments** of condign power. For example, if a teacher uses a stick to get the student to listen, s/he is using a condign power. In more backward societies and more backward areas of advanced societies, this kind of power has been the most commonplace. The ones who had more swords or guns were more powerful. 2. **compensatory**-power means the ability to get what you want by exchanging something of value. And of course the **principal instrument of compensatory power is money** For example, when parents tell their kid that if they do not finish their homework on time, they will get 10 percent of their allowance, they are using a compensatory kind of power. This kind of power is the way power has been exercised in the more modern societies. 3. **Conditioned power (influence)** - power refers to public opinion. And the **instruments of conditioned power are education and persuasion**. The trick is to get people to obey you of their own free will. For example, the government of Canada runs extensive advertising campaigns exhorting Canadians to exercise more, stop smoking, drink less alcohol, conserve energy, and support Canadian unity. **NATION** **Philippine Politics and Governance** (Sir Gab Saulon) **NATION can be defined as group of people who are bound together into a single body, through history, customs, value, language, culture, tradition, art and religion.** When looking at the etymology, nation\' has been derived from the Latin word, **\'natio\',** which means a \'set of people. **STATE** **STATE** is a community of persons **(people)** more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a **government** of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control **(sovereignty).** a. **People-refers to the mass of population living within a state.** Philippine population as of October 22, 2022-112, 934, 928 b. **Territory-the domain of the state described as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime and aerial.** Philippine Territory-300, 055 square kilometers, stretches for 1,850 km from North to South - Philippine Islands as of 2022-7, 641 - **12 Nautical Miles** - Philippines Territorial Seas-provided by 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) - **Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)** or the **\"Patrimonial Sea\"-**200 nautical miles or 370kms from its shores - Archipelagic Doctrine make imaginary lines from the outermost tips of the islands each line not exceeding 100 nautical miles - **Vatican**-smallest state (would fit in Rizal Park in Manila) - **Sakha Republic in Northeast Russia** - Largest state c. **Government-essential instrument or machinery of the state that carries out its will, purposes and objectives.** d. **Sovereignty - Supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollarily, to have freedom from foreign control.** 1. **Internal Sovereignty-the power of the state to rule within its territory** 2. **External Sovereignty- the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states.** **ORIGIN OF STATES** 1. **Divine Right Theory - It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people.** 2. **Necessity or force theory - It maintains that the states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.** 3. **Paternalistic Theory - It attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father or mother. Grew into clan, develop into a tribe, broadened to a nation, and nation became a state.** 4. **Social Contract Theory - It asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good. - justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.** **Nation - State**: a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous (made up of the same kind of people) in factors such as language or common descent (birth, lineage). **9 Major Differences between State and Nation** 1. **The elements of State and Nation are different:** The State has **four elements-populations, territory, government, and sovereignty**, in the absence of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterized by all these four elements. On the contrary, **a nation is a group of people who have a strong sense of unity and common consciousness.** Common territory, common race, common religion, common language, common history, common culture and common political aspirations are the elements which help the formation of a nation, and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element. The elements which go to build a nation keep on changing. 2. **State is a Political Organization while Nation is a social, cultural, psychological, emotional and political unity** The **State is a political organization** which fulfills the security and welfare needs of its people. It is concerned with external human actions. It is a legal entity. On the other hand, a **Nation is a united unit of population** which is full of emotional, spiritual and psychological bonds. A nation has little to do with the physical needs of the people. 3. **Possession of a Definite Territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation** It is essential for each State to possess a fixed territory. It is the physical element of the State. S**tate is a territorial entity.** But for a nation territory is not an essential requirement. **A nation can survive even without a fixed territory,** Love of a common motherland acts as a source of unity. For example, **before 1948 the Jews were a nation even though they had no fixed territory** of their own. When, **in 1948, they secured a definite and defined territory, they established the State of Israel.** 4. **Sovereignty is essential for State but not for Nation:** **Sovereignty is an essential element of the State. It is the soul of the State. In the absence of sovereignty, the State loses its existence**. It is the element of sovereignty which makes the state different from all other associations of the people. It is not essential for a nation to possess sovereignty. **The basic requirement of a nation is the strong bonds of emotional unity among its people** which develop due to several common social cultural elements. Before 1947, India was a nation but not a State because it did not have sovereignty. (State = Nation + Sovereignty). After her independence in 1947, India became a State because after the end of British imperial rule it became a sovereign entity. **However, each nation always aspires to be sovereign and independent of the control of every other nation.** 5. **Nation can be wider than the State:** The **State is limited to a fixed territory**. Its boundaries can increase or decrease but the process of change is always very complex. However **a nation may or may not remain within the bounds of a fixed territory. Nation is a community based on common ethnicity, history and traditions and aspirations.** Obviously its boundaries can easily extend beyond the boundaries of the State. For example in a way the **French nation extends even to Belgium, Switzerland and Italy because people in these countries belong to the same race** to which the French claim to belong. 6. **There can be two or more Nationalities living in one State:** There can be two or more than two nations within a single State. **Before the First World War, Austria and Hungary were one State, but two different nations.** Most of the modern states are multinational states. 7. **Nation is more stable than State:** A **nation is more stable than the State. When sovereignty ends, the State dies, but not the nation. A nation can survive even without sovereignty**. For example, after their defeat in the World War II, **both Germany and Japan lost their sovereign statuses and outside powers began to control them. They ceased to exist as States. But as nations they continued to live as nations**, which after some months regained their sovereign statuses and became sovereign independent states. **8. A State can be created while a Nation is always the result of evolution:** A State can be created with the conscious endeavors of the people. Physical elements play an important role in the birth of a State. For example, after the Second World War, **Germany got divided into two separate states West Germany and East Germany. But Germans remained emotionally as one nation.** Ultimately in Oct., 1990 the Germans again got united into a single state. **In 1947 Pakistan was created out of India as a separate State.** A nation is a unity of the people which emerges slowly and steadily. No special efforts go into the making of a nation. **9. The State uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and integrity, the Nation is bound by strong cultural and historical links:** **State has police power. Those who dare to disobey it are punished by the state. A nation does not have police power or force or coercive power**. It is backed by moral, emotional and spiritual power. A nation survives on the power of sense of unity of the people. A nation appeals, the State orders; a nation persuades, a States coerces; and a nation boycotts, the State punishes. State is a political organization, while the nation is a unity. State and nation do not have the same boundaries, and yet there is a tendency for a nation and state to be one. Most of the nation today stands organized into different states. Most of the modern States are multinational States. The modern state is called a nation-state because all the (nationalities) living in one state stand integrated into one nation. **Globalization** Is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology? Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. **Globalize -** to make (something) cover, involve, or affect the entire world of a business - to begin to operate throughout the world - -to make worldwide in scope or application It describes the way countries and people of the world interact and integrate. **Globalization** has many sides and can be economic, political and/or cultural. **Economic globalization is how countries are coming together as one big global economy, making it easier to buy and sell across countries.**