Medical Technologist PDF

Module 1 Medical Technologist Also known as Clinical Laboratory Scientist Behind the scenes. Sometimes they are not acknowledged. 80% of the diagnosis of the doctors are based on Medical Technologists. Vital on the health and life of an individual. Pioneers in Medical Technology...

Module 1 Medical Technologist Also known as Clinical Laboratory Scientist Behind the scenes. Sometimes they are not acknowledged. 80% of the diagnosis of the doctors are based on Medical Technologists. Vital on the health and life of an individual. Pioneers in Medical Technology Hippocrates - advocated the examination of urine to diagnose disease (300 BC); Father of Medicine Rufus of Ephesus - first description of hematuria (blood in urine) attributed to the failure of kidneys to function properly in filtering the blood (50 AD). Galen - created a system of pathology that combined Hippocrates’ humoral theories with the Pythagorean theory; Founder of Experimental Physiology (180 AD). Pythagorean Theory - nature was made of four elements (water, earth, wind, and fire). Humoral Theories - liquid inside the body “humors” (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) concerned with restoring balance. These could be relatively benign and focused on changes in dietary habits, exercise, and herbal medicines. - Considered to determine a patient's personality and health concerns, Yellow Bile - Fire (Choleric) Black Bile - Earth (Melancholic) - temperament from kidneys All four of these humors, or vital fluids, are present in the bloodstream in varying quantities; Blood, or the Sanguine humor, is the red, hemoglobin-rich portion. Phlegm, or the Phlegmatic humor, is present as the clear plasma portion.  Isaac Judaeus - devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid (900 AD). William Harvey - discovered the circulation of blood (1578 - 1657). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - one of the first people to observe microorganisms, using a microscope of his own design, and made one of the most important contributions to biology (1632 - 1723). Robert Hooke - used the microscope to document the existence of cells and inspired the works of later histologists (1635 - 1703). - Microphegia, his book. Marcello Malphigi - founder of histology; famous for his investigations on embryology and the histology and physiology of the glands and viscera (1628 - 1694). Frederik Dekkers - observed that urine that contained protein would form a precipitate when boiled with acetic acid (albumin) (1694). Thomas Willis - first to notice the characteristic sweet taste of diabetic urine, which established the principle for the differential diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (1621 - 1675). Richard Lower - first to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another (1631 - 1691). William Hewson - discovered the cause of coagulation, which he called “coagulable lymph,” now known as fibrinogen (1739 - 1774). Johannes Evangelista Purkinje - works include descriptions of the germinal vesicle in the embryo, description and naming of protoplasm, discovery of the sudoriferous glands of the skin and their excretory ducts, and numerous descriptions of brain, nerve, and muscle cells (1823). Louis Pasteur - introduced the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; discovered partial heat sterilization or Pasteurization; attenuated vaccines (weakened vaccines) (1822 - 1895). Robert Koch - discovered the complete life history and sporulation of the anthrax bacillus (anthracis); developed a method of obtaining pure cultures of organisms; played a role in perfecting the method of steam sterilization; discovered the tubercle bacillus by other special culture and staining methods (acid fast) and formulated a rule for determining the specificity of disease-causing organisms; discovered Vibrio cholera and recognized its routes of transmission (1843-1910). Sir William Osler - established ward laboratories at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where routine tests were carried out by attending physicians (1898). Joseph Lister - discovered methods of antisepsis using carbolic acid (1827-1912). Paul Ehrlich - developed many methods of drying and fixing blood smears using heat; discovered mast cells and saw their granulations using a basic aniline stain; classified white blood cells into different morphological types; discovered methylene blue as a bacterial stain (1854-1915).  Sir Alexander Fleming - accidentally discovered penicillin (1881-1955). Christian Gram - developed the bacteriological staining method most widely used today (1884). R.J. Petri - developed the plating technique using double dishes now called “Petri Dishes” (1887). Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk - discovered the antibacterial action prontosil, a derivative of sulfonamide (1895-1964). Otto Folin - introduced Jaffe's alkaline picrate method for creatinine; published the first normal values for uric acid, NPN, and protein in blood for assessment of renal function; discovered the Folin Ciocalteu reagent (1904 - 1922). Karl Landsteiner - discovered the concept of the human blood types; described the ABO blood group; studied bleeding in newborns and contributed to the discovery of the Rh factor (1868-1943). James C. Todd - edited and published the first textbook of laboratory medicine entitled “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” (1908). John Kolmer - published "The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians" (1918). G.N. Papanicolaou - first reported the ability to recognize cancer in vaginal smears, thus beginning clinical cytology (1928). History of Medical Technology in the Philippines and Abroad Vivian Herrick - strongly believes that medical technology may be traced back in 1550 BC when intestinal parasites were mentioned. Ruth Williams - wrote a book on “Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology”. Dr. Douglas - started the first laboratory instruction in 1884. Dr. James Todd - published a laboratory guide entitled "Manual of Clinical Diagnosis" in 1908. 1896 - first clinical laboratory was established. 1985 - University of Pennsylvania William Pepper Laboratory, USA. 1900 - laboratories began to hire bacteriologists during outbreaks of infectious diseases. Laboratory technicians/assistants were trained. 1911 - Laboratory science was accepted as the basis for diagnosis of diseases. 1920 - the American College of Surgeons began requiring trained technicians to supervise hospital laboratories. 1922 - the first formal recognition of the profession came when a group of 39 physicians laid the foundation for the ASCP (American Society Clinical Pathology). Between 1928 - 1945, Medical Technology/CLS became more widely recognized.  1928 - ASCP created a formal program to ensure the competence of the laboratory workers through certification. 1930 - Schools for training laboratory workers were established and ASCP issued the first certificate to 400 technicians. 1933 - ASCP began to require that applicants meet educational prerequisites. 1940 - ASCP required a two year collegiate education and 12 months actual training in the laboratory as preparation for practice. 1950 - A standard curriculum was formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree. 1960 - ASCP issued 2,453 certificates and the number of technicians certified each year grew steadily. 1944 - 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army in Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila started training high school graduates. 1945 - US army left the 26th Medical Laboratory to the Philippine Department of Health and was non-operational. Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda of the Manila Health Department set up the Public Health Laboratory (formerly 26th Medical Laboratory) under the city government of Manila. 1947 - PHL, MHD, Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana, started training Laboratory Technicians. 1954 - PHL offered 6 months training for high-school graduates to become laboratory technicians. Bureau of Private Education offered a 4-year course in B.S. Medical Technology - Manila Sanitarium Hospital (MSH) - opened the first school of MT under the leadership of Mrs. Villa Hedrick; Philippine Union College absorbed MSH's School of MT. The first ever graduate of B.S. Medical Technology is Jesse Umali. 1957 - UST offered Medical Technology as a major. 1960 - CEU offered B.S. Medical Technology. 1961 - FEU offered BSMT, UP started offering B.S. in Hygiene. September 15, 1963 - organizational meeting was held at PHL Manila. September 20, 1964 - Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET) had its first convention at FEU Medical Auditorium. First PAMET President: Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong Latest PAMET President: Ms. Luella A. Vertucio History of CEU (College of Medical Technology) Established in 1960. Initiative of the 2nd CEU President (CDL) and University Registrar. 1962 - First batch of graduates. Deans of CEU (College of Medical Technology) 1960 - 1963 : Ms. Purification Suaco Organized and monitored the proper implementation of the Medical Technology curriculum. 1963 - 1969 : Porfirio de Guia, MD Former University Medical Clinic and the Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. Credited for the steady growth in the enrollment. Responsible for hospital affiliations. 1969 - 1984 : Velia G.Trinidad, MD During her term, additional hospital affiliations for the training of the increasing number of interns were established. 1984 - 1989 : Fe N. Martinez, RMT, PhD Review class inside CEU was established to monitor closely the students' preparation for the board exam. 1989 - 2006 : Priscilla A. Panlasigui, CLS, PhD Curriculum enrichments to meet the demand of globalization. 1993 and 2001 MT Program Accreditation Integration of the following: - EMT - Pharmacology - Cytology - Medical Transcription - Research 2006 - Present : Dr. Charito M. Bermido, RMT, PhD Level lll re-accreditation in 2007 Reforms were made especially in the areas of teaching, research, curriculum and Board exam review.  Module 2 Medical Technology Heinemann - the application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Fagelson - branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. Walters - health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health. R.A. 5527 Section 2, The Medical Technology Act of 1969 - "An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination by chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other medical laboratory procedures and techniques which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.” Medical Technology Practice (P.D. 498 & P.D. 1534) "Examination of tissues, secretions, and excretions of the human body body fluids, blood banking procedures, parasitologic, mycologic and microbiologic techniques, histopathologic and cytotechnology, clinical research, preparations and standardization of reagents, clinical laboratory quality control and collection and preservation of specimen." Pathology The practice of medicine which contributes to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment through knowledge gained by laboratory applications of the biologic, chemical or physical sciences to man or material obtained from a man. Two Areas of Pathology Anatomic - diagnosis or confirmation of diseases through autopsy examination and cellular differentiation of autopsy and surgical tissues. Clinical - specializes in chemical, microbiological, and hematologic procedures. Pathologist Director of a Clinical Laboratory Licensed physician with a specialty in Pathology as certified by the Philippine Board of Pathology Medical Technologist A baccalaureate degree program from a college or university recognized by CHED, completed a specified clinical internship in a training laboratory by the Bureau of health facilities and DOH Passed the licensure examination administered by the Board of Medical Technology of the Professional Regulation Commission. Medical Technician An individual certified and registered with PRC to run various tests under the supervision of a registered medical technologist or pathologist. May also log specimens in the laboratory and prepare samples for testing. Medical Technologist Healthcare Professional Performs diagnostic analytic tests on body fluids Role: Provide accurate results in a timely manner. Tools: Complex instrumentation, sophisticated techniques, specialized knowledge Characteristics of a Medical Technologist a. Works quickly and carefully b. Self-sufficient, precise, and thorough c. Troubleshooters and problem solvers d. Likes challenge and responsibility e. Concentrates on accuracy f. Pays close attention to details g. Reliable and works well under pressure h. Able to finish a task once started i. Communicates well both in writing and speaking j. Sets high standards for themselves (quality work in everything that they do) k. Deeply committed to their profession l. Good analytical judgment m. Computer literate n. Truly fascinated by all that science has to offer Nature of the Job Analyze human fluid samples Microscopic Advanced analytical equipments Recognize abnormalities Monitor, screen and troubleshoot  Calibration and Quality Control Recognize factors that could induce error (sample rejections) Specializations of Medical Technologists Clinical Chemistry Technologists Chemical and hormonal contents of body fluids. Microbiology Technologists Examine and identify bacteria and other organisms. Blood Bank Technologist or Immunohematologists Collect, type and prepare blood and its components for transfusion. Immunology Technologists Elements of human immune system Body's response to foreign bodies Cytotechnologists Prepare slides of body cells Determine abnormalities and onset of cancer growth Molecular Biology Technologists Protein and nucleic acid testing Histotechnicians Prepare thin section of body tissues Tissue processing Phlebotomists Collect patient's blood specimen through a) venipuncture (Syringe/ETS), b) skin puncture Underboard medical technology graduates may apply for this post Working Conditions "Clinical laboratory personnel are trained to work with infectious specimens. With proper methods of infection control and sterilization, few hazards exist. Protective masks, gloves, laboratory gowns and goggles are often necessary to ensure the safety of laboratory personnel". Specific Posts for RMTs and MT Graduates Clinical Laboratory Analyst  Drug Testing Laboratory Analyst Analysts in pharmaceutical companies, veterinary clinic, food companies and cosmetic industry Researcher Clinical or Educational institution Diagnostic companies Professional product specialists in manufacturing, marketing and sales Academicians and Health Educators Professional Ethics A branch of moral science which deals with how and what a professional should or should not do in the workplace Medical Ethics This is a field of applied ethics, which studies moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine. Moral Principles in Medical Technology Ethics Autonomy Beneficence Non-maleficence Justice Respect for Dignity Truthfulness and Honesty Stewardship Problems and Concerns in Medical Technology Practice Negligence - a general term that denotes conduct lacking in due care. Malpractice - a professional negligence by act or omission of a health care provider in which care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice in the medical community and may cause injury or death to the patient. In order to prove negligence or malpractice, the following elements must be established: A duty has owed A duty was breached The breach causes an injury Damages Moral Issues and Ethical Considerations Stem Cells  Stem cells are master cells of the body, cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are created. Sources of Stem Cells: Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells or Somatic Cells The risk of Stem Cell Therapy Health professionals are still hesitant to use stem cells to cure degenerative diseases because of some dangerous consequences. It must be certain that stem cells will differentiate into the specific cell type desired. Moral Implications Some people would consider an embryo as "living," or having life. Euthanasia Refers to the practice of ending a life in a manner which relieves pain and suffering. Classification of Euthanasia: Voluntary Euthanasia Non-voluntary Euthanasia Involuntary Euthanasia Passive Euthanasia Active Euthanasia Moral Implication Religious opponents of euthanasia believe that life is given by GOD, and only GOD should decide when to end one's life. Those in favor of euthanasia argue that a civilized society should allow people to die in dignity and without pain, and should allow others to do so if they cannot manage it on their own. Cloning The creation of a genetic copy of a sequence of DNA or of the entire genome of an organism. Artificial Birth Control Artificial methods of birth control include devices, sexual practices, or medications used or followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the chances of pregnancy. Contraception - this is the process of preventing fertilization of ovum by sperm cells. Abortion - can be direct, induced or even caused by natural cases or accidents. In some instances abortion becomes necessary when the life of the mother is at stake. Moral Implications Pro-life movements argue that the use of artificial birth control is a deliberate attempt to suppress the natural outcome of a sexual act, which is procreation. Traditional Catholic churches view contraceptives as anti-life because they violate nature. In Vitro Fertilization Popularly known as laboratory fertilization. Human Value Development Humans are born with a series of undifferentiated potentials. They have the innate capacity to acquire ethical beliefs, but the value system that we develop is dependent upon the cultural framework in which we live.  Module 3 Medical Terminologies Most medical terms are derived from Greek and Latin words. A medical term has three parts- the root word, the prefix and the suffix. The root word is the main part of the medical term that denotes the meaning of the word. Examples: Colo - colon Phlebo - vein Hemat - blood Aero - air The prefix is found at the beginning of the term and it shows how meaning is assigned to the word. Examples: a-/an - without, absence hyper - meaning increased/above poly - many pre - before The suffix is found at the terminal portion or at the end of the term. It also denotes the meaning of the root word. Examples: -megaly = enlargement -emia = blood -uria = urine -ostomy = to make an opening or mouth Rule to Remember: If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel needs to be used (usually the letter O). The combining vowel is added between the root word and the suffix. Examples: hemat + logy = hematology - study of blood phlebo + tomy = phlebotomy - the process of cutting into the vein using a needle. Rule to Remember: The plural form of medical term is made by changing the end of the word and not by simply adding S, which follows the rule for irregular noun. Examples: Singular Plural bacterium bacteria nucleus nuclei  thrombus thrombi bacillus bacilli ovum ova spermatozoon spermatozoa Number Prefixes bi - two hemi - haf mono - one multi - many nulli - none poly - many primi - first quadri - four semi - partial, half tetra - four tri - three Common Prefixes hetero - different (heterosexual, heterozygous) homo - same (homosexual, homozygous) hydro - water (hydrocephalus, hydrolase) hypo - under, below (hypodermis) in - not, inward (infertility) inter - among, between (interstitial) intra - within, inside (intramuscular) Common Suffixes -algia - pain (spondylalgia, abdominalgia) -cele - hernia, protrusion (varicocele) -cyte - vcell (monocyte) -dynia - pain (urodynia) -ectasis - dilatation (bronchiectasis) -gen - that which produces (hallucinogen) -genesis - produces, generates (osteogenesis) -genic - producing, produced by (carcinogenic) Formation of Medical Terms 1. Terms may be composed of a root + suffix. Medical Term Root Meaning Suffix Meaning carcinoma carcin(o) crab oma tumor sarcoma sarc(o) flesh oma tumor cerebral cerebr brain al pertaining to 2. Terms may be composed of a prefix + root. Medical Term Prefix Meaning Root Meaning neoplasm neo new plasm growth, formation biped bi two ped foot dysfunction dys difficult, function normal action painful 3. Terms may be composed of a prefix +a root + a suffix. Medical Prefix Meaning Root Meaning Suffix Meaning Term hypoglycemia hypo under glyc sugar emia blood encephalitis en in cephal head itis inflammation of pericarditis peri around card heart itis inflammation of 4. Some medical terms are composed of two roots. Medical Term Root Meaning Root Meaning biostatistics bio life statistics numerical facts erythroblast erythr(o) red blast germ cell microfilm micr(o) small film Singular vs. Plural Rules  1. Terms that end in "a", for plural add an "e". Example: vertebra (singular), vertebrae (plural) 2. Terms that end in "is", for plural change it to "es". Example: diagnosis (singular), diagnoses (plural) 3. Terms that end in "ex" or "ix" for plural replace with "ices". Example: cervix (singular), cervices (plural) 4. Terms that end in "on" for plural replace it with "a". Example: criterion (singular), criteria (plural) 5. Terms that end in "um" for plural replace it with "a". Example: bacterium (singular), bacteria (plural) 6. Terms that end in "us" for plural replace it with "i". Example: bronchus (singular), bronchi (plural) 7. Terms that end in "itis” for plural replace it with "itides". Example: arthritis (singular), arthrides (plural) 8. Terms that end in "nx" for plural replace it with "nges". Example: phalanx (singular), phalanges (plural) 9. Terms that end in "y" for plural replace it with "ies". Example: therapy (singular), therapies (plural) 10. Terms that end in "x" for plural replace it with "ces". Example: thorax (singular), thoraces (plural) Medical Technology Curriculum Curriculum comes from the Latin word currere which means to run. Refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn which include the learning standards or learning objectives. Refers to the means and materials with which students interact for the purpose of achieving identified educational outcomes. Consists of a planned process of measurement, assessment and evaluation to gauge student learning. Under CHED is the Technical Committee for Medical Technology Education (TCMTE) which is composed of leading academicians and practitioners responsible for assisting the commission in setting the standards among institution offering BS in Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science program. General Education Courses The courses aim to develop foundational knowledge, skills, values and habits necessary for students. The general courses included in the new CMO are: Understanding the Self Readings in Philippine History  The Contemporary World Mathematics in the Modern World Purposive Communication The Life and Works of Rizal Science, Technology and Society Art Appreciation Ethics Professional Courses Professional courses are taken for learners develop the knowledge, technical competence, professional attitude and values necessary to practice and meet the demands of the profession. Critical thinking skills, decision-making skills, interpersonal skills, collaboration and teamwork are also developed. Some of the professional courses are: Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1: Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science, Laboratory safety and Waste Management Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 2: Clinical Laboratory Assistance and Phlebotomy Community and Public Health for MT/MLS Cytogenetics Human Histology Histopathologic Techniques with Cytology Clinical Bacteriology Clinical Parasitology Immunohematology and Blood Bank Mycology and Virology Laboratory Management Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics Hematology 1 Hematology 2 Clinical Microscopy Clinical Chemistry 1 Clinical Chemistry 2 Seminars 1 and 2 Molecular Biology and Diagnost Research Courses  Research 1: Introduction to Laboratory Science Research Research 2: Research Paper Writing and Presentation Clinical Internship Training The intern is required to render 32 hours of duty per week not exceeding a total of 1,664 hours in one year. Licensure Examination The Medical Technology Licensure Examination is conducted in order to identify graduates who possess the basic or minimum conceptual skills and technical competencies to perform with minimum errors. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) is tasked to administer licensure examinations to different professionals. The Professional Regulatory Board for MT/MLS under PRC is tasked to prepare and administer the written licensure examination. 21st Century Skills Learning Skills: Also known as the "four Cs" of 21st century learning, these include critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity. Life Skills: Flexibility, initiative, social skills, productivity, leadership Literacy Skills: Information literacy, media literacy, technology literacy Critical Thinking Communication Skills Creativity Problem Solving Perseverance Collaboration Information Literacy Technology Skills and Digital Literacy Media Literacy Global Awareness Self-direction Social Skills Literacy Skills Civic Literacy Social Responsibility Innovation Skills Thinking Skills Assessment Involves a planned, systematic and organized ways of testing, measuring. collecting and obtaining necessary information to gain feedback on student's progress. Types of Assessment Diagnostic Assessment Formative Assessment Summative Assessment Assessment Tools Teacher-made Written Tests Reflection Papers Portfolios Performance Tasks Oral Examinations and Presentations Rubrics Job Opportunities for the Graduate of the Program Medical Technologist Researcher/Research Scientist Member of Academe Molecular Scientist Diagnostic Product Specialist Public Health Practitioner Health Care Leader  Module 4 Brief History of Laboratory Safety Rooted in the US biological weapons program which began in 1943 as ordered by then US President Franklin Roosevelt and was active during the Cold War. The US biological weapons programs were initiated due to the Axis Powers countries advancing in terms of biological weapons. In 1943, Ira L. Baldwin became the first scientific director of Camp Detrick (Fort Detrick) and was tasked with establishing the biological weapons program for defensive purposes. Anthrax was used as a biological weapon. Eventually terminated by US President Richard Nixon in 1969. After the Second World War, Camp Detrick was designated a permanent installation for biological research and development. Engr. Newell A. Johnson designed modifications for biosafety at Camp Detrick (Class II safety cabinets and laminar flow hoods). He was concerned with laboratory workers when they worked with dangerous (micro)organisms. In 1984, formation of the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) (other countries were also included). Arnold Wedum described the use of mechanical pipettors (used to handle small samples much more safely) to prevent laboratory-acquired infections in 1907 and 1908. In 1909, a pharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania developed a ventilated cabinet to prevent infection from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (discovered by Robert Koch). At the height of increasing mortality and morbidity due to smallpox in 1967, WHO aggressively pursued the eradication of the virus through campaigns. By 1980, smallpox was successfully eradicated which marked a milestone in public health. In 1974, the CDC published the Classification of Etiological Agents on the Basis of Hazard that introduced the concept of establishing ascending levels of containment associated with risks. In 1996, the US government enacted the Select Agent Regulations because of bioterrorism. In 2012, the revision of the Select Agent Regulations. Singapore's Biological Agents and Toxins Act (BATA) is similar in scope with the US regulations but with more severe penalties for noncompliance. In South Korea, the Act on Prevention of Infectious Diseases in 2005 was amended to require institutions that work with listed "highly dangerous pathogens" to implement laboratory biosafety and biosecurity requirements. In Canada, Canadian Containment Level (CL) 3 and CL4 facilities that work with risk group 3 or 4 are required to undergo certification.  In 2008, the Danish Parliament passed a law that gives the Minister of Health and Prevention to regulate biological agents in Denmark. Local and International Guidelines on Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity February 2008, the Comité européen de Normalisation (CEN) in France published the CEN Workshop Agreement 15793. This agreement comprehended a biosafety system which became a cornerstone in formal guidelines. In 1983, WHO published its 3rd edition of the Laboratory Biosafety Manual. In 2003, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CBP) became effective which applies to 186 member countries. The National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) established under E.O 430s.1990 was formed. On March 17, 2006, the Office of the President promulgated E.O 514 establishing the National Biosafety Framework (NBF). Currently DOH, requires clinical laboratories to ensure policy guidelines on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (DOH A.O 27-2007). Different Organizations in the Field of Biosafety ABSA International (The Association for Biosafety and Biosecurity) Asia Pacific Biosafety Association (APSA) European Biosafety Association (EBSA) Philippine Biosafety & Biosecurity Association Biorisk Association of the Philippines (BRAP) Fundamental Concepts of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity Laboratory Biosafety are containment principles, technologies, and practices implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their unintentional release. “Protecting people from dangerous pathogens.” Biosecurity is protection, control and accountability for valuable biological materials within laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release. “Protecting pathogens from dangerous people.” Classification of Microorganisms According to Risk Groups (RGs) Biosafety Level (BSL) Risk Group 1 (RG1 - BSL1) (low individual and community risk) - Unlikely to cause harm or disease on healthy individuals. Risk Group 2 (RG2 - BSL2) (moderate individual, low community risk) - Can cause disease but moderate or less serious hazards. - Preventive measures and medications available. - Herpes, Salmonella, Hepatitis Risk Group 3 (RG3 - BSL3) (high individual, low to moderate community risk) - Can cause serious disease but not ordinarily spread. - Preventive measures and medications available but not always accessible. - COVID19 Risk Group 4 (RG4 - BSL4) (high individual and community risk) - NO MEDICATIONS, causes serious disease and easy mode of transmission. - Ebola Virus Classification of risk groups may vary from one country to another depending on: Pathogenicity of the organism Mode of transmission, host range, immunity, vectors and environment Local availability of preventive measures Local availability of effective treatment Categories of Laboratory Biosafety According to Levels Biosafety Level 1 Well classified organisms Not cause infection to healthy person PPEs, Proper waste disposal, wash area, LIMITED ACCESS Biosafety cabinet is not yet required. Biological Agents: - Bacillus subtilis - Mycobacterium gordonae - Naegleria gruberi  - E.coli Biosafety Level 2 Well classified organisms, Pose MODERATE health hazard Trained technologist, immunizations, BSC II cabinet, autoclave Common agents of infectious diseases Has self closing doors. Biological Agents: - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Hepatitis B Virus - Bacillus anthracis - Yersinia pestis - Salmonella spp. - Toxoplasma spp. Biosafety Level 3 Exotic or indigenous organisms AEROSOL transmission POTENTIALLY lethal BSC II or higher plus an ANTE room/changing room Ventilators must be regularly changed with HEPA filters and the room must have an autoclave. Biological Agents: - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Systemic Fungi (molds) - Francisella tularensis - Brucella spp. - St. Louis Encephalitis virus - Coxiella burnetii Biosafety Level 4 Dangerous, exotic or newly classified organism AEROSOL or unknown MOT LETHAL Highly trained technologists, SHOWER room and NON-RECIRCULATING ventilation system, BSC Ill, Positive pressure suit, LAB IS ISOLATED FROM THE INSTITUTION Biological Agents: - Marburg and Congo Crimean - Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses - Arbovirus  - Arenavirus - Filovirus - Small Pox virus Biorisk Management and the AMP Model Biorisk Management (BRM) is a system or process to control safety and security risks associated with the handling or storage and disposal of biological agents and toxins in laboratories and facilities. Three Primary Components: Assessment, Mitigation and Performance (AMP) Key Components of Biorisk Management Risk Assessment Initial step in implementing a biorisk management process.  Process of identifying the hazards and evaluating the risks associated with biological agents and toxins, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether or not the risks are acceptable. Steps in performing risk assessment: - Define the situation - Define the risks - Characterize the risks - Determine if risks are acceptable or not Risk Assessment Matrix Mitigation Procedure Second fundamental component of the biorisk management model. Actions and control measures that are put into place to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with biological agents and toxins. There are five major areas of control or measures that can be employed in mitigating risk: Elimination - total decision not to work with a specific biological agent or not doing the intended work. Substitution - replacement of procedures or biological agents with similar entities. Engineering Controls - physical changes in work stations, equipment or relevant work environment. Administrative Control - policies or standards and guidelines to control risks. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - devices worn by workers to protect them. Performance Evaluation Last pillar of biorisk management. Systematic process intended to achieve organizational objectives and goals. Performance Management - reevaluation of the overall mitigation strategy. Hazard, Threat, and Risk Hazard is an object that can cause harm. Threat is a person who has an INTENT or ABILITY to cause harm to other people, animals, or the institution. Risk can be based on either a hazard and/or a threat. Risk vs. Hazard Risk Likelihood or consequence of a harmful event/agent. What are the chances that you will acquire the infection? How severe will the infection be once acquired? Hazard ANY OBJECT with a potential to cause harm. A person with an intention to cause harm is a THREAT.  Module 6 Professional Organizations Assemblages of profession within a particular specialization or professional field. Provides opportunities for professional growth and continuing education by offering workshops, training and seminars and by publishing research journals. Types of Professional Organizations Accrediting Organization Accredits curricular programs in educational institutions Example: PAASCU and PACUCOA Credentialing/Certifying Organizations Provides certification examinations for professionals Example: AMT, ASCP, ISCLT, NCA Professional Societies Organizations that contribute to the continued development of a specific group of professionals Example: PAMET, ASCP Professional Journals Publications containing scholarly studies on specific professional fields. Normally prepared by professionals in the field and are peer-reviewed by experts. Example: Philippine Journal of Medical Technology Asia-Pacific Journal of Medical Laboratory Science International Journal of Science and Clinical Laboratory Laboratory Medicine Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET) The national professional organization of Registered Medical Technology in the Philippines. It is a non-stock, non-profit organization. It was founded on September 15, 1963 through Crisanto G. Almario “Father of PAMET” at the Public Health Laboratory. Organized its first national convention and election of officers on September 20, 1964 at the Far Eastern University. PAMET Insignia Circle - symbolizes the continuous involvement where practice and education must always be integrated. Triangle - the trilogy of love, respect and integrity. Microscope & Snake - symbolize the science of Medical Technology profession. Green - the color of health. 1964 - the year of the first PAMET election. Mission of PAMET To realize its vision, PAMET shall be an association that will uphold professional core values; develop and sustain comprehensive programs to enhance competencies of the Medical Laboratory Science professionals; collaborate with the different stakeholders of health and make its services important to the beneficiaries of its services. Roster of President and their Contributions 1. Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong (1963 - 1967) House Bill No. 7682 - later enacted into law as Republic Act No. 5527, otherwise known as Philippine Medical Technology Act on June 21, 1969. 2. Mr. Nardito D. Moraleta (1967 - 1970) PAMET was registered with the Security Exchange commission on Oct. 14, 1969. Registration of PAMET to ASEAN Association of Medical Laboratory Technologists (AAMLT).  The MT Council in 1970 which standardized the MT curriculum in schools. Approval of PAMET constitution. The MT Code of Ethics and the publication of the PAMET news. RA 5527 for the MT Board Examination. 3. Mr. Felix Asprer (1970 - 1971 and 1973 - 1977) Approval of PD no. 498 an amendment of RA no. 5527. Accreditation of PAMET by PRC citing it as the professional organization of medical technologists (July 15, 1975). Opening of several PAMET chapters in the provinces. Improvement of laboratories. System of ranking for medical technologists. Salary hike PAMET was registered with the International Association of Medical Laboratory Technologists (IAMLT) in 1970. 4. Mr. Bernardo Tabaosares (1971 - 1973) Third week of September was declared the Medical Technology week. 5. Ms. Angelina R. Jose (Jan. 1973 - Sept. 1973) The first lady president of the association with the shortest term of office. Approval of the Professional Tax of all registered medical technologists which amounted to seventy pesos (P70.00) yearly. 6. Mrs. Venerable Oca (1977 - 1982) Educational enhancements. Monthly medical missions were made as part of the association's services to the poor and unfortunates Monthly seminars for the updates of the profession. 7. Mrs. Carmencita Acedera (1982 - 1992) Image building.  She was responsible for the recognition of medical technologists who were outstanding in the profession. This included: The Most Outstanding Medical Technologists of the Year The Crisanto G. Almario Memorial Award Distinguished Service Award The Most Outstanding Chapter Award In 1985, PAMET gained its membership in the ASEAN Association of Medical Laboratory Technologists (AAMLT). In 1986, PAMET hosted the 2nd ASEAN Conference of Medical Laboratory (ACMLT) in Manila. The AAMLT Constitution and by-laws were adopted in 1989. 8. Mrs. Marilyn R. Atienza (1993 - 1996) Procurement of the PAMET office. Membership of PAMET in Asian Association of Southeast Asia Medical Laboratory Science (AAMLS). Improvement of the association's financial status. More CPE seminars rendered to PAMET members. Publication of the official newspaper of the Association, the “Lab News” and the official journal of the Association, the “Phil. Journal of Medical Technology”. Inclusion of all Med. Techs to "hazard pay”. New salary scheme. Sending qualified MedTechs as scholars for the training program offered by Japan. 9. Norma N. Chang (1997 - 2000) PAMET hosted the 7th ACMLT which was held at the PICC, Manila on Dec. 1-6, 1997. More PAMETS chapters were established. Revised the Medical Technology Code of Ethics on Mar. 7. 1997. 10. Agnes B. Medenilla (2001 - 2002) Organization dynaminism. Worked at the amendment of RA 5527. Maintained a close link between other associations (mostly health). Job fairs 11. Shirley F. Cruzada (2002 - 2004)  Forging the agreement of DOH to the NRC. Worked on the grant of scholarships to graduate programs. Request of revision of RA 5527. Activation of inactive PAMET chapters. Maintained close relationships between other close organizations (e.g PASMETH). 12. Leila M. Florentino (2007 - 2013) Global perspectives. Promoting excellence in Medical Technology 13. Romeo J. Ignacio (2013 - 2015) Golden celebration Soar High VOICE Visibility Oneness Integrity Commitment Excellence 14. Ronaldo E. Puno (2015 - 2020) Empowerment Complimented in involvement in the government. 15. Mr. Rommel F. Salceda (2021 - 2022) Engagement 16. Luella A. Vertucio (2022 - Present) Collaborative enhancement Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH) The national organization of all recognized schools of Medical Technology in the Philippines. Organized on May 13, 1970. Headed by Dr. Serafin Juliano and Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes as appointed by Dr. Serafin Abarracin. The first organizational meeting was held at the University of Santo Tomas on June 22, 1970. The first annual meeting was held again at the UST on May 17, 1971. PASMETH Logo Circle - continuity Diamond - four objectives Microscope - Medical Technology and Public Health 1970 - year it was founded Objectives of PASMETH 1. To encourage a thorough study of the needs and problems of Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science/Biomedical Laboratory Science and Public Health education and to offer solutions for them. 2. To work for the enhancement and continuous development of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science/Biomedical Laboratory Science and Public Health education, in order that the profession will be of maximum service to the country. 3. To take a united stand in matters which affect the interest of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science/Biomedical Laboratory Science and Public Health education. 4. To seek the advice, aid and assistance of government and private entities for the fulfillment of the Association's aims and purposes. Roster of Presidents Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students (PHISMETS) A special program of the Student Development Committee of the (PASMETH) to serve as a transforming venue for the integral and holistic development of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science students. PHISMETS Seal Three Circles - symbolizes the continuous active involvement to the national transforming venue of Medical Laboratory Science Students. Laurel - symbolizes Nature and the continuation of Life every year. Green Letters - correspond to the color of Health. Five Bubbles From a Test Tube - represents the five objectives embodied in the Constitution.  15 Interconnected Molecules Outside a Test Tube - signify the Unity of the 15 Board Schools exploring various possibilities and aiming towards the integral growth and holistic development of Medical Laboratory Science Students. Microscope - signifies Medical Laboratory Science. Objectives of PHISMETS 1. To organize a central body that coordinates all the activities pertinent to Medical Technology student development. 2. To promote the growth and development of all Medical Technology students. 3. To promote and stimulate the exchange of best practices in Medical Technology through international, national, regional/provincial and local conferences, seminar workshops, colloquia, and meetings. Continuing Professional Development Previously referred to as Continuing Professional Education. Maintain knowledge and skills. Most professions have CPD obligations (e.g. Med Techs). An RMT has to renew his professional ID every three (3) years , and as such is required to have earned at least 45 CPD units. Learning to earn or maintain professional credentials such as through: 1. Academic Degrees 2. Formal Coursework 3. Attending Conferences 4. Informal Learning Opportunities situated in the work/practice Characteristics of Professional Development Intensive (so as objectives are achieved) Collaborative Incorporates an evaluative phase. Most conduct a PRETEST to ascertain status of the participants prior to the course. Later, after the completion, the participants are given a POST-TEST. This will determine if learning/ development has taken place. Usually, the participants evaluate the conduct of the course, with the end-in-view of improving future courses. Purposes Interest in lifelong learning A sense of moral obligation Maintain and improve professional competence  Enhance career progression/career path/promotion To keep abreast of new technology and practices To comply with professional regulatory requirements Types Formal Type - based on standard structures, like professional schools, e.g. Ateneo Professional School`of Business, CEU- PACE, Professional and Continuing Education, PAMET, PASMETH (the CEU School of Med Tech is a CPD provider, accredited by the PRC). Informal Type - pre-service, in service training training programs offered by the institution. e.g. the human resource department offers to employees activities which management feels are needed by its employees. The CPD Law Republic Act No. 10912, otherwise known as the CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD) Act of 2016. An Act which requires CPD as the mandatory requirement for the renewal of a Professional Identification Card. The CPD Law took effect on August 16, 2016. The CPD Law was implemented starting March 15, 2017, upon the effectivity of: Resolution No. 1032 or the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of R.A. No. 10912. The General Transitory Period of the required CPD units are as follows: For Medical Technologists: Important Information The Law does not provide any exemption from CPD compliance for the renewal of Professional Identification cards. Even senior citizens are not exempted.  Licensed professionals working overseas may attend training/seminars conducted by the foreign chapters or affiliates of accredited CPD Providers. They may also attend training/seminars conducted by non-accredited CPD Providers and apply for credit units under Self-Directed Learning and/or Lifelong Learning. A natural or juridical person may apply as CPD Provider. The accreditation of CPD Provider is valid for three (3) years. The CPD Providers shall apply for the accreditation of their CPD program at least forty five (45) days prior to the conduct of the program. After evaluation of the concerned CPD Council of the CPD Program, the CPD credit units will be given. Under Self-Directed Learning and/or Lifelong Learning track, a professional shall collate all activities he/she has undergone or attended to from a non-CPD Provider three (3) years prior to the renewal of his/her PRC ID & apply one-time to the concerned CPD Council. The CPD Council will convert such activities to CPD Credit Units & the professional will be entitled to a Certificate of Credit Units Earned. CPD Activities for Medical Technologists Compliance to the Requirement Professional development. compliance to the major areas of CPD Activities shall be fully implemented in 2020. During the transition period (2017-2019), compliance with the breakdown of CPD units per area will not be required for renewal of the Professional Identification Card.