PMBOK 7th Edition (iBIMOne.com).pdf

PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition AND The Standard for Project Management A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition...

PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition AND The Standard for Project Management A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition Over the past few years, emerging technology, new approaches, and rapid market changes GLOBAL STANDARD disrupted our ways of working, driving the project management profession to evolve. Each industry, organization and project face unique challenges, and team members must adapt their approaches to successfully manage projects and deliver results. With this in mind, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – Seventh Edition takes a deeper look into the fundamental concepts and constructs of the profession. A Guide to the Project and The Standard for Project Management Including both The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide, this edition presents 12 principles of project management and eight project performance domains that are critical for effectively delivering project outcomes. Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK GUIDE This edition of the PMBOK® Guide: ® Reflects the full range of development approaches (predictive, traditional, adaptive, agile, hybrid, etc.); Devotes an entire section to tailoring development approaches and processes; Expands the list of tools and techniques in a new section, “Models, Methods, and Seventh Edition Artifacts”; Focuses on project outcomes, in addition to deliverables; and Integrates with PMIstandards+™, giving users access to content that helps them apply ANDThe Standard for Project Management the PMBOK® Guide on the job. The result is a modern guide that better enables project team members to be proactive, innovative, and nimble in delivering project outcomes. ANSI/PMI 99-001-2021 Project Management Institute Global Headquarters 14 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, PA 19073 USA Tel: +1 610 356 4600 PMI.org PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 PMBOK_Guide_7thED_cover_spread.indd 1 5/3/21 4:57 PM THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT and A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® GUIDE) Seventh Edition PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Project Management Institute, publisher. Title: The standard for project management and a guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). Other titles: Guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) | PMBOK guide Description: Seventh edition. | Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc., | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: "Over the past few years, emerging technology, new approaches, and rapid market changes disrupted our ways of working, driving the project management profession to evolve. Each industry, organization and project face unique challenges, and team members must adapt their approaches to successfully manage projects and deliver results. With this in mind, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Seventh Edition takes a deeper look into the fundamental concepts and constructs of the profession. Including both The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide, this edition presents 12 principles of project management and eight project performance domains that are critical for effectively delivering project outcomes. This edition of the PMBOK® Guide: Reflects the full range of development approaches (predictive, traditional, adaptive, agile, hybrid, etc.); Devotes an entire section to tailoring development approaches and processes; Expands the list of tools and techniques in a new section, "Models, Methods, and Artifacts"; Focuses on project outcomes, in addition to deliverables; and Integrates with PMIstandards+, giving users access to content that helps them apply the PMBOK® Guide on the job. The result is a modern guide that betters enables project team members to be proactive, innovative, and nimble in delivering project outcomes." – Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021011107 (print) | LCCN 2021011108 (ebook) | ISBN 9781628256642 (paperback) | ISBN 9781628256659 (epub) | ISBN 9781628256666 (kindle edition) | ISBN 9781628256673 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Project management–Standards Classification: LCC HD69.P75 G845 2021 (print) | LCC HD69.P75 (ebook) | DDC 658.4/04–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021011107 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021011108 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) -- Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management ISBN: 978-1-62825-664-2 Published by: Project Management Institute, Inc. 14 Campus Boulevard Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073-3299 USA Phone: +1 610 356 4600 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.PMI.org ©2021 Project Management Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Our copyright content is protected by U.S. intellectual property law that is recognized by most countries. To republish or reproduce our content, you must obtain our permission. Please go to http://www.pmi.org/permissions for details. PMI, the PMI logo, PMBOK, OPM3, PMP, CAPM, PgMP, PfMP, PMI-RMP, PMI-SP, PMI-ACP, PMI-PBA, PROJECT MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, PM NETWORK, PMI TODAY, PULSE OF THE PROFESSION and the slogan MAKING PROJECT MANAGEMENT INDISPENSABLE FOR BUSINESS RESULTS. are all marks of Project Management Institute, Inc. For a comprehensive list of PMI trademarks, contact the PMI Legal Department. All other trademarks, service marks, trade names, trade dress, product names and logos appearing herein are the property of their respective owners. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved. To place an order or for pricing information, please contact Independent Publishers Group: Independent Publishers Group Order Department 814 North Franklin Street Chicago, IL 60610 USA Phone: 800 888 4741 Fax: +1 312 337 5985 Email: [email protected] (For orders only) Printed in the United States of America. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, manual, photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48—1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Notice The Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI) standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While PMI administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. PMI disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of application, or reliance on this document. PMI disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. PMI does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or seller’s products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, PMI is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is PMI undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. PMI has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. PMI does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to PMI and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 v PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Preface Each time work begins on a new edition of The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide, there is an opportunity to consider global perspectives on changes in project management and the approaches used for realizing benefits and value from project outputs. In the time between every edition, a world of change has occurred. Some organizations have ceased to exist, and new organizations have emerged. Older technologies have reached end of life while technologies offering completely new capabilities have evolved. People who continue in the workforce have advanced their thinking, skills, and capabilities as new entrants focus on quickly understanding their professional language, building their skills, developing their business acumen, and contributing to the objectives of their employers. Even in the midst of such changes, though, there are fundamental concepts and constructs that remain in place. The understanding that collective thinking produces more holistic solutions than the thoughts of one individual continues. And the fact that organizations use projects as a vehicle for delivering a unique result or output endures. CU STOME R- AN D E N D -US E R - C E N T E R E D DE S I G N While the Sixth Edition of the PMBOK® Guide was under development and throughout development of this Seventh Edition, PMI has actively engaged with a broad range of global stakeholders on their experiences with using The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide. These engagements have included: ▶ Online surveys to representative samples of PMI stakeholders; ▶ Focus groups with PMO leaders, project managers, agile practitioners, project team members, and educators and trainers; and ▶ Interactive workshops with practitioners at various PMI events around the globe. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 vii  The feedback and inputs collectively emphasized four key points: ▶ Maintain and enhance the credibility and relevance of the PMBOK® Guide. ▶ Improve the readability and usefulness of the PMBOK® Guide while avoiding overstuffing it with new content. ▶ Sense stakeholder information and content needs and provide vetted supplemental content supporting practical application. ▶ Recognize that there is continued value for some stakeholders in the structure and content of previous editions so that any shifts enhance without negating that value. SUSTAIN IN G T H E RE L E VAN C E O F T HE P M B O K ® G U I DE Since its inception as the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) in 1987, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) has evolved while recognizing that fundamental elements of project management endure. Its evolution has not just involved an increase in the page count, it has also involved significant and substantive changes in the nature of the content. A sampling of some of those key changes is reflected in the following table: PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 viii  Evolution of Key Changes in the PMBOK® Guide PMBOK® Guide Key Evolutionary Changes Edition 1996 Distinguished as “a guide to the body of knowledge,” rather than the body of knowledge for project management. Reflected the subset of the project management body of knowledge that is “generally accepted,” meaning applicable to most projects most of the time with widespread consensus that practices have value and usefulness. Defined project management as “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations [emphasis added] from a project.” Specific decision to shift to a process-based standard driven by a desire to show interactions among Knowledge Areas; create a robust and flexible structure; and recognize that ISO and other standards organizations were establishing process-based standards. Third (2004) First edition to incorporate the “ANSI Standard” logo on the cover. First edition to formally designate The Standard for Project Management of a Project separate and distinct from the Project Management Framework and Body of Knowledge. Included material “generally recognized as good practice on most projects most of the time.” Defined project management as “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.” Sixth (2017) First edition to make a distinct separation between the ANSI standard and the guide. First time “agile” content is incorporated into the text, not just referenced in examples. Expansion of Knowledge Area front material, including key concepts, trends and emerging practices, tailoring considerations, and considerations for agile/adaptive environments. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 ix  Like previous editions of The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide, this edition recognizes that the project management landscape continues to evolve and adapt. Over the past 10 years alone, the advancement of software into all types of products, services, and solutions has grown exponentially. What software can enable continues to change as artificial intelligence, cloud-based capabilities, and new business models drive innovation and new ways of working. Transformed organizational models have yielded new project work and team structures, the need for a broad range of approaches to project and product delivery, and a stronger focus on outcomes rather than deliverables. Individual contributors can join project teams from anywhere in the world, serve in a broader array of roles, and enable new ways of thinking and working collaboratively. These changes and more have created this opportunity to reconsider perspectives to support the continued evolution of The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide. SUMMARY O F C H AN GE S Since 1987, The Standard for Project Management has represented a process-based standard. The Standard for Project Management included in the PMBOK® Guide aligned the project management discipline and function around a collection of business processes. Those business processes enabled consistent and predictable practices: ▶ That could be documented; ▶ Through which performance against the processes could be assessed; and ▶ Through which improvements to the process could be made to maximize efficiency and minimize threats. While effective in supporting good practice, process-based standards are prescriptive by their very nature. With project management evolving more rapidly than ever before, the process-based orientation of past editions cannot be maintained in a manner conducive to reflecting the full value delivery landscape. Therefore, this edition shifts to a principles-based standard to support effective project management and to focus more on intended outcomes rather than deliverables. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 x  A global community of practitioners from different industries and organizations, in different roles, and working on different types of projects have developed and/or provided feedback on drafts of the standard as it has evolved for this edition. In addition, the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition coleaders and staff reviewed other bodies of knowledge and works focused on project management to identify principle concepts embedded in those texts. These combined efforts showed strong alignment and supported the validation that the guiding principles in this edition of the standard apply across the spectrum of project management. To date, the global project management community has embraced the shift of this standard toward a set of principle statements. The principle statements capture and summarize generally accepted objectives for the practice of project management and its core functions. The principle statements provide broad parameters within which project teams can operate and offer many ways to remain aligned with the intent of the principles. Using these principle statements, PMI can reflect effective management of projects across the full value delivery landscape: predictive to adaptive and everything in between. This principles-based approach is also consistent with the evolution of The Standard for Program Management (Third and Fourth Editions) and The Standard for Portfolio Management – Fourth Edition. The Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects and Benefits Realization Management: A Practice Guide represent new standard products intentionally developed with a principles-based focus by global teams of subject matter experts. Nothing in this edition of The Standard for Project Management or A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge negates alignment with the process-based approach of past editions. Many organizations and practitioners continue to find that approach useful for guiding their project management capabilities, aligning their methodologies, and evaluating their project management capabilities. That approach remains relevant in the context of this new edition. Another significant change with this edition of the PMBOK® Guide is a systems view of project management. This shift begins with a systems view of value delivery as part of The Standard for Project Management and continues with the presentation of the PMBOK® Guide content. A systems focus for value delivery changes the perspective from one of governing portfolios, programs, and projects to focusing on the value chain that links those and other business capabilities to advancing organizational strategy, value, and business objectives. In the context of project management, The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide emphasize that projects do not simply produce outputs, but more importantly, enable those outputs to drive outcomes that ultimately deliver value to the organization and its stakeholders. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xi  This systems view reflects a shift from the Knowledge Areas in past editions of the PMBOK® Guide to eight project performance domains. A performance domain is a group of related activities that are critical for the effective delivery of project outcomes. Collectively, the performance domains represent a project management system of interactive, interrelated, and interdependent management capabilities that work in unison to achieve desired project outcomes. As the performance domains interact and react to each other, change occurs. Project teams continuously review, discuss, adapt, and respond to such changes with the whole system in mind—not just the specific performance domain in which the change occurred. Aligned with the concept of a system for value delivery in The Standard for Project Management, teams evaluate effective performance in each performance domain through outcomes-focused measures, rather than through adherence to processes or the production of artifacts, plans, etc. Previous editions of the PMBOK® Guide emphasized the importance of tailoring the project management approach to the unique characteristics of each project and its context. The Sixth Edition specifically incorporated considerations to help project teams think about how to tailor their approach to project management. That content was included in the front matter of each of the Knowledge Areas and provided considerations for all types of project environments. This edition further expands upon that work with a dedicated section on Tailoring in the PMBOK® Guide. A new section on Models, Methods, and Artifacts provides a high-level grouping of models, methods, and artifacts that support project management. This section maintains linkages to tools, techniques, and outputs from previous editions that support project management without prescribing when, how, or which tools teams should use. The final change reflects the most significant advancement in the PMBOK® Guide’s history— the creation of PMIstandards+™, an interactive digital platform that incorporates current, emerging, and future practices, methods, artifacts, and other useful information. The digital content better reflects the dynamic nature of a body of knowledge. PMIstandards+ provides project practitioners and other stakeholders with access to a richer and broader range of information and resources that can more quickly accommodate advances and changes in project management. The content explains how specific practices, methods, or artifacts apply to projects based on industry segments, project types, or other characteristics. Starting with the inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs from the PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition, PMIstandards+ will continue to incorporate new resources that support continued evolution in project management. Going forward, users of The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide can find information in PMIstandards+ that will supplement the information included in the printed publication. The following figure illustrates the revision to The Standard for Project Management and migration from the Sixth to the Seventh Edition of the PMBOK® Guide, along with the connection to the PMIstandards+ digital platform. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xii  PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition A Guide to the Project Management The Standard for Project Management: Body of Knowledge: Introduction Introduction, Project Environment, and Role of the System for Value Delivery Project Manager Project Management Principles Knowledge Areas Stewardship Tailoring Integration Team Quality Scope Stakeholders Complexity Schedule Value Risk Cost Systems Thinking Adaptability and Resiliency Quality Leadership Change Resources Communications Risk A Guide to the Project Management Procurement Body of Knowledge: Stakeholders Project Performance Domains: Stakeholders Planning The Standard for Project Management: Team Project Work Initiating Development Delivery Planning Approach and Measurement Executing Life Cycle Uncertainty Monitoring and Controlling Tailoring Closing Models, Methods, and Artifacts Appendixes, Glossary, and Index Appendixes, Glossary, and Index PMIstandards+TM Digital Content Platform The platform links to the PMBOK® Guide via the Models, Methods, and Artifacts section while further expanding on that content. Platform incorporates content from all PMI standards as well as content developed specifically for the platform. Content reflects “how to…” in actual practice, including emerging practices. Revision to The Standard for Project Management and Migration from the Sixth Edition to the Seventh Edition of the PMBOK® Guide and the PMIstandards+TM Digital Content Platform PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xiii  CONCL US IO N The Standard for Project Management and the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition respond to all four elements that stakeholders have emphasized in their feedback. The revision maintains and enhances the credibility and relevance of the PMBOK® Guide. It improves the readability and usefulness of the PMBOK® Guide. It recognizes that there is continued value for some stakeholders in the structure and content of previous editions and enhances the content in this edition without negating that value. Most importantly, it links with the PMIstandards+ digital content platform to respond to stakeholders’ needs with vetted supplemental content that supports practical application. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xiv Table of Contents THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................3 1.1 Purpose of The Standard for Project Management......................3 1.2 Key Terms and Concepts.............................................................4 1.3 Audience for this Standard..........................................................5 2 A SYSTEM FOR VALUE DELIVERY........................................................7 2.1 Creating Value.............................................................................7 2.1.1 Value Delivery Components...............................................8 2.1.2 Information Flow.............................................................11 2.2 Organizational Governance Systems.........................................12 2.3 Functions Associated with Projects...........................................12 2.3.1 Provide Oversight and Coordination................................13 2.3.2 Present Objectives and Feedback....................................13 2.3.3 Facilitate and Support.....................................................14 2.3.4 Perform Work and Contribute Insights............................14 2.3.5 Apply Expertise...............................................................15 2.3.6 Provide Business Direction and Insight............................15 2.3.7 Provide Resources and Direction.....................................15 2.3.8 Maintain Governance.......................................................16 2.4 The Project Environment...........................................................16 2.4.1 Internal Environment.......................................................16 2.4.2 External Environment......................................................18 2.5 Product Management Considerations........................................18 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xv  3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES...............................................21 3.1 Be a Diligent, Respectful, and Caring Steward.........................24 3.2 Create a Collaborative Project Team Environment...................28 3.3 Effectively Engage with Stakeholders.....................................31 3.4 Focus on Value........................................................................34 3.5 Recognize, Evaluate, and Respond to System Interactions......37 3.6 Demonstrate Leadership Behaviors.........................................40 3.7 Tailor Based on Context...........................................................44 3.8 Build Quality into Processes and Deliverables.........................47 3.9 Navigate Complexity...............................................................50 3.10 Optimize Risk Responses.........................................................53 3.11 Embrace Adaptability and Resiliency.......................................55 3.12 Enable Change to Achieve the Envisioned Future State..........58 References.......................................................................................60 INDEX....................................................................................................61 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xvi A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® GUIDE) 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................3 1.1 Structure of the PMBOK® Guide................................................3 1.2 Relationship of the PMBOK® Guide and The Standard for Project Management................................4 1.3 Changes to the PMBOK® Guide.................................................6 1.4 Relationship to PMIstandards+..................................................6 2. PROJECT PERFORMANCE DOMAINS..................................................7 2.1 Stakeholder Performance Domain.............................................8 2.1.1 Stakeholder Engagement...............................................10 2.1.2 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............14 2.1.3 Checking Results............................................................15 2.2 Team Performance Domain........................................................16 2.2.1 Project Team Management and Leadership....................17 2.2.2 Project Team Culture......................................................20 2.2.3 High-Performing Project Teams......................................22 2.2.4 Leadership Skills............................................................23 2.2.5 Tailoring Leadership Styles.............................................30 2.2.6 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............31 2.2.7 Checking Results............................................................31 2.3 Development Approach and Life Cycle Performance Domain.................................................................32 2.3.1 Development, Cadence, and Life Cycle Relationship......33 2.3.2 Delivery Cadence...........................................................33 2.3.3 Development Approaches..............................................35 2.3.4 Considerations for Selecting a Development Approach...............................................39 2.3.5 Life Cycle and Phase Definitions.....................................42 2.3.6 Aligning of Delivery Cadence, Development Approach, and Life Cycle...............................................46 2.3.7 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............49 2.3.8 Measuring Outcomes.....................................................50 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xvii  2.4 Planning Performance Domain..................................................51 2.4.1 Planning Overview.........................................................52 2.4.2 Planning Variables..........................................................53 2.4.3 Project Team Composition and Structure........................63 2.4.4 Communication..............................................................64 2.4.5 Physical Resources.........................................................65 2.4.6 Procurement..................................................................65 2.4.7 Changes.........................................................................66 2.4.8 Metrics...........................................................................66 2.4.9 Alignment......................................................................67 2.4.10 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............67 2.4.11 Checking Results............................................................68 2.5 Project Work Performance Domain...........................................69 2.5.1 Project Processes...........................................................71 2.5.2 Balancing Competing Constraints...................................72 2.5.3 Maintaining Project Team Focus.....................................73 2.5.4 Project Communications and Engagement.....................73 2.5.5 Managing Physical Resources.........................................73 2.5.6 Working with Procurements...........................................74 2.5.7 Monitoring New Work and Changes...............................76 2.5.8 Learning throughout the Project....................................77 2.5.9 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............78 2.5.10 Checking Results............................................................79 2.6 Delivery Performance Domain...................................................80 2.6.1 Delivery of Value............................................................81 2.6.2 Deliverables...................................................................82 2.6.3 Quality...........................................................................87 2.6.4 Suboptimal Outcomes....................................................91 2.6.5 Interactions with Other Performance Domains...............91 2.6.6 Checking Results............................................................92 2.7 Measurement Performance Domain...........................................93 2.7.1 Establishing Effective Measures.....................................95 2.7.2 What to Measure...........................................................98 2.7.3 Presenting Information................................................106 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xviii  2.7.4 Measurement Pitfalls....................................................111 2.7.5 Troubleshooting Performance......................................113 2.7.6 Growing and Improving...............................................114 2.7.7 Interactions with Other Performance Domains.............114 2.7.8 Checking Results..........................................................115 2.8 Uncertainty Performance Domain............................................116 2.8.1 General Uncertainty.....................................................119 2.8.2 Ambiguity....................................................................120 2.8.3 Complexity...................................................................120 2.8.4 Volatility......................................................................122 2.8.5 Risk..............................................................................122 2.8.6 Interactions with Other Performance Domains.............128 2.8.7 Checking Results..........................................................129 3. TAILORING......................................................................................131 3.1 Overview................................................................................131 3.2 Why Tailor?.............................................................................133 3.3 What to Tailor.........................................................................134 3.3.1 Life Cycle and Development Approach Selection.........134 3.3.2 Processes.....................................................................135 3.3.3 Engagement.................................................................136 3.3.4 Tools............................................................................136 3.3.5 Methods and Artifacts.................................................136 3.4 The Tailoring Process...............................................................137 3.4.1 Select Initial Development Approach...........................138 3.4.2 Tailor for the Organization...........................................139 3.4.3 Tailor for the Project....................................................141 3.5 Tailoring the Performance Domains.........................................145 3.5.1 Stakeholders................................................................147 3.5.2 Project Team................................................................147 3.5.3 Development Approach and Life Cycle........................148 3.5.4 Planning.......................................................................148 3.5.5 Project Work................................................................149 3.5.6 Delivery.......................................................................149 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xix  3.5.7 Uncertainty..................................................................150 3.5.8 Measurement...............................................................150 3.6 Diagnostics.............................................................................151 3.7 Summary.................................................................................152 4. MODELS, METHODS, AND ARTIFACTS...........................................153 4.1 Overview................................................................................153 4.2 Commonly Used Models..........................................................155 4.2.1 Situational Leadership Models.....................................155 4.2.2 Communication Models................................................157 4.2.3 Motivation Models.......................................................158 4.2.4 Change Models............................................................160 4.2.5 Complexity Models......................................................164 4.2.6 Project Team Development Models..............................166 4.2.7 Other Models...............................................................168 4.3 Models Applied Across Performance Domains........................172 4.4 Commonly Used Methods.......................................................174 4.4.1 Data Gathering and Analysis........................................174 4.4.2 Estimating....................................................................178 4.4.3 Meetings and Events....................................................179 4.4.4 Other Methods............................................................181 4.5 Methods Applied Across Performance Domains......................181 4.6 Commonly Used Artifacts........................................................184 4.6.1 Strategy Artifacts........................................................184 4.6.2 Logs and Registers.......................................................185 4.6.3 Plans............................................................................186 4.6.4 Hierarchy Charts..........................................................187 4.6.5 Baselines......................................................................188 4.6.6 Visual Data and Information.........................................188 4.6.7 Reports........................................................................190 4.6.8 Agreements and Contracts...........................................191 4.6.9 Other Artifacts.............................................................192 4.7 Artifacts Applied Across Performance Domains......................192 References.....................................................................................196 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xx APPENDIX X1 CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS OF THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE – SEVENTH EDITION...............................................197 X1.1 Contributors........................................................................197 X1.2 PMI Staff.............................................................................206 APPENDIX X2 SPONSOR.............................................................................................207 X2.1 Introduction........................................................................207 X2.2 The Sponsor Role................................................................207 X2.3 Lack of Engagement............................................................208 X2.4 Sponsor Behaviors...............................................................209 X2.5 Conclusion...........................................................................210 X2.6 Suggested Resources..........................................................210 APPENDIX X3 THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE................................................211 X3.1 Introduction........................................................................211 X3.2 The PMO Value Proposition—Why Have One?....................211 X3.3 Key PMO Capabilities.........................................................213 X3.4 Evolving for Stronger Benefits Realization..........................214 X3.5 Learn More about PMOs.....................................................215 X3.6 Suggested Resources..........................................................215 APPENDIX X4 PRODUCT.............................................................................................217 X4.1 Introduction........................................................................217 X4.2 Global Market Shifts...........................................................219 X4.3 Impact on Project Delivery Practices...................................221 X4.4 Organizational Considerations for Product Management....................................................221 X4.5 Summary.............................................................................225 X4.6 Suggested Resources..........................................................225 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxi  APPENDIX X5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT..................................227 X5.1 Introduction........................................................................227 X5.2 The Move to a Principle-Based Standard.............................227 X5.3 Research for The Standard for Project Management...........228 X5.4 Standard Development Process...........................................229 X5.5 Validating the Standard.......................................................230 X5.6 Summary.............................................................................232 GLOSSARY...........................................................................................233 1. Inclusions and Exclusions...........................................................233 2. Common Acronyms...................................................................234 3. Definitions.................................................................................235 INDEX..................................................................................................255 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxii List of Figures and Tables THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT Figure 2-1. Example of a System for Value Delivery............................9 Figure 2-2. Components of a Sample System for Value Delivery.......10 Figure 2-3. Example of Information Flow..........................................11 Figure 2-4. Sample Product Life Cycle...............................................19 Figure 3-1. Overlap of Project Management and General Management Principles...............................22 Figure 3-2. Be a Diligent, Respectful, and Caring Steward................24 Figure 3-3. Create a Collaborative Project Team Environment...........28 Figure 3-4. Effectively Engage with Stakeholders.............................31 Figure 3-5. Focus on Value................................................................34 Figure 3-6. Recognize, Evaluate, and Respond to System Interactions.....................................................37 Figure 3-7. Demonstrate Leadership Behaviors.................................40 Figure 3-8. Tailor Based on Context..................................................44 Figure 3-9. Build Quality into Processes and Deliverables.................47 Figure 3-10. Navigate Complexity.......................................................50 Figure 3-11. Optimize Risk Responses.................................................53 Figure 3-12. Embrace Adaptability and Resiliency...............................55 Figure 3-13. Enable Change to Achieve the Envisioned Future State............................................58 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxiii  A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® GUIDE) Figure 1-1. Relationship between Project Management Principles and Project Performance Domains.....................5 Figure 2-1. Stakeholder Performance Domain.....................................8 Figure 2-2. Examples of Project Stakeholders.....................................9 Figure 2-3. Navigating Effective Stakeholder Engagement...............10 Figure 2-4. Team Performance Domain..............................................16 Figure 2-5. Components of Emotional Intelligence............................27 Figure 2-6. Development Approach and Life Cycle Performance Domain.......................................................32 Figure 2-7. Development Approaches...............................................35 Figure 2-8. Iterative and Incremental Development...........................37 Figure 2-9. Sample Predictive Life Cycle...........................................43 Figure 2-10. Life Cycle with an Incremental Development Approach...................................................44 Figure 2-11. Life Cycle with Adaptive Development Approach...........45 Figure 2-12. Community Center Life Cycle..........................................48 Figure 2-13. Planning Performance Domain.........................................51 Figure 2-14. Estimate Range Decreases over Time..............................56 Figure 2-15. Low Accuracy, High Precision..........................................56 Figure 2-16. Fast Tracking Examples...................................................60 Figure 2-17. Release and Iteration Plan...............................................61 Figure 2-18. Budget Build Up..............................................................63 Figure 2-19. Project Work Performance Domain..................................69 Figure 2-20. Delivery Performance Domain.........................................80 Figure 2-21. Scenario for Developing a Smart Watch.........................86 Figure 2-22. Cost of Change Curve.....................................................90 Figure 2-23. Measurement Performance Domain.................................93 Figure 2-24. Earned Value Analysis Showing Schedule and Cost Variance..........................................................101 Figure 2-25. Mood Board..................................................................103 Figure 2-26. Forecast of Estimate at Completion and Estimate to Complete.............................................105 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxiv Figure 2-27. Dashboard Example.......................................................107 Figure 2-28. Information Radiator.....................................................108 Figure 2-29. Task Board or Kanban Board.........................................110 Figure 2-30. Burnup Chart.................................................................111 Figure 2-31. Planned and Actual Spend Rates...................................113 Figure 2-32. Uncertainty Performance Domain..................................116 Figure 2-33. Risk Reduction over Time..............................................124 Figure 2-34. Risk-Adjusted ROI Curve..............................................126 Figure 3-1. Details of the Steps in the Tailoring Process..................137 Figure 3-2. Selecting the Initial Development Approach..................138 Figure 3-3. Tailoring the Approach for the Organization.................139 Figure 3-4. Assessing the Organizational and Project Factors When Tailoring..............................................................140 Figure 3-5. Tailoring the Approach for the Project..........................143 Figure 3-6. Implement Ongoing Improvement.................................144 Figure 3-7. The Tailoring Process.....................................................145 Figure 3-8. Tailoring to Fit the Project Context...............................146 Figure 4-1. Tailoring to Fit the Project Context and Environment...........................................................154 Figure X4-1. Global Business Trends Influencing the Management of Products........................................219 Figure X4-2. The Changing Relationship Between an Organization and Its Customers................................220 Figure X4-3. Supporting Strategies for Continuous Value Delivery...............................................................222 Table 2-1. Types of Communication..................................................13 Table 2-2. Checking Outcomes—Stakeholder Performance Domain.......................................................15 Table 2-3. Checking Outcomes—Team Performance Domain............31 Table 2-4. Delivery Cadence and Development Approach................46 Table 2-5. Checking Outcomes—Development Approach and Life Cycle Performance Domain................................50 Table 2-6. Checking Outcomes—Planning Performance Domain.......................................................68 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxv  Table 2-7. Checking Outcomes—Project Work Performance Domain.......................................................79 Table 2-8. Checking Outcomes—Delivery Performance Domain.......................................................92 Table 2-9. Checking Outcomes—Measurement Performance Domain.....................................................115 Table 2-10. Checking Outcomes—Uncertainty Performance Domain.....................................................129 Table 3-1. Common Situations and Tailoring Suggestions...............151 Table 4-1. Mapping of Models Likely to Be Used in Each Performance Domain.........................................173 Table 4-2. Mapping of Methods Likely to Be Used in Each Performance Domain.........................................182 Table 4-3. Mapping of Artifacts Likely to Be Used in Each Performance Domain.........................................193 Table X4-1. Views of Project and Product Management...................217 Table X4-2. Unique Characteristics of Projects, Programs, and Products................................................224 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 xxvi THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021  1 Introduction The Standard for Project Management identifies project management principles that guide the behaviors and actions of project professionals and other stakeholders who work on or are engaged with projects. This introductory section describes the purpose of this standard, defines key terms and concepts, and identifies the audience for the standard. The Standard for Project Management consists of the following sections: ▶ Section 1 Introduction ▶ Section 2 A System for Value Delivery ▶ Section 3 Project Management Principles 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STANDARD FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT The Standard for Project Management provides a basis for understanding project management and how it enables intended outcomes. This standard applies regardless of industry, location, size, or delivery approach, for example, predictive, hybrid, or adaptive. It describes the system within which projects operate, including governance, possible functions, the project environment, and considerations for the relationship between project management and product management. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 3  1.2 K EY T E RM S AN D C O N C E P T S The Standard for Project Management reflects the progression of the profession. Organizations expect projects to deliver outcomes in addition to outputs and artifacts. Project managers are expected to deliver projects that create value for the organization and stakeholders within the organization’s system for value delivery. The following terms are defined to provide context for the content in this standard. ▶ Outcome. An end result or consequence of a process or project. Outcomes can include outputs and artifacts, but have a broader intent by focusing on the benefits and value that the project was undertaken to deliver. ▶ Portfolio. Projects, programs, subsidiary portfolios, and operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives. ▶ Product. An artifact that is produced, is quantifiable, and can be either an end item in itself or a component item. ▶ Program. Related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities that are managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually. ▶ Project. A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. The temporary nature of projects indicates a beginning and an end to the project work or a phase of the project work. Projects can stand alone or be part of a program or portfolio. ▶ Project management. The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. Project management refers to guiding the project work to deliver the intended outcomes. Project teams can achieve the outcomes using a broad range of approaches (e.g., predictive, hybrid, and adaptive). ▶ Project manager. The person assigned by the performing organization to lead the project team that is responsible for achieving the project objectives. Project managers perform a variety of functions, such as facilitating the project team work to achieve the outcomes and managing the processes to deliver intended outcomes. Additional functions are identified in Section 2.3. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 4 The Standard for Project Management  ▶ Project team. A set of individuals performing the work of the project to achieve its objectives. ▶ System for value delivery. A collection of strategic business activities aimed at building, sustaining, and/or advancing an organization. Portfolios, programs, projects, products, and operations can all be part of an organization’s system for value delivery. ▶ Value. The worth, importance, or usefulness of something. Different stakeholders perceive value in different ways. Customers can define value as the ability to use specific features or functions of a product. Organizations can focus on business value as determined with financial metrics, such as the benefits less the cost of achieving those benefits. Societal value can include the contribution to groups of people, communities, or the environment. For other terms used in this standard, refer to the Glossary and the PMI Lexicon of Project Management Terms.1 1.3 AUDIE N C E FO R T H IS STA NDA R D This standard provides a foundational reference for stakeholders participating in a project. This includes, but is not limited to, project practitioners, consultants, educators, students, sponsors, stakeholders, and vendors who: ▶ Are responsible or accountable for delivering project outcomes; ▶ Work on projects full or part time; ▶ Work in portfolio, program, or project management offices (PMOs); ▶ Are involved in project sponsorship, product ownership, product management, executive leadership, or project governance; ▶ Are involved with portfolio or program management; ▶ Provide resources for project work; ▶ Focus on value delivery for portfolios, programs, and projects; ▶ Teach or study project management; and ▶ Are involved in any aspect of the project value delivery chain. 1 The numbers in brackets refer to the list of references at the end of this standard. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 1 – Introduction 5 PMI Seventh Edition July 2021  2 A System for Value Delivery The information in this section provides a context for value delivery, governance, project functions, the project environment, and product management. ▶ Section 2.1 Creating Value. This section describes how projects operate within a system to produce value for organizations and their stakeholders. ▶ Section 2.2 Organizational Governance Systems. This section describes how governance supports a system for value delivery. ▶ Section 2.3 Functions Associated with Projects. This section identifies the functions that support projects. ▶ Section 2.4 The Project Environment. This section identifies internal and external factors that influence projects and the delivery of value. ▶ Section 2.5 Product Management Considerations. This section identifies the ways portfolios, programs, projects, and products relate. 2.1 CR EAT IN G VAL UE Projects exist within a larger system, such as a governmental agency, organization, or contractual arrangement. For the sake of brevity, this standard uses the term organization when referring to government agencies, enterprises, contractual arrangements, joint ventures, and other arrangements. Organizations create value for stakeholders. Examples of ways that projects produce value include, but are not limited to: PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 7  ▶ Creating a new product, service, or result that meets the needs of customers or end users; ▶ Creating positive social or environmental contributions; ▶ Improving efficiency, productivity, effectiveness, or responsiveness; ▶ Enabling the changes needed to facilitate organizational transition to its desired future state; and ▶ Sustaining benefits enabled by previous programs, projects, or business operations. 2.1.1 VA L U E DE LIVE RY COMPO NENT S There are various components, such as portfolios, programs, projects, products, and operations, that can be used individually and collectively to create value. Working together, these components comprise a system for delivering value that is aligned with the organization’s strategy. Figure 2-1 shows an example of a system to deliver value that has two portfolios comprised of programs and projects. It also shows a stand-alone program with projects and stand-alone projects not associated with portfolios or programs. Any of the projects or programs could include products. Operations can directly support and influence portfolios, programs, and projects, as well as other business functions, such as payroll, supply chain management, and so forth. Portfolios, programs, and projects influence each other as well as operations. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 8 The Standard for Project Management  System for Value Delivery Portfolio A Portfolio B Program N.1 Program A.1 Program A.2 Program B.1 Projects Projects Projects Projects Projects Operations Figure 2-1. Example of a System for Value Delivery As shown in Figure 2-2, a system for value delivery is part of an organization’s internal environment that is subject to policies, procedures, methodologies, frameworks, governance structures, and so forth. That internal environment exists within the larger external environment, which includes the economy, the competitive environment, legislative constraints, etc. Section 2.4 provides more detail on internal and external environments. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 9  External Environment Internal Environment System for Value Delivery Portfolio A Portfolio B Program N.1 Program A.1 Program A.2 Program B.1 Projects Projects Projects Projects Projects Operations Figure 2-2. Components of a Sample System for Value Delivery The components in a value delivery system create deliverables used to produce outcomes. An outcome is the end result or consequence of a process or a project. Focusing on outcomes, choices, and decisions emphasizes the long-range performance of the project. The outcomes create benefits, which are gains realized by the organization. Benefits, in turn, create value, which is something of worth, importance, or usefulness. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 10 The Standard for Project Management 2.1.2 I NFOR MATION FLOW A value delivery system works most effectively when information and feedback are shared consistently among all components, keeping the system aligned with strategy and attuned to the environment. Figure 2-3 shows a model of the flow of information where black arrows represent information from senior leadership to portfolios, portfolios to programs and projects, and then to operations. Senior leadership shares strategic information with portfolios. Portfolios share the desired outcomes, benefits, and value with programs and projects. Deliverables from programs and projects are passed on to operations along with information on support and maintenance for the deliverables. The light gray arrows in Figure 2-3 represent the reverse flow of information. Information from operations to programs and projects suggests adjustments, fixes, and updates to deliverables. Programs and projects provide performance information and progress on achieving the desired outcomes, benefits, and value to portfolios. Portfolios provide evaluations on portfolio performance with senior leadership. Additionally, operations provide information on how well the organization’s strategy is advancing. Desired outcomes, Deliverables with support Strategy benefits, and value and maintenance information Senior Portfolios Programs Operations Leadership and Projects Portfolio performance Performance information Information for updates, information and progress fixes, and adjustments Outcomes, Benefits, Value Performance Analysis Figure 2-3. Example of Information Flow PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 11  2.2 OR GA N IZ AT IO N AL GO V E R NA NC E S Y ST EM S The governance system works alongside the value delivery system to enable smooth workflows, manage issues, and support decision making. Governance systems provide a framework with functions and processes that guide activities. A governance framework can include elements of oversight, control, value assessment, integration among components, and decision-making capabilities. Governance systems provide an integrated structure for evaluating changes, issues, and risks associated with the environment and any component in the value delivery system. This includes portfolio objectives, program benefits, and deliverables produced by projects. Projects can operate within a program or portfolio or as a stand-alone activity. In some organizations, a project management office might support programs and projects within a portfolio. Project governance includes defining the authority to approve changes and make other business decisions related to the project. Project governance is aligned with program and/or organizational governance. 2.3 FU NCT IO N S AS S O C IAT E D W I T H P RO J E C T S People drive project delivery. They do so by fulfilling functions necessary for the project to run effectively and efficiently. Functions related to the project can be fulfilled by one person, by a group of people, or combined into defined roles. Coordinating a collective work effort is extremely important to the success of any project. There are different types of coordination suitable for different contexts. Some projects benefit from decentralized coordination in which project team members self-organize and self-manage. Other projects benefit from centralized coordination with the leadership and guidance of a designated project manager or similar role. Some projects with centralized coordination can also benefit from including self-organized project teams for portions of the work. Regardless of how coordination takes place, supportive leadership models and meaningful, continuous engagements between project teams and other stakeholders underpin successful outcomes. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 12 The Standard for Project Management  Regardless of how projects are coordinated, the collective effort of the project team delivers the outcomes, benefits, and value. The project team may be supported by additional functions depending on the deliverables, industry, organization, and other variables. Sections 2.3.1 through 2.3.8 provide examples of functions that are often found on projects, though these are not a comprehensive list. In addition to these functions, other functions may be necessary to enable project deliverables that produce the desired outcomes. The needs of the project, organization, and environment influence which functions are used on a project and how those functions are carried out. 2.3.1 P R OVIDE OVE R S IGHT AND C O O RDINAT IO N People in this function help the project team achieve the project objectives, typically by orchestrating the work of the project. The specifics of how this function is carried out within the project team can vary among organizations, but can include leading the planning, monitoring, and controlling activities. In some organizations, this function may involve some evaluation and analysis activities as part of pre-project activities. This function includes monitoring and working to improve the health, safety, and overall well-being of project team members. Coordination includes consulting with executive and business unit leaders on ideas for advancing objectives, improving project performance, or meeting customer needs. It can also include assisting in business analysis, tendering and contract negotiations, and business case development. Oversight can be involved in follow-on activities related to benefits realization and sustainment after the project deliverables are finalized but before formal closure of the project. This function can support portfolios and programs within which the project is initiated. Ultimately, the function is tailored to fit the organization. 2.3.2 P R E SE N T OBJ E CTIVE S A ND F EEDBA C K People in this function contribute perspectives, insights, and clear direction from customers and end users. The customer and end user are not always synonymous. For the purpose of this standard, the customer is defined as the individual or group who has requested or is funding the project. The end user is the individual or group who will experience the direct use of the project deliverable. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 13  Projects need clear direction from customers and end users regarding project requirements, outcomes, and expectations. In adaptive and hybrid project environments, the need for ongoing feedback is greater because the project teams are exploring and developing product elements within specific increments. In some project environments, the customer or end user engages with the project team for periodic review and feedback. In some projects, a representative of the customer or client participates on the project team. The customer and end user input and feedback needs are determined by the nature of the project and the guidance or direction required. 2.3.3 FACILITATE AN D S UP P ORT The function of facilitation and support may be closely related to providing oversight and coordination, depending on the nature of the project. The work involves encouraging project team member participation, collaboration, and a shared sense of responsibility for the work output. Facilitation helps the project team create consensus around solutions, resolve conflicts, and make decisions. Facilitation is also required to coordinate meetings and contribute in an unbiased way to the advancement of project objectives. Supporting people through change and helping address obstacles that can prevent success is also required. This can include evaluating performance and providing individuals and project teams with feedback to help them learn, adapt, and improve. 2.3.4 P E R FOR M WOR K AN D C O NT RIBUT E INSIGH T S This group of people provides the knowledge, skills, and experience necessary to produce the products and realize the outcomes of the project. Work can be full time or part time for the duration of the project or for a limited period, and the work can be colocated or virtual, depending on the environmental factors. Some work can be highly specialized, while other work can be done by project team members who have broad skill sets. Gaining insights from cross-functional project team members representing different parts of the organization can provide a mix of internal perspectives, establish alliances with key business units, and encourage project team members to act as change agents within their functional areas. This work can extend into support functions (during or after the project) as the project deliverables are implemented or transitioned into operations. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 14 The Standard for Project Management 2.3.5 A P P LY E XP E RTISE People in this function provide the knowledge, vision, and expertise in a specific subject for a project. They offer advice and support throughout the organization, and contribute to the project team’s learning process and work accuracy. These people can be external to the organization or can be internal project team members. They can be required for the whole project or during a specific time frame. 2.3.6 P R OVIDE BUS IN E SS DIREC T IO N A ND INSIGHT People in this function guide and clarify the direction of the project or product outcome. This function involves prioritizing the requirements or backlog items based on business value, dependencies, and technical or operational risk. People in this function provide feedback to project teams and set direction for the next increment or element to be developed or delivered. The function involves interacting with other stakeholders, customers, and their project teams to define the product direction. The goal is to maximize the value of the project deliverable. In adaptive and hybrid environments, direction and insight can be provided using a specific cadence. In predictive environments, there can be designated checkpoints for presentation of and feedback on project progress. In some instances, business direction can interact with funding and resourcing functions. 2.3.7 P R OVIDE R E SOUR CE S A ND DIREC T IO N People in this function promote the project and communicate the organization’s vision, goals, and expectations to the project team and broader stakeholder community. They advocate for the project and the project team by helping to secure the decisions, resources, and authority that allow project activities to progress. People in this function serve as liaisons between senior management and the project team, play a supporting role in keeping projects aligned to business objectives, remove obstacles, and address issues outside the bounds of the project team’s decision authority. People in this function provide an escalation path for problems, issues, or risks that project teams cannot resolve or manage on their own, such as a shortage of funding or other resources, or deadlines that cannot be met. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 15  This function can facilitate innovation by identifying opportunities that arise within the project and communicating these to senior management. People in this function may monitor project outcomes after project closure to ensure the intended business benefits are realized. 2.3.8 M A I NTAIN GOVE R N AN CE People who fill a governance function approve and support recommendations made by the project team and monitor project progress in achieving the desired outcomes. They maintain linkages between project teams and strategic or business objectives that can change over the course of the project. 2.4 THE PRO J E C T E N V IRO NM E NT Projects exist and operate within internal and external environments that have varying degrees of influence on value delivery. Internal and external environments can influence planning and other project activities. These influences can yield a favorable, unfavorable, or neutral impact on project characteristics, stakeholders, or project teams. 2.4.1 I N T E R N AL E N VIR ON M E NT Factors internal to the organization can arise from the organization itself, a portfolio, a program, another project, or a combination of these. They include artifacts, practices, or internal knowledge. Knowledge includes lessons learned as well as completed artifacts from previous projects. Examples include but are not limited to: PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 16 The Standard for Project Management  ▶ Process assets. Process assets may include tools, methodologies, approaches, templates, frameworks, patterns, or PMO resources. ▶ Governance documentation. This documentation includes policies and processes. ▶ Data assets. Data assets may include databases, document libraries, metrics, data, and artifacts from previous projects. ▶ Knowledge assets. Knowledge assets may include tacit knowledge among project team members, subject matter experts, and other employees. ▶ Security and safety. Security and safety measures may include procedures and practices for facility access, data protection, levels of confidentiality, and proprietary secrets. ▶ Organizational culture, structure, and governance. These aspects of an organization include the vision, mission, values, beliefs, cultural norms, leadership style, hierarchy and authority relationships, organizational style, ethics, and code of conduct. ▶ Geographic distribution of facilities and resources. These resources include work locations, virtual project teams, and shared systems. ▶ Infrastructure. Infrastructure consists of existing facilities, equipment, organizational and telecommunications channels, information technology hardware, availability, and capacity. ▶ Information technology software. Examples include scheduling software, configuration management systems, web interfaces to online automated systems, collaboration tools, and work authorization systems. ▶ Resource availability. Examples include contracting and purchasing constraints, approved providers and subcontractors, and collaboration agreements. Availability related to both people and materials includes contracting and purchasing constraints, approved providers and subcontractors, and time lines. ▶ Employee capability. Examples include general and specialized expertise, skills, competencies, techniques, and knowledge. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 17  2.4.2 E X TE R N AL E N VIR ON M ENT Factors external to the organization can enhance, constrain, or have a neutral influence on project outcomes. Examples include but are not limited to: ▶ Marketplace conditions. Marketplace conditions include competitors, market share, brand recognition, technology trends, and trademarks. ▶ Social and cultural influences and issues. These factors include political climate, regional customs and traditions, public holidays and events, codes of conduct, ethics, and perceptions. ▶ Regulatory environment. The regulatory environment may include national and regional laws and regulations related to security, data protection, business conduct, employment, licensing, and procurement. ▶ Commercial databases. Databases include standardized cost estimating data and industry risk study information. ▶ Academic research. This research can include industry studies, publications, and benchmarking results. ▶ Industry standards. These standards are related to products, production, environment, quality, and workmanship. ▶ Financial considerations. These considerations include currency exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, taxes, and tariffs. ▶ Physical environment. The physical environment pertains to working conditions and weather. 2.5 PR ODUC T M AN AGE M E N T C O N S I DE R AT I O NS The disciplines of portfolio, program, project, and product management are becoming more interlinked. While portfolio, program, and product management are beyond the scope of this standard, understanding each discipline and the relationships between them provides a useful context for projects whose deliverables are products. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 18 The Standard for Project Management  A product is an artifact that is produced, is quantifiable, and can be either an end item itself or a component item. Product management involves the integration of people, data, processes, and business systems to create, maintain, and develop a product or service throughout its life cycle. The product life cycle is a series of phases that represents the evolution of a product, from introduction through growth, maturity, and to retirement. Product management may initiate programs or projects at any point in the product life cycle to create or enhance specific components, functions, or capabilities (see Figure 2-4). The initial product may begin as a deliverable of a program or project. Throughout its life cycle, a new program or project may add or improve specific components, attributes, or capabilities that create additional value for customers and the sponsoring organization. In some instances, a program can encompass the full life cycle of a product or service to manage the benefits and create value for the organization more directly. Portfolio Governance Program A Program B Project 3 Project Usage, Sales, Impact (Additions) Project 4 (Revisions) Project 5 (Revisions) Project 2 (More Features) Project 6 (Revisions) Project 1 (Initial Creation) Project 7 (Retirement) Time Product Life Cycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline/Retirement Phases: Figure 2-4. Sample Product Life Cycle PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 2 – A System for Value Delivery 19  Product management can exist in different forms, including but not limited to: ▶ Program management within a product life cycle. This approach incorporates related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities. For very large or long-running products, one or more product life cycle phases may be sufficiently complex to merit a set of programs and projects working together. ▶ Project management within a product life cycle. This approach oversees development and maturing of product capabilities as an ongoing business activity. Portfolio governance charters individual projects as needed to perform enhancements and improvements or to produce other unique outcomes. ▶ Product management within a program. This approach applies the full product life cycle within the purview and boundaries of a given program. A series of subsidiary programs or projects will be chartered to achieve specific benefits for a product. Those benefits can be enhanced by applying product management competencies like competitive analysis, customer acquisition, and customer advocacy. While product management is a separate discipline with its own body of knowledge, it represents a key integration point within the program management and project management disciplines. Programs and projects with deliverables that include products use a tailored and integrated approach that incorporates all of the relevant bodies of knowledge and their related practices, methods, and artifacts. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 20 The Standard for Project Management  3 Project Management Principles Principles for a profession serve as foundational guidelines for strategy, decision making, and problem solving. Professional standards and methodologies are often based on principles. In some professions, principles serve as laws or rules, and are therefore prescriptive in nature. The principles of project management are not prescriptive in nature. They are intended to guide the behavior of people involved in projects. They are broadly based so there are many ways individuals and organizations can maintain alignment with the principles. Principles can, but do not necessarily, reflect morals. A code of ethics is related to morals. A code of ethics for a profession can be adopted by an individual or profession to establish expectations for moral conduct. The PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is based on four values that were identified as most important to the project management community: ▶ Responsibility, ▶ Respect, ▶ Fairness, and ▶ Honesty. The 12 principles of project management are aligned with the values identified in the PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. They do not follow the same format, and they are not duplicative, rather the principles and the Code of Ethics are complementary. The principles of project management were identified and developed by engaging a global community of project practitioners. The practitioners represent different industries, cultural backgrounds, and organizations in different roles and with experience in various types of projects. Multiple rounds of feedback resulted in 12 principles that provide guidance for effective project management. PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 3 – Project Management Principles 21  Because the principles of project management provide guidance, the degree of application and the way in which they are applied are influenced by the context of the organization, project, deliverables, project team, stakeholders, and other factors. The principles are internally consistent, meaning that no principle contradicts any other principle. However, in practice there may be times when the principles can overlap. For example, guidance for navigating complexity can present information that is useful in recognizing, evaluating, and responding to system interactions or optimizing risk responses. Principles of project management can also have areas of overlap with general management principles. For example, both projects and business in general focus on delivering value. The methods may be somewhat different in projects as opposed to operations, but the underlying principle associated with focusing on value can apply to both. Figure 3-1 demonstrates this overlap. Project General Management Management Principles Principles Figure 3-1. Overlap of Project Management and General Management Principles PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 22 The Standard for Project Management  The principle labels are listed here without any specific weighting or order. The principle statements are presented and described in Sections 3.1 through 3.12. Each section begins with a figure that provides the principle label across the top with the principle and key points under the label. Following the figure, each principle is elaborated in the text. The principle labels are: ▶ Be a diligent, respectful, and caring steward (see Section 3.1). ▶ Create a collaborative project team environment (see Section 3.2). ▶ Effectively engage with stakeholders (see Section 3.3). ▶ Focus on value (see Section 3.4). ▶ Recognize, evaluate, and respond to system interactions (see Section 3.5). ▶ Demonstrate leadership behaviors (see Section 3.6). ▶ Tailor based on context (see Section 3.7). ▶ Build quality into processes and deliverables (see Section 3.8). ▶ Navigate complexity (see Section 3.9). ▶ Optimize risk responses (see Section 3.10). ▶ Embrace adaptability and resiliency (see Section 3.11). ▶ Enable change to achieve the envisioned future state (see Section 3.12). PMI Seventh Edition July 2021 Section 3 – Project Management Principles 23  3.1 BE A D IL IGE N T, RE S P E C T F U L , A N D C A R I NG S T E WA R D STEWARDSHIP Stewards act responsibly Stewardship encompasses responsibilities within and to carry out activities external to the organization. with integrity, care, and Stewardship includes: trustworthiness while Integrity, maintaining compliance Care, with internal and external Trustworthiness, and guidelines. They demon- Compliance. strate a broad commit- A holistic view of ste