Plate Tectonics PDF - Structure of the Earth

Plate Tectonics Structure of the earth +H ' - a-'- =' l= = w = = = l= w = = = = =a=B= qb I When did our world form? How did it form? These are some of I the questions which geologists try to answer while stu...

Plate Tectonics Structure of the earth +H ' - a-'- =' l= = w = = = l= w = = = = =a=B= qb I When did our world form? How did it form? These are some of I the questions which geologists try to answer while studying the 1 earth’s surface and the forces which act to shape it. From the studies they have carried out we know that the earth is made up I I of four different layers. a) Study carefully the diagram below which shows the internal structure of the earth. Write down in the table below the name of each layer. Tk Cr„S { Tk O U+M Loft In'\a- CG'q b) Continue the following: The cross-section shows that our planet is made up of a series of GIta. The outer layer, is also known as the CruX+ is the thinnest layer of them all since it is only a few kilometers thick. The crust floats on a layer of $wAD LM rock, ca11ed the mantle. Molten rock in the mantle is called Mwj,a. The layer beneath the mantle is also molten, called the f=.a4by al„t, except for the solid ,Ihl\Ci,r _ where temperatures reach up to S-(©'O Page 1 of 53 Ms Claudine Gatt Topic: Plate Tectonics  PLATE TECTONICS STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH Figure 1: Structure of the earth On the above diagram of the structure of the earth, add the following labels to explain further the different characteristics of the earth’s interior: Outer shell Semi-molten Molten Solid Solid rock Magma Temp. 5500'C The crust, is the outmost shell of the earth which is covered by both land and sea. c) Name the two types of crusts fpAner\&\ r;,qt Qc.x &'''c e'\@{ b. Label these twa types of crust on the above diagram found on page 3 c. On the diagram itself, add the following labels in the appropriate place Thickest under Permanent Composed mainly mountaIn rangeF of granite ( Average thickness It is younger Thick and light 6 6-10 km (' Thin ;"#'"“ heavier, can sink It is being Composed mainly 30 – 70 km thick destroyed and of basalt replaced 21 Page Ms Claudine Cauchi Geography Option  PLATE TECTONICS 3 a lb&a M. ;}={a Gb“esf ""%rNwrm , '&dq 4p-pa'As c) Use the information provided by the diagram below to explain how the Himalayas Mountains were formed J,hE=:s''#$;;ftp + :pl;a&”dL:fi?;Tjr,al:’I"ILI r\,M.h k, Itv,5 is col + Page 17 of 53 Ms Claudine Gatt Topic: Plate Tectonics  PLATE TECTONICS 11. The diagram on page 19 shows what happens at a plate boundary where two plates are moving apart. In this case the North American plate is moving away from the Eurasian Plate. As the gap appears between the two plates, magma from the mantle quickly fills the gap as a volcanic eruption. The lava creates new crust on the ocean floor forming an oceanic ridge, in this case it is known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. a. Label the following on the diagram and add arrows from the labels. (Do not fill the boxes yet) rr - JJ The names of the two plates The Mid-Atlantic Ridge The Atlantic Ocean Volcanoes Mantle Crust b. Draw arrows to show the plate movements. c. The diagram also needs six more labels. Select the labels from the following list and write them in the large boxes on the diagram. Hot magma forces its way between the parting plates erupting on the ocean floor as lava and forms new areas of crust A' The crust is older further from the Somet lava builds up from volcanoes, edge of the plates. which rise above sea level forming islands Plates f£oat on the molten ;ma of the The neWest crust can be found near the mantle. plate boundary Convection currents caused by heat rising from inside the earth in the mantle cause plates to move apart 181 Page Ms Claudine Cauchi Geography Option  fr) U) L) bT b :1 }# 1]{ { gb a 10 b/:It +r B C 0 S Fg a) Tu U al 19 -J {} 1’ { #> !t’ \\ ,\' g e D 3 g \S:g ja On q S :: g nC\ b C i 3.3 gg rD CD a) e qB 3 LU L) g  Earthquakes An earthquake is the sudden shaking and vibrating of the crust due to the movements of the Earth’s plates. Earthquakes can happen along any type of plate boundary. 12. Study carefully the following diagrams showing what causes earthquakes and label them: ba~Iesr+ OW rakea g.;ShE -@,cwbe '.dhect9_ah 4g> Cbi’I._ Alta_++c#JJ#Idc Nd al E le in wU O _a&lh%u„k bafWsInks 11 :tue Page 20 of 53 Ms Claudine Gatt Topic: Plate Tectonics A seismometer is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Generally, a seismometer consists of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an earthquake, the base moves and the mass does not. Eventually a seismograph will be produced €Q,sp~C04tter His boy papA Earthquakes can be measured by using the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake (how powerful it is). A Richter Scale is normally numbered 1-10 Each scale shows that it is ten times more powerful than the scale before. Meaning that an earthquake of a magnitude 5 is ten times more powerful than an earthquake measuring a magnitude 4. aHRBee@ well-built gtaBetula& severe darnage ar poorly buIlt does Measures energy waves emItted by e&tthquake L& IE mw#aM cracks IF; the cartA; HangIng objects rnay swing {iF>es twBken C:©nrp8ratde to the vibrariarx$ of a passIng truck E&9 May break wlrldaws, cause small or wu©tHe aMi#tgbi! FurnIture Ind#% }- 5.9 chunks aF@ter tnay faII fraII walls Page 21 of 53 Ms Claudine Gatt Topic: Plate Tectonics  PLATE TECTONICS 13. Give the Richter scale to each of the following drawings Richter Scale = Detected only by People wo£en-from sloop, Richter Scale = = §MoQoP -WW Richter Scale = PA El BY led {chimneys and w-8113 fall OVOFe cial affected, Pf Richter Scale = K gt BuIldIngs collapse, landslides oocur. cracks opal, bHdg08 destray8d, Another scale used to measure the damage caused by an earthquake is the Mercalli Scale. This is a measure of intensity, and changes according to which area you are gill& measuring – damage nearer to the epicentre would usually be greater than further away. IntermedIate RbdeiFe @FMI, MUm 221 Page Ms Claudine Cauchi Geography Option