Plant Diversity Lecture PDF

Plant Diversity Lecture Thu, Jan 30, 2025 12:28PM 15:38 SUMMARY KEYWORDS Plant diversity, David Attenborough, Protista, Archaeoplastida, Glaucophyta, Chloroplasts, Green algae, Land plants, Karophytes, Cellulose, Xylem, Phloem, Alternation of generations, Meristematic tissue, Sporophyte. SPEA...

Plant Diversity Lecture Thu, Jan 30, 2025 12:28PM 15:38 SUMMARY KEYWORDS Plant diversity, David Attenborough, Protista, Archaeoplastida, Glaucophyta, Chloroplasts, Green algae, Land plants, Karophytes, Cellulose, Xylem, Phloem, Alternation of generations, Meristematic tissue, Sporophyte. SPEAKERS Speaker 2, Speaker 3, Speaker 1 00:00 License product. 00:03 We do things outside S Speaker 1 00:09 plant diversity. This is on the next test. You need to go right into plant. I put all of the plant things together. It makes it a little bit easier. Sometimes, if you look at your books, your biology major books, they'll sit there, and they'll have a whole bunch of stuff, and then all of a sudden they'll have plants, all of a leak plants, and they'll go to animals. And then I don't do that. I put everything all together, sections all together, so you can kind of concentrate on plants when you need to. I hope that makes sense here. So we're going to look at plant diversity here. 00:46 We all ready to go. We're okay, okay, S Speaker 1 00:53 I'm going to put this in here. This is David Attenborough, 2022 I think it's really a good statement, as far as he goes, says our relationship with plants has changed throughout history, and now must change again, whether it's what we eat cultivate, or whether it's what we like, we must now work with plants and make the world a little greener, a little wilder. If we do this,  our future will be healthier and safer, and in my experience, at any rate, happier. Plants are, after all, our most ancient allies. Together, we can make this an ever greener planet. Without the plants coming up on the land, we'd still be underwater, and I would be talking to you. You. No, I wouldn't have evolved. There we go. 01:48 Memorize this for the next No, do not S Speaker 1 01:52 take a look at where we're at here. So this is constantly changing. Mike Rotter, one of the head of the bonding department. He's absolutely a brilliant bond that's been a very good one. He probably will give you plant kingdom class with a little bit of a change on some of these things. But for right now, it's okay. Notice here that we've got a lot of Walk right along in here, a lot of Protista. Everything has evolved from Protista. So we go up here and we find the ones that are closest here, going up here to the archaeoplastida in here, the rhinos, the corals and the glucose in here, we find out the plants actually kind of nicely evolved from this basic group coming up here, the glycophytes in here, that are closely related to the green algae and the red algae in here. So the archaeoplastin in there. So this is as close as I can get at the time. I put a little bit more information right here. The Glock fight is also known as the fight in there and the other bites in there, okay, are a small group of unicellular algae found in fresh water and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the protozoa or the Precambrian times going back almost billions of years. Artoplastida then contained the sentence from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria with chloroplasts related closely to plants themselves. So this is another way to kind of look at the glaucoma I'm having trouble talking today. Okay, the glucophy, it's up above ancestral proteins that involve chloroplasts, again, that are related to what the red algae and the Coronavirus. And then they're probably further down here, closer to what we call the carrobysian and the embryophysin here, and the strep aplica in here, and the verida Plantae includes the green algae, because there's so much like the land plants that first colonized the land, and it's in the Super kingdom. Here are the plaster verida plantain includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among the plant like organisms, 04:20 all right, green algae S Speaker 1 04:25 in here, relatives called karophysians, Kara fights appear to be the closest relative of land plants that can change with our new research and things like that. Beautiful molecular data, 290,000 living species, you know that's going to change. It's not underlying in there. That gives you a ballpark, okay, comparison to both nuclear and chloroplast genes, point the Karo possibly being the closest living relative of land plants today, coming from the glaucophytes in there, for sure. Note that land plants are not necessarily descended from modern Karaites, but share a  common ancestor with the Karaites. So we're still kind of doing some research here, not absolutely so a lot of the characteristics such these would be good test questions here, from the standpoint of lots of characteristics, land plants also here in a variety of alkyl clays, mainly algae. However, land plants share multiple, multiple traits with perio fights, which include chlorophylls A and B. Remember that from 1610, right? When you learn about photosynthesis, that is a good way to kind of look at relationships. When you see shared characteristics in there, cellulose, very important. Now, who else shares cellulose? Well, it's kind of interesting to note here that plants are kind of unique, but there are certain groups of animals. And also you say, well, that's kind of weird, but we'll show you, and they're more the Ancient Ones. Structure of flagellated sperm very important here. Why would you have sperm or that type of a seed, type of material to make a seed be able to have flagella, because it's moving through a medium. What medium like in the chytrid fungus is important to move through that you have to have flagella. Well, liquid environments. Everybody? Okay with that? That's that common sense. Formation of what we call speropolin, which is a protected type of cellulose, like material that helps protect the plant seeds and spores. 06:54 Here we have the CARA in here. S Speaker 1 06:58 So these are the carrots. They have to have lots of good water surrounding them. So, yeah, did land plants come from these? Well, yeah, it seems like it, at least they were the close relatives in karyophytes, a layer of durable polymer calls for a pollen and prevents exposed zygotes, babies and different types of spores from drying out. So the movement onto land by Terra faci and species in here or the Galapagos descendants provided unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO two nutrient rich soil and a few herbivores or pathogens that will increase as time goes by. So here land presented challenges of scarcity of water and a lack of structural support. So the things that plants had to overcome and finding all of these wonderful resources that were available to them, and natural selection was selecting for the plants also needed to be overcome by animals fighting against gravity and desiccation growing up 08:22 Wharton, important derived traits in here, S Speaker 1 08:25 when we talk about derived traits, those are emerging characteristics, characteristics that are important, accumulation of derived traits and facilitated survival on land have opened its way protection from desiccation a cuticle. So we actually have a cellulose like cuticle or a heartbeat. How many of you, when you have a flower and you feel that waxy outside smoothness out there, it keeps water in and things out, that's that waxy cuticle we're talking about. There protection from predators, secondary compounds that keep things from eating them, along with maybe their symbionts, like what we saw with the Indian rye grass,  09:18 Italian rye grass, Indian. There are. S Speaker 1 09:24 But what we have here, then is some real neat types of protection, eventually, the transport of water, minerals and nutrients. And we have plumbing, so I put in there, in other words, plumbing, xylem and phloem. You guys are familiar with that from 1610 are you not? Okay? That's plumbing. Xylem is up. Phloem is down, usually, but not all the time, because every time in biology, there's always exceptions to 09:59 Okay. We're good so far. S Speaker 1 10:04 Here's some more traits here that might be good for you to be familiar with, okay, that all the land plants have but are absent in the care of ice, in within the ancient ancestry, the alternation of generations. Quote, how come the carrots don't have it and maybe some of the others, it's because the genes are still there. But the way in which their life cycles work does not need to have an alternation of generations in it, but we have inherited that as plants from the basic green algae and some of the other types of algae that also share wall spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gamitangia and apical meristematic tissue, all of these things I'm going to talk about so you're not familiar with some of these names, that's okay. Just write them down for now and realize that you're going to understand them as we have a slide on each one. Everybody okay with that? Hey, symbiotic association with fungi and the first land plants may have helped the plants to without true roots and obtain nutrients, alternation and generations. Here, this is where it gets kind of messy. Did you have a question? Go ahead, you mentioned that S Speaker 2 11:33 the difference was the apical metastands. Did the ancestors have lateral medicine as well? You specified apical medicine, do ancestors have no Bible medicine, metastasis, no meristematic S Speaker 1 11:45 tissue is different in stuff like so, if you have a green algae, if you have kelp, it's growing up and it has sheets that come off and stuff like that. But it doesn't seem to have that type of a structure, plants, cathodes, and so we'll show you what those are, and then you'll kind of understand what I'm talking about there. They're also having to fight against gravity, producing  that meristematic tissue in there, you'll see that meristematic tissue is important for growth and for shoots and roots to also have going in the other direction and surround later on. So we have that alter alternation of generations. The gametophyte is a haploid gametes. What are gametes? Usually, in your mind, they're haploid. Are they not? They're N Not 2n. Okay. Fusion of the gametes give rise to the diploid sporophyte. So we make a sporophyte which produces haploid spores, or later on, in the seeds, produces haploid seed. But we're not going to talk about that right away. We're just going to look at spores, land plants called embryo fights. Having an embryo because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent. We're okay there. Drop your flash cards there. These tables S Speaker 3 13:14 are so annoying because every time I drop anything, I have to make a huge scene and move my whole table. That's okay. 13:20 Go watch. 13:24 Don't feel conscious, even though. Okay, there you go. That's all right. S Speaker 1 13:32 All right. So the diploid generation comes four or five, four seeds later on, the haploid generation is called the gametophyte with gametes as plants involve the sporophyte tissue dominated. Now I'm going to show you a chart later on that shows you that the the basic dominancy of one of these compared to the other changes as we go up on land and become more terrestrial. So for right now, let's take a look here. So right away, the primitive plant is mostly a gametophyte here, as far as mosses and different types of non vascular plants. Later on, we're going to see the vascular plants have gametophytes that are really small, like pollen grains. Have you ever gone up to a pine tree and smack a pine tree and it felt like it was snowing on you? And those are the gametophytes. That's the pollen type of stuff. We are good so far. This is a different type of envisioning compared to the way animals reproduce and are developed. So just kind of think of it that way. We're kind of looking at aliens, not aliens, you know, from outer space, but they're alien to our thought process. This is the chart here that's going to help you kind of understand that. And first, we start out in the sporophytes are up here. The demetaphys are down here. And it shows you the importance up here and how that changes as we go up more into the terrestrial areas when we get out. So we're basically done. Does that kind of help show you the direction we're going. And don't let it get confusing. Don't try and sit there and figure it out from walking on animal biology. Okay so we're.