PLAN233 Midterm Study Guide PDF

PLAN233 Midterm Study Guide By Riordain Murphy *Answers in red, updated periodically. Navigate: Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 1. 1. Give a definition of Planning and explain what it does. 2. Explain Planning as a m...

PLAN233 Midterm Study Guide By Riordain Murphy *Answers in red, updated periodically. Navigate: Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 1. 1. Give a definition of Planning and explain what it does. 2. Explain Planning as a means. (Planning is the creating and evalutating of plans and policies. It involves public engagement, collaboration, and giving suggestions to council.) 3. Explain Planning as an ends. (Outcome of comformity with plans/policies, development of infrastructure and allocation of resources, the shaping of peoples’ experiences, with social, political and economic implications.) 4. How is planning a community-based profession? (Planning interacts with agencies, politicians and locals, it involves understanding the public interest, and it works to understand the interrelations of people and place.) 5. How does the OPPI describe planning? (OPPI describes planning as essential to creating great cities. They deem planners as the actors in the planning practice and say that the purpose of planning is social.) 6. What does “social” mean? (Social refers to anything dealing with people, their interactions, or contextual issues.) 7. What is social planning? (Short- or long-term enhancement of social well-being in communities as a result of planning processes) 8. What is community development and how does it relate to social planning? (Community development is the engagement, involvement and asset of the community in the planning process, as well as planners in the social planning process. It is used interchangeably with social planning, but is actually a part of social planning.) 9. What is the academic definition of social planning? (The academic definition of social planning comes from Dykeman in 1966. It involves social goal of the state and setting targets, applying social values to assessing programs, and social programming from broad social goals for the community.) 10. What is the goal of social planning? (Create healthy, equitable, socially sustainable cities for all.) 11. Explain Toronto social planning. (Toronto explains social planning as processes achieving social outcomes in place, and planning with social values to enhance wellbeing and flourishing.) 12. Explain the social planning process and its intended planning objectives. 13. How can we think about social planning? Week 2. 1. Explain the importance of the site for Plato’s Academy. (Plato’s Academy shows how place influences our perspectives. It was the site for the origin of Philosophy and marks the roots of the pursuit of knowledge in the west. Aristotle studied here for 20 years prior to opening his own school.) 2. Explain Eudaimonia. (Eudaimonia is a concept from Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. It means “well-spirited.” Aristotle says that for human flourishing, one needs to recognize their full potential as rational, emotional and social beings. He also say the conditions for human fulfillment are happiness, well-being and human flourishing.) 3. What are Aristotle’s conditions for human flourishing? (Aristotle says value needs to be found in living a life of intellectual thinking, in a proper environment with an appropriate government.) 4. Explain the Macro, Meso and Micro levels. (Macro refers to government, institutions or policies. It is concerned with society at large. Meso refers to communities or groups, and is the level that planning typically deals with. It works with groups. The micro level relates to individuals and is typically psychology. It focuses on improving human agency, seeing people as human beings, considering experiences, actions and perceptions.) 5. Explain macro-level wellbeing. (Macro level wellbeing can be explained in many ways, including GDP per capita, life expectancy, infant mortality, or unemployment. It is also described by the UN SDGs, which have a focus on equity and universal access.) 6. Explain meso-level wellbeing. (Meso-level wellbeing includes social capital, the experience of different groups in society, and access to services or opportunities.) 7. Explain micro-level wellbeing. (the PERMA model can be used to show individual well being, being positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Measuring wellbeing at this level involves empirial evidence from individual experiences.) 8. What year was planning institutionalized in Canada? (1919) 9. Give 3 takeaways from the Reece reading. (The negative effects of British Industrialization caused unsanitary living conditions impacting the well-being of working-class men. The prosperity brought from industrialization led to movement of people to the city, causing overcrowding. Planning emerged as social activism to fight the unsanitary living conditions of the early city.) 10. Describe the Social Progressive Era. (The social progressive era is when planning emerged from social activism to address public health and housing issues. It  sought for safe, sanitary and uncrowded housing through the use of building codes and land-use control. It existed in the context of urbanization, industrialization and rapid population growth.) 11. Describe the City Beautiful movement. (City Beautiful movement stems from the philosophy of aesthetics. It seeks to eradicate urban ills through design and order from architectural genius. It is technocratic, as it ignores context or locality, and it is based on physical determinism, which ignores human agency. An example of a City Beautiful project is the National Mall in Washington DC.) 12. How did the two movements conflict? (Both seek to improve quality and character of urban life, however, the Social Progressives focus on social equity and political activism, while the City Beautiful proponents focus on civic virtues and shared aesthetics.) 13. What is defensive architecture? (Deliberate control/regulation on the use of spaces through design.) 14. Explain the relevance of the Eaton Centre. (Eaton Centre shows control of users through its focus on consumption.) 15. What is Erfani’s conceptual framework for sense of place? (Sense of place is the in- between of individuals-communities-place) 16. What are socio-spatial relations? Give an example. (Socio-spatial relations are the relation between all levels of society and space. An example is how a person is influenced by the neighborhood they grew up in.) 17. What is the difference between shaping vs determining social outcomes? (Unlike determining social outcomes, the concept of shaping social outcomes considers the influence of human agency.) 18. Explain wellbeing as describe by the Canadian Index of Waterloo. (Well-being is described as the highest quality of life, with a good standard of living and robust health.) 19. How does planning impact human flourishing? (Planning impacts human flourish through physical access, such as proximity to resources and opportunities, and through social access, such as access to interactions or social networks.) 20. What does the CIP say about wellbeing? (The CIP says that planners should support social development and wellbeing. They also argue for planning to ensure that amenities that influence wellbeing be affordable and accessible for all.) 21. What is the Just City and who theorized it? (The Just City was created by Susan Fainstein and refers to a city where there is deliberate effort to put the marginalized at the forefront of envisioning a future. It is a concept to create a better city for everyone.)  22. Explain the shift in planning attitudes (Planning attitudes shifted from physical determinism to socially constructed experiences, starting to consider human agency.) Week 3. 1. What are normative society conditions? (Normative society conditions are the principles that a society should have, prior to considering identity.) 2. What is the Original Position and Veil of Ignorance? (By John Rawls in 1971 from his Theory of Justice, this concept set the basis for contemporary Social Justice. Argues for equal basic liberties and fair equality of opportunities.) 3. Explain social justice and its complexity. (Social justice is the ideal of a fair and equitable society where each individual matters, their rights are recognized and respected, and decisions are made fairly and honestly. It is complex because it encompasses many different constructs, such as equity, inclusion, belonging, etc.) 4. Explain the interrelation of justice and planning. (Planning is rooted in utilitarianims and positivism. In the 1960-70s, there was increasing social activisim, with a focus on pluralism and the emergence of advocacy planning, equity planning and collaborative planning. Today, planning is the inthe context of neoliberalism, social diversity, and increasing acknowledgement of social injustices.) 5. Explain micro-level diversity, including intersectionality, positionality, and reflexivity. (Micro-level diversity refers to the difference in personal experiences and individual identity. Intersectionality is the interlocking power relations of class, gender, race, etc. That influence the most marginalized. Positionality is understanding one’s own privelege and position in an unjust society based on class, gender, race, etc. Reflexivity is reflecting on your own biases, values and backgrounds and understanding how they influence your own interpretations.) 6. Explain meso-level diversity. (Meso level diversity is the heterogeneity of social populations or attributes of the spatial environment. It can be understood as diversity in space or diversity as space.) 7. Explain the views of Iris Marion Young. (Iris Marion Young says that cities are an avenue where differences can flourish, although she also respects homogeneous districts.) 8. Explain the Cosmopolis. (The ideal city according to Sandercock, where a variety of people all live with equal rights and can enjoy the pleasures of anonymity.) 9. What is Chinatown an example of? (Chinatown is an ethnic concentration/ethnoburb where ethnic populations concentrate for a sense of solidarity.) 10. Explain the dilemma for planning for diversity. (Planning for diversity can be seen as inauthentic or simulacrum. The dilemma is whether planners should let the market run its course or impose oxymoronic diverse order.) 11. Explain macro-level diversity. (Institutional value recognizing difference in social populations, and an imperative for better social outcomes. Both an indicator and a representation of society.) 12. Explain diversity to foster capabilities. 13. How is diversity a place-based value? (Diversity is part of the appeal of the urban, it sparks creativity, it MAY contribute to better social tolerance, and it allows people in places to appreciate different lifestyles.) 14. Explain diversity as a construct. (Diversity is a descriptive indicator of heterogeneity and a value-laden construct) 15. What is equity? What is its intention? (A value-laden construct revolving around sharing power while considering individual positions and barriers. It is intended to improve social outcomes for all.) 16. Explain equity in planning. (Equity in planning is the improving access to resources and opportunities for the marginalized, expanding choice and increasing agency, and redistributing power in favor of the less-well-off.) 17. Describe equity planners. (Equity planners fundamentally seek to redistribute power, resources, and participation away from the elites towards marginalized.) 18. What is the Tree Equity Score? (Tree Equity Score shows the distribution of access to trees, and was first adopted by Toronto.) 19. Explain inequities from the TTC. (The TTC stated that they plan to use an equity lens, however, marginalized communities were the most affected from recent service cuts.) 20. What is inclusion? What is it an indicator of? (Inclusion is where people feel welcomed, respected and valued. They garner a sense of belonging and engagment, where belonging is developed through an individual’s perception of interactions with social groups. It acts as an indicator of successful integration of diversity into planning and policy.) 21. What is the CIP’s advice for being inclusive? (To be inclusive, the CIP suggests providing resources and assistance to marginalized communities, elevating BIPOC voices in communication, requiring a better understanding of inclusion during the process to become an RPP, and helping planners better understand the link between diversity, equity and inclusion.) 22. What is DEI? (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion)  23. What is performative allyship? What is it potentially an example of? (The act of pretending to care in the workplace may actually create real change. This is an example of a Latent function/unexpected outcome.) 24. What is belonging? (Belonging is a normative result of social justice, that fosters and reinforces agency. Relates to people feeling respected. It is multi-scalar and pertains to both the temporal and spatial dimensions.) 25. What are some common themes between equity, diversity, inclusion, belonging and justice? (They are all relational, value-laden, multiscalar, context contingent, and view social reality both subjectively and objectively.) Week 4. 1. Explain the decline in social capital and trust with examples. (Time spent with neighbors has been decreasing. For trust, only 53% of people in the urban trust their neighbors, while 60% in the rural trust their neighbors.) 2. What is social capital? (Social capital are our relationships, how they are built, and their implications for well-being.) 3. What is social capital by Klinenbergs definition? (Social capital are peoples relationships and their interpersonal networks.) 4. What is social capital by Parker/Doaks definition? (Parking and Doaks describe social capital as the quality of social relationships, how they are maintained, damaged or broken, and relationships within and between groups.) 5. What are the 3 forms of social capital? Explain them. (Bonding social capital is the depth of your relationships, as strong ties within your community. Bridging social capital is the breadth of your relationships as weaker ties in a broad network of people between communities. Linking social capital is the level of influence you gain from your relationships with people or institutions with decision-making power or the ability to allocate resources.) 6. Explain how economic factors diminish social connections on a micro, meso and macro level. (The major economic factors are income and employment that have the potential to diminish social connections through barriers of cost and class. Issues regarding income and employment can stem from a macro level from systemic issues, it can stem from access in your community on the meso level, and it can be a result of personal issues or barriers on the micro level.) 7. How does suburbanization diminish social capital? (Suburbanization brought nuclear families to replot outside of the urban. Commuting by cars reduces social interactions and hurts bridging social capital.) 8. Explain ethnoburbs and the findings from the Trespassers book. (Ethnoburbs are ethnic concentrations where ethnic minorities gather for a sense of solidarity. The Trespassers book criticizes the fact that the macro level is ignorant of the benefits of ethnic minorities.) 9. What is place identity, place attachment and place satisfaction according to Erfani? (Place identity refers to one’s sense of self in relation to place, developed when they believe that attributes of a place contribute to their identity. Place attachment is a positive emotional bond formed between an individual and a place, developed through interactions with a place over time. Place satisfaction is functional expectations or values offered by a place that meet preferred activities and desired needs. Essentially, it is the ability of a place to offer space for desired activity or interests. All together, these develop a person’s sense of place.) 10. Explain place as a construct in 3 concepts. (Place is part of Oldenburg’s 3rd places as spaces used for social interactions. Place is part of the concept of amenity, which are the ideals of a place. Place is used in the concept of social infrastructure, which is considered a place that houses social capital.) 11. What is social infrastructure? What is an example? (Social infrastructure are objective but also value-laden places that are associated with well-being. An example is YMCA.) 12. What is social infrastructure to Klinenberg? (Klinenberg describes social infrastructure as the physical places or organizations that shape how people interact. The physical conditions that determine the development of social capital. Critical, yet underappreciated spaces integral to daily life.) 13. How does Enneking define social infrastructure? (Enneking defines social infrastructure as public places or organizations that support community and social life.) 14. What are the types of social infrastructure? (Social institutions, digital infrastructure, groups of people, recreation facilities, transit, commerce, places of worship.) 15. What are the functions of social infrastructure? (Social infrastructure works for sociability, disaster response, identification and belonging, social control, and collective action.) 16. How can we benefit migrant/local populations in small cities? (By improving 3rd places to foster community cohesion.) 17. What place-based functions shape migrant well-being in small cities? (The improvement of 3rd places, the inaccessibility of transit acting as a barrier, and access to nature helping with comfort and relationships with home.)  18. Explain 3 quotes from the Zhuang/Lok reading. (The first quote comes from one participant explaining how they feel lonely at church. The second quote is about a Chinese performer who complains about the lack of Chinese restaurants and other amenities, as they are critical to personal identity. The final quote explains that natural areas help migrants reconnect with their premigration identities, making them feel more at home.) 19. How is sense of place developed according to Erfani? (Sense of place is developed through the interrelation of place identity, place attachment and place satisfaction.) Week 5. 1. What is amenity? (Amenity considers the quality of a town, city or region, including its subjective pleasantness. It also covers the functional convenience of services, facilities and land uses in a place. In short, amenity relates to the quality and function of place.) 2. What are normative growth visions? Give examples and explain what they cover. (Normative growth visions are ideals about how planning “ought to be,” explaining qualities that their creator deems necessary for a good environment. They cover urban form, socio-spatial relationships, the role of planners, and the goal of planning. Some examples include New Urbanism, Smart Growth, The Just City, or Jane Jacob’s eyes on the street.) 3. What did Sandercock say about planning being “good?” (Sandercock said that we assume planning is good and that planners’ expertise is good. There is no scrutiny of ideology or biases. This was a critique of modernist, rationalist planning.) 4. Explain how suburbanization was critiqued by the Trespassers book. 5. Explain normative planning perspectives on density. (In the 1980s, planning sought to avoid high densities. In the early 21 st century, there was a shift to seeing density as an asset to building great communities.) 6. What did Grant say we are planning for? (Grant said that in a contemporary neoliberal world where real estate is key for development, faith in the benefits of densification are hegemonic.) 7. How does current development/policy contrast with the 1960s? Use Toronto as an example. (Past policy supported cars, while current policy has shifted to discouraging car use and supporting more sustainable modes. Toronto’s Official Plan in 1968 allowed for large parking lots around transit to encourage long-term parking and modal shifts. In 2019, policy changed to discourage automobile expansion and long-term parking and seeks to improve transit.) 8. What is Planning Policy? (Planning policy helps overcome opposition and build support for growth strategies, provides rhetorical strategies to nudge behaviour towards desireable outcomes, and frames density in a positive way.) 9. What are complete communities? (Mixed-use or transit supportive walkable environments that provide opportunities and options for all to live, work, play, shop, and learn, while reducing servicing costs and automobile dependence.) 10. How does Grant describe Complete Communities? (Grant describes Complete Communities as residential environments replete with all elements to support daily life. It implies that one could live, work and play within their neighborhood.) 11. How does the PPS describe Complete Communities? 12. What are the qualities of the Complete Communities concept? (The complete communities concept is flexible and adaptable to any context. It is scalable to any size area, from large regions to small local areas. It has the normative expectation that all communities are capable of achieving appropriate density, accessibility and mixed-uses. It is a bottom-up concept developed in practice, rather than theory. It has now been adopted into planning policy. It emerged from Vancouver, Canada.) 13. What are complete communities in practice? (In practice, Complete communities relates to desirable lifestyles/urban form with principles of environmental, fiscal and social responsibility.) 14. How do complete communities relate to NIMBYism? (Complete Communities naturalized the normative and provided language that resists density to be perceived as NIMBYism.) 15. What are key takeaways from the Grant reading? 16. Explain Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. (Plato’s allegory of the cave shows that knowledge is about the interpretation of reality within our known reality. For the man in the cave, he refuses to accept the reality shown from the man who had left the cave, as his reality was restricted to the cave.) 17. Explain 15-minute cities and the perspectives of its critiques. (15-minutes is a normative growth vision for cities to develop in a way that allows for all necessities of daily life to be accessible within a 15-minute walk, such as stores, parks, schools, offices, health care, etc. The critiques on this vision come from conspiracy theories, anti-urban views or conservative views, individual/group fears, and science-driven criticism.) 18. What normative concepts can we use to understand who/what we plan for? (Consider the purpose of planning, the relationships between identity and place, and constructs, such as diversity, equity, inclusion, belonging and social justice.) 19. What can we do to understand who/what we plan for as planners? (We need to understand our own positionality, reflexivity, and seek to justify the public interest.) 20. How can we determine who/what we plan for in the planning practice? (In planning, we need to understand the contexts in which we plan, the values we prioritize in planning, and understand people from the macro to micro levels.)