PLAN 133 Midterm Review PDF

PLAN 133: MIDTERM REVIEW - PLEASE ADD IF YOU ARE ABLE TO DO SO (READINGS + LECTURES INCLUDED) Generated Quizlet Using Following Notes: https://quizlet.com/ca/999613707/midterm-review-evolution-of-urban-planning-in-canad a-flash-cards/?i=4hvlsb&x=1jqt LECTURE 1: INTRO: Planning: The spatial management of territory Six Nations vs. Caledonia (2006) Housing development wanted to be bought here, reclamation happened, claimed land was theirs, OPP was called during protest Violent conflict on site and raid Asks questions: ○ Whose interest should planning respect? ○ Who has rights to land and sovereignty? ○ Whose interest does planning respect? Planners often believe planning should be a force for social good, for promoting justice Planning is a force for good In practice, cities are sites of inequality Access to transit, housing, etc. Inequality isn't equally distributed, some groups are more put at a disadvantage compare to others Focusing on history of urban development and planning to understand forces that shape inequality within planning and the city Equality: Focus on sameness, fairness, assuming we all have the same needs and all the same solutions will work, despite different histories and needs and advantages over others Equity: Ensuring everyone has equal outcomes recognizing people have different needs to get there based on different circumstances, histories structures that lead to advantages and disadvantages Justice: Forces on fixing the systems, circumstances and structures that create inequality and injustice The Public Interest: OPPI Code of Practice to “plan for the public interest”, though how to define ○ Problems Who is the public? Interest of the wealthy? Interest of the disadvantaged? Do for the majority? What if people are racist? For specific things that may have several external factors that act on this? Is there even a public interest? LECTURE 2: PRE-READING: Jonas, A., McCann, E., and Thomas, M. (2015). Production, Economy, and the City. Urban Geography: A Critical Introduction. Pages 53-76. Chicago Model and Bid Rent Theory (PLAN 100) Urban development is “restless” Urbanization has flipped in recent cities, growing inwards instead of outwards, making cities much more dense Accumulation: The drive to accumulate capital is definitive of capitalism. Capitalism is a system that exploits social relationships, so that wealthier classes can profit from the labor power of poorer classes. International division of labor: Labor is unevenly valued across space. In the past, colonial or imperial states, and now, transnational corporations, can take advantage of this unevenness by locating to places where labor is cheap and plentiful. ○ Created through the exportation of specialized manufactured products Trade is what initially grown cities, cities grown through regional and not worldwide trade This is what drawn people to these areas, growing the population Greenfield site: Are areas of undeveloped land targeted for capitalist development Brownfield site: Industrial area of which has been abandoned and may be polluted Fordism: The system of mass production adopted by the Ford Company during the early 20th century, system of production and its ability to be profitable at large scales that became generalized, linked mass production to mass consumption This was often seen within both the rustbelt and the sunbelt Capital investment fueled Cold War defence and military spending Offshoring and decentralization often lead to manufacturing to move overseas as it was cheaper for transit, easier global communication and structural adjustment programs opening new locations for capital investment all around the world Structural adjustment programs: Results of policy of the international monetary fund and the world bank In those urbanized regions most severely threatened with industrial decline, such as the US Midwest, individual cities have struggled to compete and retain or attract decentralizing industries. Regional patterns of urbanization in post‐Fordism are associated with the rise of new industrial districts Path‐dependent urban development: Urban development often follows spatial patterns that reflect the built environment needs and infrastructural requirements of the wider production system and supporting social and political institutions. Regional urbanization: Today’s mega urban agglomerations appear to grow not so much outwards from a single urban core but rather inwards from multiple centers often located at the metropolitan periphery in doing so, they spread across many local jurisdictions, coalescing into larger regional territories which, in some cases, generate more economic activity than entire countries. Keynesian spatial policies: Geographically targeted measures implemented by the state in order to bolster aggregate demand in the economy Subprime lending: Banks and brokers offer subprime loans to people who have poor credit histories or who are at higher risk of being unable to pay back loans. Lecture 2: Urbanization Rise of cities over 3000 years Most movement into cities has only occurred recently Urbanization: Shift from rural to urban living Recent phenomenon 1500+ urbanization related to rise of trade and colonial expansion Pre-capitalist Earliest cities, 6000 years ago Followed by independent cities around the world Didn't take off initially People lived off of the land 1000 CE urbanization spread from 5 regions to city-based empires in Southwest Asia, China and parts of Europe Why do cities develop?: ○ When people transferred to agriculture ○ Provided social organization ○ Defence purpose ○ Exchange of goods Emerge as sites of production and reproduction Ancient cities planned on a grid Done elites and city leaders Done for defensive purposes Miletus ○ Described as first planned town by Hippodramus Mostly organic and unplanned in early days, grew up overtime Merchant Capitalism Urbanization Merchant capitalism in early modern era Two centuries (1500s-1700s) Shift away from middle ages More cities are emerging on the map of the world World is still largely rural Key forces of shifts ○ Scientific Revolution Out of dark ages Thought promoted Advances in science Mostly thought of by the church, not as science Use ideas and reason Truth through science not religion Separation of church and state Rise of modern nation states Replacing city states of earlier eras ○ Separation of Church and State ○ Enlightenment era Philosophy and ideas Refers to the advance in knowledge and human thinking, above the middle ages from before Age of reason Questioning authority of the time, usual the monarchies of the time (French Revolution) Focus on reason vs faith Philosophical ideals related to progress, liberty, and equality Emerging demographic governments (vs Kings) Political theory/philosophy of liberalism (Adam Smith) (free markets, individualism and private property) Revolutions of all sorts (American) Time of contradiction: Concepts of freedom and equality were not truly applied to all individuals equally (different aces, gender, etc.) Mostly found within western Europe and the New World ○ Merchant Capitalist Urbanization Capitalism Replace feudalism People word for a Lord Merchants advance wealth through trade Wealth accumulation through trade Growth led to more urbanization in cities with rising trade, colonial urbanism Colonialism Western colonialism involved the political-economic process of exploring, conquering, settling and exploiting large areas of the world by European nations Oppressive and exploitative system that harmed people through expansion Led to growth of colonial towns worldwide People moving to a place, take over and settling Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 1400s-1800s Devastating impacts on enslaved people Generated tremendous riches for participants on the slave trade Reached peak even as “enlightenment” thinkers touted concepts of liberty Profitable for lots of people Accumulated wealth for lots of people Lucrative triangle slave trade ○ Settler Colonialism in Canada Racist ideologies Settlers provide justification to “settle” the land and establish territorial control; Enlightenment philosophies used to justify colonial appropriation of Indigenous territory John Locke, If you can work the land, you have it (more productive you make it, the more it becomes worth) Developed to support colonial agendas Still prominent in many aspects of Canadian life today ○ VERY LITTLE URBANIZATION DURING THIS TIME ○ Industrial Capitalism (First Wave of Urbanization) (1750-1950) In Global North Associated with expansion of capitalism Big urbanization jump Health, pollution, overcrowding Moving to an industrial economy (Industrial Revolution) Shift in society and human relations People critiquing this political economic system Talking and documenting this new system What is Capitalism? (3 Features) Private enterprise for producing commodities Market exchange A bank-money system Class conflict 2 Different Classes ○ Capitalist (Bourgeois) ○ Worker (Proletariat) Involves exploitation in which workers are paid less than that of the value of the products that they create Driven out by competition between capitalist and leads to advances in technology Pressured to keep on innovating Rapid advances in technology Required a process of proletarianization - turning people into “free labour” removing other means of subsistence, creation of the working class Enclosures of England ○ Common lands people could use for what they needed ○ Lands were enclosed, saw fences on what was commonly shared land ○ People no longer had access to their animals and grazing ○ Left people to find work in the city Drove rapid urbanization ○ Happening to meet demands of industrial capital ○ Factories close to water and transportation networks ○ Worker’s housing was near factories Colonialism ○ Did not stop during this time, intensified ○ Growth and expanded with industry ○ Increased capitalist expansion ○ Raw materials and exports consumed by this industry Industrial cities ○ Problems with overcrowding ○ Poor housing quality ○ Pollution from factories ○ Disease spreading ○ Nothing planned ○ Disorderly design Segregation ○ Wealthy lived in better places ○ Better access to air, nature, space, uphill and upwind from factories removed from sight of working people ○ Working people lived near these factories Overcrowded housing Limited access to water Dark Limited sanitation Poor environmental quality Lots of illness Worse housing conditions for minorities ○ Contemporary Urbanization (Second Wave of Urbanization) (1950+) Dramatic population growth Global South Different scale More people moving to cities compared to the first wave Advanced Capitalism, Globalization LECTURE 3: Pre-reading: Wolfe, J., Gordon, D., and Fischler, R. (1994) Our common past: An interpretation of Canadian Planning History. Plan Canada, pp. pages 16-30 (read half this week, half next week) There are 3 groups of pre-professional planning when Thomas Adams and other individuals marked the beginning of the profession of the Town Planning Institute of Canada in 1919 These are: ○ The original Indigenous communities ○ The European colonial settlement ○ The urban reform movements Indigenous communities ○ Home before Europeans came ○ Agriculture flourished because they were planned to include crop storage facilities and defensive works to protect the food surplus ○ Indigenous people had a long history of passing down traditional ecological knowledge which helped communities thrive Colonial Settlement Planning ○ Main concerns Exploration Defense Food production ○ Often were rivals with local Indigenous people ○ Wiped evidence of Indigenous settlement patterns ○ Position of forts, ports, placement of canals, and railways along with the land surveys have shaped Canadian morphology of settlements today, both rural and urban Urban Reform Movements ○ Reaction to the congestion a squall of industrial cities, reckless speculative subdivision of suburban land, corrupt municipal government and wanton exploitation of natural resources Commission of Conservation (1909-1921) ○ Canada’s Minister of Interior was intended to examine the Dominion’s squandering of natural resources, realizing that the urban question was a part of the problem as all resources all held up to scrutiny ○ The keynote of town planning is the conservation of life and economy in the system of developing land to secure efficiency, convenience, health and amenity. ○ Early planning acts were tame by today’s standards. ○ Planning commissions were advisory and their plans had no force in law. ○ Planning and zoning were permitted, but planning was usually limited to the urban fringe for “town extensions” and not for replanning existing areas. ○ Done to assert sovereignty over the west ○ Most acts included a clause allowing property owners to claim compensation if their land was adversely affected, and all mandated close provincial scrutiny of municipal activities, including plan approval by the province. ○ During the second decade of the century, planning legislation was prepared for most provinces, and many set up departments responsible for municipal affairs. Town Planning Institute of Canada (1919) ○ The Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC) was founded in July 1919 by 18 professionals – all men. ○ Its structure followed the British model, with membership categories of full, associate, legal, and honorary members. ○ Full membership could be obtained by members of the male-dominated associations of engineers, surveyors, landscape architects, or architects, or through examination. Optimism and Despair (1919-1929) ○ The major preoccupations of the profession were zoning, town design, and traffic planning ○ The new professionals devoted their attention to campaigning for town planning. ○ Since so much land was subdivided on the outskirts of Canadian towns during the land-boom – which peaked in 1913 – little new subdivision activity occurred in the 1920s ○ Often consisted of updating or publicizing the City Beautiful plans of the first part of the century. ○ Cities established planning commissions and started planning studies, although for the most part these were never adopted. ○ Zoning became an important planning activity ○ Restrictive covenants protected many higher-income residential areas and were in force not only to keep out noxious uses, but also to exclude various ethnic groups. ○ Traffic planning, or at least road-widening, was becoming a major issue, which may explain the regular references to City Beautiful plans with their seductively wide boulevards. ○ The TPIC was granted a federal charter in October 1923 and membership in the Institute grew rapidly throughout the 1920s, from 130 in 1922 to 367 members, all male, by 1930. Depression (1930 - 1940) ○ Stock market crash effects all of Canada ○ Unemployment skyrockets ○ Failure of grain harvest ○ Lack of demand for lumber and mineral impacted economy ○ No new housing or infrastructure built ○ Urban areas became congested ○ Town Planning Institute of Canada ceased operation in 1932, after funds provided by the Department of the Interior to publish the journal dried up. ○ Three things happened in this period that had lasting consequences: the unemployment relief project consisting of infrastructure construction (roads, bridges, waterworks and parks). Prairie droughts and crumbling Acadian dykes prompted the formation of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration and Maritime Dykelands Rehabilitation Committee in 1935 and 1943, respectively. Designed to promote soil and water conservation, good cropping practices, and scientific irrigation, these organisations were responsible for achievements in regional planning The massive campaign for the introduction of social welfare, including the improvement of housing conditions. The Social Planning for Canada manifesto analyzed social conditions and proposed almost all the benefits we came to enjoy later: old age pensions, unemployment insurance, mothers’ allowances, health care, town planning, and social housing. Second World War (1940 - 1945) ○ Developments such as the tremendous surge in industrial activity; the massive production of ships, planes, vehicles and armaments; the great boost to the metal and energy industries; and full employment. ○ Many large machinery plants were laid out, usually in then suburban locations, accompanied by worker housing ○ Looking toward the end of the war, the federal government struck an Advisory Committee on Post-War Reconstruction ○ It urged the government to undertake a national program for social improvement in areas including housing, planning and public education. It drew attention to the evils of slums and the wasteful, uncoordinated suburbs, and proposed massive public intervention to make up for neglect in the Depression years and for shortages caused by the war Lecture 3: The Evolution of Planning Pre-WW2 Planning: 6 Responses to industrial cities Haussmannization ○ Response to industrialization in Paris was dramatic ○ Revolution in 30s and 40s were challenging for military to put down ○ Overcrowding ○ People could build barricades in narrow medieval streets during the lots of revolutions during this time ○ George-Eugene Haussman was hired from Napoleon to “give Paris more air” ○ Dramatic reshaping of the city - wider boulevards, grand streets ○ Expropriate land (buying land) ○ Very destructive, destroying homes and neighbourhoods ○ Undemocratic ○ Demolishing huge amounts of the existing city ○ Not cheap ○ City borrowed from wealthy developers and promised to build on the new streets ○ Modern streetscape built but created was destructive, people moved out, neighbourhoods destroyed entirely ○ Meant to control the populations here Urban Reform Movement ○ Responded to industrial cities trying to improve health, sanitation, housing and workplaces ○ Cities were unhealthy - reform driven by improved scientific understanding disease (germ theory) ○ Done to ensure cities were made better ○ Done through improvements in public health here ○ Reform movements promoted regulation, rules and policy to improve housing, sanitation, working conditions and the lives of working people ○ Came from wealthy and elite people ○ Social reformers were usually with charitable ambitions concerned with the plight of the poor ○ Jacob Riis, HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES, New York, exposing life in the industrial city, slums shocked the elites ○ People were horrified ○ 1901 Tenement House Act was an example of reform that emerged from these movements and Rii’s work Pre-law was where there was no windows Old-law had air flow but was still dark, 1879 1901, better airflow and light that is required to make a better standard of living ○ Herbert Ames (Montreal), The City Below The Hill (1872) ○ Charles Hastings (Toronto) 1913 Public Health Officer Report ○ Talked about housing issues people faced ○ Mostly in the center of the city ○ Motivations Philanthropic Fear of disease and of revolution ○ Impact of reform Solutions imposed by urban reformers were often more focused on improving aesthetics and removing the poor as they were helping them Goal to implement social control Focus on the highest and best use of land in the city Debatable More profitable to use the best or not? Utopian Communities ○ New land in the countryside ○ Start new life in the country and new society ○ Small-scale with factories, worker housing, recreation and culture, nature ○ Based on utopian socialist ideas - notions of communal sharing ○ Often promoted by religious, humanitarian movements ○ Charles Fourier Promoted the Phalanx Village for worker centered on factory meant for 1600 Nicer Middle of nowhere ○ Robert Owen Textile manufacturer Founded New Lanark around textile mill Founder of utopian socialism, focus on socialistic and communal living, child rearing and public education New Harmony was another idea in Indiana (1814 - 1825) Ahead of his time City Beautiful Movement ○ Create grand avenues and monumental buildings ○ In place of crowded and aesthetically uninspiring cities ○ Inspired by Chicago World Fair ○ Celebrate Colubus’ arrival in new world ○ Designed by well-known planners ○ Idea for more grand renaissance ○ Beaux Arts style architecture, ornamentation, grandeur, and beauty, establishing wealth and power ○ Daniel Burnham Plan for Chicago, 1909 No lots of space in original Bigger and wider streets, criss crossing streets Very expensive ○ University Avenue in Toronto and Queen’s Park (Ontario Legislature) ○ Frederick Law Olmstead Parks and Greenspace Commissioned to build many parks in the United States and Canada Mentioned other sites in readings (review) ○ Fascist Architecture Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, Soviet Union Garden City ○ Ebenezer Howard (1850 - 1928) Tomorrow: A Peace Path To Real Reform (1898) and Garden City Of Tomorrow (1902) Self-sustaining Developments would own the land Small populations Town surrounded by greenbelt Connected by railroads in network of city Balance between town and country Town is bad in good and bad, army of unemployed, unnatural, but also opportunity and social, country, lack of drainage and amenities, though beautiful Mix of the best of both worlds Eugenicist Get rid of people who were not fit for society, just put them out of the country ○ Mount Royal in Montreal was designed in Canada as a protege of Hoard Neighbourhood planning ○ Clarence Perry (1872-1944) ○ Neighbourhood Unit Concept ○ Community within a bigger city ○ Much more organized and less chaotic ○ Inspired by garden city ○ City would have neighbourhood units ○ Control traffic with busier roads ○ Local, slow traffic on inside ○ Determined by number of kids who went to the local school ○ Apartments on the outside of the city and packed together ○ Designing neighbourhoods ○ Arterial roads on periphery; curvilinear roads inside (to prevent through traffic) ○ Size limited by number of kids that could attend local school ○ Segregated land uses: Apartments and retail separate from single-family houses ○ Clarence Stein Co-founder (with Lewis Mumford) of the American Regional Planning Association Radburn plan (1929) Radburn, New Jersey Focused on keeping traffic out of the community Houses front onto walking paths and parkland; vehicles are segregated and kept to the back (in lanes) The Evolution of Planning Colonialism (Emergence of Settler Colonial Canada) ○ Domination of territory by a foreign/colonial power Subjugation of colonial people Exploitation of land, resources and labour Military operations, wars, conquering Settler Colonialism ○ People settle and control land and territory ○ Seeking sovereign power ○ Structures and processes through which colonizing claims produce its governing authority on a pre-existing society's customary territory ○ A permanent occupation ○ Canada, New Zealand, Australia, United States and India Pre-colonial “planning” ○ People traveled and had permanent settlements ○ Patterns of settlement across the continent ○ Villages across the continent ○ Pre-colonization: Indigenous practices of land management offered a “coherent vision of land management and economic activity” (Hayden King) ○ Dish with one spoon, wampum bell covenant ○ Politically distinct people sharing a place ○ Reciprocity: Obligations to one another and the land ○ Sustainable sharing of the land ○ Autonomy of Indigenous people: Shared (Moved away from exclusive territory) authority and jurisdiction over territory (vs settler colonial conceptions of property and exclusive authority) ○ Indigenous communities have consistently demanded a return to Indigenous political economies with just sharing of the land History of Colonialism in Canada ○ Colonized by French & Britain in late 1400s ○ Permanent settlement in 1608 New France, 1763 British make claim over Indigenous lands ○ Concept of terra nullius (empty land): Indigenous were uncivilized and unproductive, justifying takeover of land ○ 1763, Royal Proclamation lays out relations between British Crown and Indigenous people recognizing Indigenous title ○ 1867 British North America Act (Canada formed) ○ Colonial state and company claim Indigenous lands ○ A violent “forced” transfer, destruction of the buffalo hunt ○ Ongoing process to extinguish land title Settler Colonialism and Planning ○ Planning central to establishing settler colonial power ○ Plays ongoing settler colonial processes Surveying land ○ Dominion land survey (1871 -) : Land divided into 1 mile sections distributed to settlers and railway companies ○ Dominion land act (1870 - ): Gave away to sections to homesteaders ○ Work of surveying the land creates private property parcels, distributes it to settlers/companies, actively dispossessed land from Indigenous people ○ Metis leader Louis Riel steps in a survey chain in protest Settler Colonialism and Planning ○ 1909-1914 Commission of Conservation: Planning had beginning here ○ Led by Clifford Sifton, Head of Dept. of Interior, role to establish sovereignty over the west through immigration, distributing Indigenous lands to settlers, supported by RCMP) ○ Work connected to settler colonialism ○ Thomas Adams, hired to advise colonial government on planning ○ Established Town Planning Institute of Canada in 1919, comprised of a “committee of land surveyors, architects and engineers” ○ Established the crown in Canada LECTURE 4: Pre-reading: Wolfe, Gordon and Fischler (1994), pages 31-end. Reconstruction (1945-1955) ○ NHA makes changes to make more housing, repair and modernize new ones and promote planning and employment ○ CMHC is now created to implement these policies ○ Introduced direct lending to public, measures such as cost-sharing, renewal with provinces and municipalities, public housing and loans for sewage systems ○ Slum clearance project of Regent Park was one of the first ○ In 1946, CMHC founded the Community Planning Association of Canada (CPAC), an organization to promote planning ideas, provide a forum for citizens, politicians, developers, and planners to debate issues, run short courses and publish the now-defunct Community Planning Review. ○ Made money directly available for research and education, aiding the first university planning programs at McGill (1947), Manitoba (1949), UBC (1950) and Toronto (1951), through direct grants and scholarships for half the graduate students. ○ Published own academic journals ○ Ontario established the Department of Planning and Development in 1944 and revised its planning act in 1946 to establish the “official plan.” ○ In 1952, the moribund Town Planning Institute was revived, largely by a small group of Toronto planners Great Expectations (1955-1965) ○ Mass urbanization an expansion with prosperity and expansion ○ Metropolitan and regional planning put into the light ○ NHA was revised to include redevelopment of non-residential areas and the rehabilitation (rather than razing) of substandard housing. ○ Many believed that planning problems could be solved through scientific analysis and the application of objective judgement. ○ The rational model was codified and the planning professional, bolstered by the quantitative revolution in the social sciences, was portrayed as a value-neutral and efficient technocrat. ○ Local, city-based TPIC groups sprung up and evolved into regional or provincial chapters, still run by volunteers. Consolidation and Confrontation (1965-1980) ○ 300 renewal studies were made with CMHCaid. ○ About 90 renewal projects were authorized, many aimed at redevelopment of central areas for commercial or public purposes. Examples are the CBC site in Montreal, Hamilton’s Civic Square, and the St John’s waterfront. ○ Urban growth, the founding of new universities, and interest in urban planning all contributed to an explosion in university planning programs. ○ Between 1960 and 1971, nine new schools were opened: Montreal (1961), York (1968), Ryerson (1969), Saskatchewan (1969), Waterloo (1969), Queen’s (1970), Calgary (1971), Laval (1971), and Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (1971). ○ Idea of advocacy planning began to take hold, and some municipalities set up “storefront” offices to respond to citizen demands for transparency and democracy. Public participation became institutionalized in most jurisdictions. ○ The environmental movement – first popularized by the countercultural flower-power generation – was gaining ground worldwide. By 1972 Canada had passed its first environmental act, with the provinces quickly following suit. ○ In 1969 the government formed the Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) to promote diversified development in poorer regions of the country. ○ In 1973, sensing the winds of change, CMHC revised its urban renewal policies. ○ By this time, large-scale public housing had fallen into disrepute, so housing programs were refocused on rehabilitation through the Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) and the Neighbourhood Improvement Program (NIP), following Jane Jacobs’ ideas. ○ CMHC started up its first major co-operative housing program, which provided secure housing for low- and moderate-income groups while avoiding the stigma of public housing projects ○ With the co-operative housing program, the third sector (non- governmental organizations) received a tremendous boost. ○ Funding was made available for the formation of community resource organizations to furnish technical aid to groups wishing to build co-ops ○ At the same time, many municipalities created non-profit housing corporations to take advantage of the various federal and provincial programs available. ○ Gentrification was the other aspect of housing to become an issue in the 1970s. ○ Several factors, including down-zoning of inner-city area, neighbourhood improvement, weariness with the suburbs, and a rediscovery of the delights of city living, contributed to the displacement of working-class residents from inner city areas by “yuppies” (young urban professionals) ○ Historical revitalization was gaining momentum during this time Neo-Conservatism (1980-1990) ○ The 1980s also saw a great surge in what is now known as reurbanization, involving the reuse of worn-out industrial districts (brownfields), railyards, and former harbour lands for residential and other uses. ○ Ingenious redesign of industrial buildings for use as condos, offices, and shops ○ The emphasis for many planners changed to economic and social development in a desperate attempt to create jobs ○ The way planners think was affected by the changing nature of society: evolving family structures; increasing proportions of elderly, single-parent, and two-working-parent households; The special problems of immigrants and visible minorities; requirements of indigenous communities; the possibility of working from home; and implications of gender differences. Cities faced challenges to restrictive bylaws such as those banning a daycare centre in a residential zone because it is a commercial operation or those limiting the number of unrelated persons occupying a single detached house. Healthy Communities (1986) ○ The Healthy Cities movement, first conceived by UC Berkeley’s Leonard Duhl, was brought to Canada in 1986. ○ Its members recognized that a good physical environment and a supportive community do more for people’s health and well-being than most technological advances in medicine. Sustainable Development (1987) ○ Sustainable development is a broad idea, but it underpinned an important policy change, nudged along by alarming research on global warming, climatic change, the hole in the ozone layer, and other threats to planetary survival. ○ Canada established a National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, which recommended setting up focus groups to bring together industry, government, and environmentalists to develop sustainable economic policies. ○ Many planners today advocate an ecosystems approach that endeavors to embrace both, for example by using William Rees’ ecological footprint analysis. ○ The 1980s saw the maturation of the federated structure of the Institute and professionalization of its management ○ Ontario Professional Planners Institute (OPPI) was formed in 1986 from the four Ontario chapters. Neoliberalism and Globalization (1990s) ○ Reductions in the size of governments became the order of the day at all levels, with downsizing, layoffs, and retrenchment, in the name of balancing budgets ○ Unused public assets such as military bases, railway yards, harbours, and airports, were targets for divestment. ○ While entrepreneurial planning and community development – planning by negotiation – continued to be important, redevelopment agencies had to make do without the massive federal subsidies of the 1960s and 1970s ○ The neo-liberal, market-centred ideology required free movement of trade, information, and people, so international treaties became a significant context for Canadian policy-making ○ The 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement was a clear step towards the globalization of the Canadian economy. ○ Manufacturing in Central Canada lost its protective tariff wall, resulting in industrial restructuring and plant closures across Ontario and Quebec. ○ Allowed Canadian Planners to practice in US and vise versa ○ Government restructuring also extended down to the regional and local levels. Both the Conservative Ontario government and the left-leaning Parti Québécois regime launched massive local government restructuring processes. New Urbanism and Smart Growth ○ Community design emerged as an important mode of planning again in the 1990s, with the influence of New Urbanism in the USA and the Urban Villages movement in Great Britain ○ Combined Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk’s neo-traditional neighbourhoods (modeled upon pre-war garden suburbs and small towns) with Peter Calthorpe’ s regional environmentalism and transit-oriented development (TOD). ○ Out-performed conventional suburban developments on most planning indicators, so that the New Urbanist influence leaked into many suburban plans. ○ Smart Growth, which combined inner-city renewal, suburban retrofitting, regional infrastructure planning and protection of sensitive environments in rural areas. ○ The emphasis on infrastructure efficiency (“smart”) and growth management (rather than “no-growth”) made the policy package useful when working with neo-conservative state and provincial governments Indigenous Land Claims and Community Planning ○ Biggest land issue of the 90s ○ Claims issued on settlements accompanied by the adoption of large-scale regional land use and environmental plans New Technology and Climate Change ○ Cities very dependent on information, learned cities were vulnerable to disaster, internal or external (Y2K and weather related) ○ The first round of planning to address climate change included national and international efforts to moderate the growth of the greenhouse gases contributing to the problem. Progressive public agencies developed more energy-efficient buildings and adopted higher standards for resource conservation in redevelopment projects ○ A second round of planning for resilient cities emerged all too soon as a result of new weather extremes. Healthy Communities Return ○ Led to the return of the Healthy Communities movement in the new millennium ○ Conducted large-scale studies on the connection between the built environment and human health. ○ They found that automobile-dependent suburbs contributed to an obesity epidemic in adults and also among youth, who walk to school in decreasing numbers. ○ These same suburbs may be difficult environments for the aging Baby Boom generation. ○ A renewed interest in the social determinants of health (SDH) occurred Social Inequality and Human Rights (and wrongs) ○ Gentrification, housing costs become issues Canadian Urbanism ○ New Urbanism created a few new alternatives, but auto-dependent, low-density suburbs continue to dominate metropolitan growth Lecture 4: Evolution of Planning II: Post-War Modernist Planning Discuss post-WW2 Rise of Modernist planning though and practice Reactions to and critiques of modernism Political Economy Fordism-Keynesianism ○ Regime of capitalist accumulation ○ Capitalism may have some problems ○ Maybe more regulation ○ Lead to economic growth after war ○ Fordism (1940s-mid-1970s) Fordist economic bias, mass production, mass consumption Mass Production in assembly lines Mass consumption with higher-paid workers Henry Ford $5 a day to stimulate consumption ○ Paid more, buy more ○ Working class with more money ○ Unionization comes closer to practice Big corporations, Big labour, Big government Compact between them ○ Keynesianism Government managing economy Countering economic cycles; stimulating “effective demand” Spend in crisis, save in economic good time How you manage the government and spending ○ Egalitarian Liberalism Liberalism (Classical) Individualism Limited government Market rule Egalitarian Liberalism (postwar) Redistribution Government funds social provisions via progressive tax ○ Welfare State Government investment in social programs Pensions, social housing, old-age insurance, healthcare, mother’s allowances, employment insurance, social assistance, education Fell apart in the 70s ○ Suburbanization (urban fringe) ○ Decline, Urban renewal (Inner City) ○ Suburbia Car centric (Hierarchy of roads) Homeownership Euclidian (exclusionary) zoning Unmixed land use Sprawl Big box retail Urban Renewal (and slum clearance) ○ Cities growing ○ Federal program/planning approach ○ Inner-city areas classified as slums or “blighted”; as subject to redevelopment ○ Office development, highway building, public housing ○ Often displace low-income and racialized communities Modernist planning ○ Planning is modernism ○ Rational Enlightenment rationality Belief in: Reason, knowability of the world Perfectibility of the social order In the power of science and technology to guide the development of perfect, rational theory ○ Expert-led Task of experts Objective, value-neutral, apolitical Decide on the public interest Planners were experts, ordinary people’s knowledge and experience not considered relevant Theme: Contempt for the masses, contempt for democracy, authoritarian impulses Able to identify public interest ○ Comprehensive City can be understood through totality Comprehensive, including all spaces and activities of the city in a singular plan One plan will create orderly functionality, etc. ○ Clean-slate Rejection of existing cities Erasing/demolishing entire blocks, seen as irrational, disorganized, ugly Treating city as if doesn't exist and irredeemable ○ Future-orientated Rejection of past and existing cities Eliminating heritage buildings, focus on modern architecture and design Replacing old street patterns with modern and rational forms of planning ○ Top-down Focus on experts and contempt for the masses, this was a top-down approach to planning Non-democratic, not based on engaging with people or representatives of their essential goals Modernist Architecture ○ Bauhaus School (Germany, 1919-1933) ○ Against neo classical design, ornamentation ○ Clean lines, machine aesthetic flow, form follows function, beauty comes from simplicity ○ Key names: Mies Van Der Rohe, Walter Gropius ○ Everything must gave its own purpose ○ Very plain and boxy construction Le Corbusier ○ Charles-Edouard Jeanneret ○ Ville Radieuse ○ Hated existing Paris cities and replace with more modernist and straight forward architecture and planning ○ Looked good from buildings ○ Control-by-experts and anti-democratic tendencies Modernism to After Modernism ○ Shift in Political Economy ○ Shifts in Society & Culture Social movements. Activism, political change Civil rights movement (50s/60s) Feminist movement Anti-war movement Student rights Gay rights movement Labour rights movement ○ Shifts in Thoughts, ideas and Theory Reaction to Modernist Planning ○ Jane Jacobs and Life Death of Great American Cities ○ Reshaped planning thought ○ Fought against modernist renewal ○ Critique of modernist planning ○ Rationality critical of notion that city is knowable and perfectable in its entirety ○ Critical that it should solely be planners, not engaging fully in public interest ○ Critique of big city planning and smaller scale urbanization ○ Focused on saving and preserving historic and necessary buildings ○ Support for buildings and heritage preservation ○ Critical of international architecture ○ Against top down planning driven with consultation LECTURE 5: Pre-readings: Bates, L. (2018). Growth without displacement: A test for equity planning in Portland. In Krumholz, N. and Wertheim Hexter, K., Eds., Advancing Equity Planning Now. Cornell University Press, 21-43. + Loh, C. and Kim, R. (2021). Are we planning for equity? Equity goals and recommendations in local comprehensive plans. Journal of the American Planning Association. 87(2): 181-196. Portland, Oregon is known for its regionalism, integrated land-use and transportation planning, and sustainability. After four decades of land-use planning, Portland has a national and international reputation for urban livability and climate change mitigation. However, in the past decade, underrepresented and underserved communities have been demanding that planners address issues of income and racial inequality. In response, Portland's Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS) has adopted an equity strategy with a racial justice focus. Portland's planning has evolved from the Portland Plan, which was the 2009 citywide strategic plan that first articulated the equity framework, to the ongoing comprehensive land-use plan that addresses equitable development without displacement. These planner-community venues are spaces of both conflict and collaboration. Communities are building their capacity to speak the technical language of planning to demand more from city policymakers and to advocate for equity planning at the planning commission and city council. Planners are gaining the language and analytic approach to develop equity policies. Through relationships with community advocates, planners are more assured of political support for their equity work. The path from setting an equity goal to developing a comprehensive land-use plan and to beginning to implement anti-displacement policies has not been a straight or quick one. Equity is often de-emphasized: Despite social equity being a core planning goal alongside economic and environmental goals, many plans do not prioritize it. Some plans disguise equity goals as efficiency or economic benefits. Most plans lack equity focus: A content analysis of 48 local comprehensive plans revealed that fewer than half mention equity at all. Many plans do not include race and income in their demographic analysis. Specific equity issues are often overlooked: Only 42% of plans include a goal that mentions affordable, workforce, or fair share housing, and less than a quarter mention equitable environmental protection. Factors influencing stronger equity orientation: ○ Newer plans tend to have a stronger equity focus. ○ Plans in communities with more planning capacity show a stronger equity orientation. ○ Coastal communities' plans are more likely to focus on equity. ○ Plans with strong public participation processes have stronger equity orientations. Recommendations for practice: ○ Plans should make equity a guiding principle. ○ Planning processes should be multifaceted. ○ Plans should identify vulnerable people and geographic areas. ○ Plans should ensure equitable protection from hazards and equitable distribution of amenities. ○ Future land use changes should be more transparent. Land use planning is redistributive: It allocates public resources and arranges land uses in ways that have costs and benefits, thus the task is to make that redistribution more equitable. The study's limitations: The study had a small sample size of 48 plans in a single state, coding was partly conducted by volunteers, and the study only examined plan content, not existing conditions or outcomes. In conclusion, the study suggests that while equity is a stated goal in planning, it is often not prioritized in practice. The authors provide recommendations for how to improve the emphasis on equity in local comprehensive plans Lecture 5: Advocacy and Equity Planning GOALS Advocacy Planning (60s-70s) Equity Planning (70s) Contemporary Equity Planning Advocacy Planning Paul Davidoff Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning Foundation for advocacy planning Era of modernism and protest in the streets, standing up to injustice Now time to act, time to take action Things changing all around him Promote racial equality and justice in planning Critique of modernist planning, specifically rational comprehensive planning, was frustrated because of this New spirit of this era that was reflective of this Urban renewal and slum clearance during this time Planners destroying people’s communities and seeing disasters, people fighting back, same issues Confronted strictly physical city, rationalized by slums and sided with real estate interests Claimed themselves a position of technocratic (technical methods) superiority over protesting communities Belief that planning should take the side of the citizens and of that of the people Planners seen as having a sort of superiority “Make an omelette, break a few eggs” - Moses Seen as a way of getting work done and as necessity Advocated for disadvantaged groups and minorities and use skills and power to work politically to assist the disadvantaged and marginalized Planner would go to disadvantaged areas and work with people to come up with alternative plans to work on behalf of the people of these communities Core arguments ○ Critical of idea of a value-free, neutral, apolitical planner Modernist believed only done by experts Said to not be done just from value of neutrality Most engage in debate and understand that they are political in their nature ○ Critical of technocratic planning How you distribute resources Can’t simply be technical, understand people and engage in debates Seen as profound and against established planning ○ The Public interest determined by politics and not science, planning is inherently political Not just one interest ○ Against purely physical focus that was found in planning, asks of social, political and economic questions of who gets what, when, why and how? ○ Critical of unitary plans Proposing that instead of a comprehensive plans, it was called a unitary plan Create meaningful alternatives that represent the views of different communities of which one benefits the most Represents democracy more than anything Professional support of how planning should be developed ○ Generally, not all voices were represented in planning and not elevating those who already have a strong say BASIC PILLARS of MODERNISM (PROBABLY LONG ANSWER OR M/C) ○ Rational ○ Expert-led ○ Comprehensive ○ Clean-slate ○ Future-orientated ○ Top-down Planner plays role of advocate Works with clients and groups to prepare alternatives Liaison between under-represented groups; city hall Organizations ○ Architects Renewal Committee of Harlem (disbanded and community did work for their own) ○ Urban Planning Aids of Boston ○ Community Design Centre of San Francisco Planners were still of a “certain demographic” and some didn't believe they gave a proper voice on their behalf Cooper Square, NYC ○1959 ○Urban renewal area by Robert Moses ○Demolish impacting 2400 families and single men living in hotels ○Lots of resistance lead by Frances Goldin and residents ○Found the 93% displaced would not be able to afford the new housing on the site, not equitable ○ First community plan in the US ○ Committee and Waler Thabit create the Alternative Plan Minimize displacement and people who need to leave during development Staged development Prioritize existing tenants ○ Adopted in 71 ○ Housing defunded; pivoted to preserve and rehab ○ Gentrification occurs in 80s: Pivoted to Community Land Trust and co-op and upgrading the existing area ○ Properties privately owned with affordable housing that still exists in the middle of Manhattan Community Land Trust: Organization with a social purpose holds it for a specific goal, Parkdale in Toronto a good example Might do it for conservation, heritage and donate to first nations Advocacy planning dies after 60s, shift in 80s, equity falls off agenda, not fossilized, continues to change with conditions, spirit promoted contemporary movements such as ○ Environmental justice and community land trust Equity Planning Align with progressive politics work with Carl Stokes (first black mayor) Norman Krumholz was Chief Planner in Cleveland Inspired by Davidoff: planning is political and should be drive by equity Equity planners: Those who redistribute power, resources or participation away from local elites and towards poor, working class city residents Allocating resources who need it most (robin hood) Worked with social justice oriented planners The Cleveland plan was not an ideal future with maps, transit routes, etc. Focused on one goal, give priority to the task of promoting a wider range of choices for groups of individuals who have limited options and choices Lots of achievement with this new focus ○ Achievements Transit (regionalized and cheaper, getting better service for people) Land banking (city hold foreclosed property for use) Anti-displacement (blocked development of a freeway like Jacobs) Preventing privatization of public utility (Water, electric) Regional planning in 5 counties Neighbourhood-based planning ○ Critiques Planner still centre and have heroic planner to help people Society unequal Krumholz: Equity planning today, questioned himself of whether was successful, some places still have it and arguably worse in some places Some believe this era has come and gone Contemporary Equity Planning Loh/Kim (2021): Equity is a goal widely supported by planning authorities today Planners should seek social justice Expand choice and opportunity for all persons, recognizing a special responsibility to plan or the needs of the disadvantaged and to promote racial and economic integration CIP ○ Adopted DEI road map ○ Statement of values ○ Embraces principles associated with equity ○ Respect needs of future ○ Value environments ○ Respect diversity ○ Balance community and individual needs ○ Foster public participation and seek to articulate the needs of those whose interests who have yet to be represented Despite accepting value of equity, when looking at existing comprehensive plans, it is not at the forefront Equity may be relevant in: ○ Public participation ○ Environmental considerations/hazards (some may be more at risk for things than others) ○ Community facilities (where they are located can have uneven impact) ○ Transportation (who is disadvantaged because of this) ○ Housing (who can and cannot afford it) Tree Equity ○ Associated with socio demographic characteristics ○ Trees bring positive impacts

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