HVAC Technical Information PDF

**HVAC** General - **Critical Temperature** = temperature above where gas cannot be liquified - **Indirect Condensing Dry Cooling tower** = steam is condensed by cold water jet - **Chiller** = For removing heat in water - **Geyser** = Spring that shoot hot water and steam - *...

**HVAC** General - **Critical Temperature** = temperature above where gas cannot be liquified - **Indirect Condensing Dry Cooling tower** = steam is condensed by cold water jet - **Chiller** = For removing heat in water - **Geyser** = Spring that shoot hot water and steam - **Water Cooled Condenser** = for high-capacity refrigerator - **Sling psychrometer** = wet and dry bulb thermometer mounted on strip of metal - **Cleanliness factor** = Actual/Ideal Heat transfer coefficient - **Turndown Ratio** = max/min mass steam flow contained in desuperheater - **Fouling Factor** = represent theoretical resistance due to clogging - **Dry bulb Temperature** = for sensible heat - **Wet bulb temperature** = total heat and latent heat - **Hidden heat** -- latent heat - **Partial Pressure Actual Dew Point** -- - **Saturation Ratio** -- Percent humidity - **Clean air** -- wick should be saturated with air - **Advection** -- transfer of air in horizontal motion - **SUPERHEATING THE REFRIGERANT** - Increase condenser heat rejected - [Decrease mass flow rate] - **SUPERHEATING THE REFRIGERANT WITHOUT USEFUL COOLING** - Increase compressor power - Decrease COP - NO effect in Refrigerating effect - **SUBCOOLING THE REFRIGERANT** - Increase refrigerating effect - Decrease mass flow rate - NO effect in specific volume - **Increasing Vaporizing Temperature** - Increase COP - Decrease temperature difference in evaporator and compressor - **INCREASE PRESSURE DROP IN CONDENSER** - Increase HEAT REJECTED - Decrease mass flow rate - NO effect in compressor power - **INCREASE PRESSURE DROP IN EVAPORATOR** - Increase HEAT REJECTED - Decrease COP - **INCREASE CONDENSER PRESSURE** - Increase moisture content after expansion - **DECREASE CONDENSER PRESSURE** - Decrease heat rejected - **LOWERING CONDENSER PRESSURE RANKINE** - Decrease heat rejected - **INCREASE BOILER PRESSURE RANKINE** - Decrease heat rejected - **INCREASE BOILER PRESSURE** - Decrease heat rejected - **Above -2 C = temperature to avoid freezing** - **3.8 m/s = recommended speed for horizontal suction line to carry oil** - **3 to 11 C = temperature difference of cooler and chiller** - **1/16 in = power seat width of spray valve** - **0.18% - percentage of water in evaporation loss** Ammonia System - **Litmus Paper and Sulfur Stick** -- Checking leak in Ammonia - **White Smoke** -- product of ammonia and Sulfur stick - **Color Blue** -- product of ammonia and litmus paper - **Oil Gauge** -- closed except when checking oil level - **Iron** -- material of ammonia system - **Purging Done**- bubbling sound of air into crackling sound of ammonia - **Bucket of Water** -- purge into bucket of water to prevent fumes as it absorbs ammonia effectively - **Hot-Gas defrost** -- cross over connection to melt ice built up in evaporator - **Relief Valve** -- in compressor head, OPEN WHEN HIGH SUCTION PRESSURE - **Scale Trap** -- King Valve & expansion Valve - **Purge Valve** -- Highest part of system - **Thermal expansion Valve** -- solenoid valve & evaporator - **Diaphragm and Bellow Type** -- Thermal Expansion Valves - **Solenoid Valve** -- temperature-controlled stop valve, adjust the flow in expansion valve, commonly between thermal expansion valve and evaporator (Magnetic Stop Valve) - **Solenoid Valve** -- Discharge of compressor directly to suction. OPEN WHEN HIGH DISCHARGE PRESSURE - **Oil Separator** -- Compressor Discharge, only compressor needs oil the rest don't - **Charging Valve** -- King Valve & Solenoid Valve - **Receiver** -- store refrigerant - **Dehydrator** -receiver and expansion valve, dry out moist that pass through the receiver, when adding refrigerant Freon System - **Thermostats**- Bimetal Type, temperature-operated switch - **Expansion Valve** -- Receiver and Evaporator - **Expansion Valve bypass** -- control refrigerant incase the automatic valve fail - **Thermal expansion valve** -- control quantity of liquid refrigerant going to evaporator coils - **solenoid coil** -- vertically above the valve - **single packed stop valve** -- Loosen the packing before opening - **Evaporator** -- greatest decrease in refrigerant, Absorb Latent heat of evaporation - **Pre-cooler** -- condenser and expansion valve - **Service Valve** -- NOT in outlet of condenser - **Low Side Float** -- Require large amounts of refrigerant - **Low Side Float** -- Eliminates flash gas - - **Ground Joint** -- if no gaskets are used - **Crushed Ice** -- Testing of Thermostatic Valve - **Cylinder Unloader** - open the suction valve and draw out gas then return it from the suction line to prevent unnecessary compression typically when the demand is low - **Bulb of Thermal Expansion Valve** -- evaporator coil outlet to sense superheat temperature - **Zinc Rods** -- Also called sacrificial anode, found in salt-water side of condenser to prevent corrosion of other materials - **Double-trunk piston** - multi-functional component - **Asbestos& Metallic** -- Gasket material in Freon system - **Pressure & Temperature** -- Two dials on one gauge - **Color Green** -- Halide torch in Freon Leak - **Soapsuds Solution** -- Large Leaks - **Relief Valve on CO2 Machine** -- compressor & discharge valve - **Diffuser Fans** -- Circulate air in icebox - **Manual Expansion Valve** -- substitute for Thermal Expansion Valve - **Sweating** -- Too much Oil - **Slugging** -- Expansion Valve Malfunction so Liquid enters compressor (Flooding back) - **Bellows**- Operate Low-Pressure cutout switch - **Low-Pressure Cutout Switch** -- stop compressor if solenoid valve closed by accident - **Pressure Controller** - Low-Pressure Control and High-Pressure Cutout - **High Superheat** -- Expansion Valve closed too much - **Activated Alumina** -- Dehydrating Agent - **Stuck Low-Pressure Switch** -- compressor runs continuously - **Low Suction Pressure** -- Solenoid Valve malfunction - **Calcium Chloride and Sodium Chloride** -- Agent for indirect refrigeration system, they are less toxic - **Relay thermostat** -- heavy electrical current involves - **Pump Down 1 or 2 lbs. pressure** -- Freon System Repair - **King Valve Closed** -- Charging Freon - **Solenoid Valve**- shut off when any electrically controlled device malfunction, controlled by temp in icebox - **Hand Pump** -- used in adding oil (air should be remove when adding oil) - **Sterile Mineral Oil** -- use if freon get into eyes - **Double seated valve** -- packed in the wide open or closed position - **Weight** -- measurement of freon in cylinder - **Head Pressure** -- Discharge Pressure - **Discharge valve leaking** - NOT CAUSE of short cycle - **Spring** -- open and close compressor valves - **Electrical release**- close the solenoid valve if compressor trip out on cut out - **Strain-dryer** -- for removing reusable refrigerant - **Charging side of system** -- excess refrigerant removal - **Temperature bulb of thermos**-expansion valve-- attached at evaporator coil outlet - **Suction pressure regulating valve** -- maintains back pressure in the evaporator coils - **temperature bulb of a solenoid** -- attached at wall of the icebox - **Brine freezing** - Specific gravity of brine is too low - **Cooling water regulator** -- discharge pressure - **Single Trunk Piston Type** -- Lubricant Mixes with refrigerant - **Suction Pressure Switch** -- Pressure on Bellows - **Suction Control Switch** -- Pressure Element - **Re-expansion** -- Suction and Discharge Valve are closed - **Operated in Short Spurt** -- NONE - **Reactor Plate** -- Halidetorch Operation - **Cold Diffuser** -- Evaporator - **Copper Tubing** -- Less internal Resistance - **Expansion Valve Frozen** -- dirt - **Moisture in system** -- Faulty expansion valve - **Distiller** -- NOT ESSENTIAL in Compressor - **Hot Gas Defrostig** -- Defrostig without raising temperature above 32F - **Compartmentttttt**- Solenoid - **Tubing Joint** -- silver soldered - **Starting Refrigration unit** -- water side is vented - **PH Analysis** -- immediately after taken - **Metering device** -- meter refrigerant - **Refrigeration** -- Heat rejects to little or no difference - **Indirect open spray system --** secondnary coolant - **CPVC** -- pipe for hot water in pressurize system - **Absorber** -- solution is cooled by cooling water - **Double Shell** -- NOT a type of water cooled condenser - **Shell and Tube** -- NOT part of air cooled condenser - **Plenum** -- space above ceiling shall not be included in calculation - **Desuperheating Coils**- increase the capacity of condenser - **Methyl chloride --** NOT CONTACT with aluminum zinc and magnesium - **Halogenated refrigerant --** NOT CONTACT with magnesium - Flooded refrigeration system - only part of the circulated refrigerant is evaporated - Flooded evaporator - arranged with a tank or a single drum (accumulator) located above the coil so that the inside of the evaporator is full of refrigerant - steam supply - manipulated variable - Freeze-up - ice formation on a refrigeration system - Analyzer - pressure vessel mounted above the generator - Rectifier - condenses a small part of the vapor leaving the bubble column and returns it as a liquid to the top of baffle plate. - Frigorific mixture - mixture of ice and salt. - Vacuum refrigerant -refrigerant that exists as a liquid under normal atmospheric pressure - Halogenated refrigerants - developed since about 1925 to overcome the irritating or toxic effects of refrigerants - Check valve - fluid to pass through in one direction - Fog -- saturated air - Centrifugal chiller - 2000 TR chiller - Automatic Valve - equipped with either a throttling plug, V-port, or rotating ball - **5 to15 F -- discharge pressure of compressor** - **20 F below -- suction pressure of compressor** - **90% - volume of receiver if T=90 F** - **700F** - Temperature needed to withstand by duct - **3 months -- cooling water side condenser inspection** - **6 month -- cleaning of condenser** - **30 Mins** -- IDHL escape - **-46 C -- Temperature for Cascade Refrigeration** - **1 % - rule of thumb, decrease of compressor for per 3-degree drop** - **¼ - air flow cannot be reduced by ¼ of the maximum in air duct system with several spaces** - **Less than 1 -- COP of absorption refrigeration system** - **2 to 4% - COP improves for each C the evaporating temperature is raised** - **10% - bypass factor for large commercial units** - **7000 grains -- 1 lb** - **Drift -- water loss carried by air** - **50 -- 70% cooling efficiency** - **5 to 6 F -- water in Force draft towers** - **Rating Factor -- difficulty in cooling** - 450 -- 1140 - "U‟ values for mild steel jacket - Refrigerants - **10 to 20 F -- Meat and Fish** - **35 to 45 F -- vegetable** - **30 to 40 F -- dairy** - **CO2 -- lowest boiling point** - **-22F -- Freon 12 boiling point** - **-110F -- CO boiling point** - **-28F -- NH3 boiling point** - **Secondary Refrigerant -- flash point above 150F** - **R502** -- dominant inn commercial - **R22** -- refrigerant of choice - **Hygrometer** - psychometer - **F-11 -- common in centrifugal compressor/ Boiling point NOT 200F** - **F-12 -- common in reciprocating compressor / Doesn't use DUPLEX** - **Straight Mineral Oil** -- used in refrigeration system - **CO2 Disadvantage** -- difficult to condense when water temperature is too high - **Extra heavy Construction** -- If critical temperature is too close to the desired condensing temperature - **Good Refrigerant** -- high latent heat - **4 method of proper refrigerant** - Bull's-eye, weight, pressure and frost line - **Zeotropic** -- blend that comprises multiple components of different volatile - **CARRENE** -- Refrigerant - **Upright** -- position of refrigerant tank to keep pressure relief AIRCONDITIONING - **10 C -- temperature that is painful to s**kin **THERMODYNAMICS** - **Froude number** - phenomena with a free surface - **Mach number**- phenomena involving compressible - **Weber number** - phenomena involving surface tension - **Reynolds number** - phenomena involving a fully submerged body - **Gibbs Theorem** = total property is the sum of individual - **Fanno Line --** Heat Transfer is neglected, stagnation enthalpy - **Reyleigh Line --** Heat addition more on mass and momentum - **Willian Line --** in fuel consumption and load - **The Heisenberg uncertainty principle** - product of the error in the measured determination of a particle's position and its momentum is of the order of Planck's constant - **Brownian motion** = particle in fluid will randomly move due to statistical collision - **Le chatelier's principle** = pure compound is composed of same elements in definite proportion by mass - **Van der Waals** - three roots of identical - **Clapeyron's equation** - two phases are in equilibrium - **Beattie-Bridgeman -- less than 0.8 critical density** - **Henry's law** - Solubility of a gas in a liquid - **Amagat's law** -- partial volume - **quanta of electromagnetic theory** -- EXCEPT XRAY - **Stefan-boltzmann law** -- 4^th^ power - **Planck's Law** -- Radiation depends on temperature - **Kirchhoff's law** -- equilibrium - **Law of definite proportion** -- pure compounds composed of same elements by definite proportion - **Faradays Law** - conductor and magnetic field move relatively to each other - **Clay peyyon** - change of state when water and water vapor are involved - **Kelvin -- Planck's law** - heat engine - **Catalyst** = lower activation energy - **Equilibrium constant** = relationship between concentration of product and reactant - **Joule Coefficient zero** = Isothermal - **VAV box** -- difference in static pressure - **Liquid Absorbent** -- Ethylene Glycol - **Farehnheit -- Gabriel 1720** - **Celsius -- Ander 1740** - **Kelvin** -- Planck's law - **Critical Temperature** -- temperature gas cannot liquified - **stream function** - conversation of mass **POWER CYCLE** - **Low Injection pressure** = loss power - **Metal Edge Filter** = Filtering elements is replaceable - **Two stroke engine** = 4 events take place in one revolution - **Cross Flow Heat Exchanger** = Regenerator - **Radiographic testing** = use xray in boiler - **Blowoff** -- Lowest part , No LOSS IS IMPOSIBBLE - **Water Tube boiler** -- POWER PLANT - **Globe valve** -- throttle steam line - **Dirty Boiler Tubes** -- stack gas temperature higher than normal - **Spalling** -- combustion chamber - **Prevent Scale formation** -- chemically treating feed water - **Knocking noise in steam** **line** -- Condensation in the line - **Flooded evaporator using accumulator and float valve**- flash gas passes directly into the suction line - **Deaerator --** open heater - **Aerator --** remove CO2 - **Desuperheater** - attemperator - **Magnesium hydroxide --** absorb silica from water - **Passout turbine --** extract steam for process heating - **Back pressure turbine -** driving pumps, fans, and other auxiliaries. Also for desalination of sear water - **Recuperator** -- heat exchanger in erricson - **induced draft fans -** Foot of the stack - **Once-through boiler -** drum less boiler. Also for critical pressure - **Specific yield -** volume of water which will drain freely from the aquifer - **Flume -** open channel erected on a surface above the ground - **Turbo charging --** aircraft and automotive - **Engine** **Indicator** - used to record the cylinder pressure of an engine and piston travel in an X-Y graph - **Indicator** **diagram** - to detect or determine leaky piston packing, sticking piston - **Tare** **Weight** - effective weight of the brake arm when the brake band is loose. - Deluge system - employing open sprinklers attached to a piping system connected to a water supply - Separator - dry the air - Refractory - Prevent excessive furnace heat losses - Thermostatic - Balance pressure traps - thermodynamic steam traps - operate by holding back condensate until it has cooled - mechanical steam traps- operate by sensing condensate temperature - Unfired pressure vessel - indirect application of heat - **2 to 6% -** speed regulation for most turbine-generators - 2% - hydrostatic test on an existing power boiler - 55000 to 63000 - A.S.M.E. Boiler code for boiler shells - 2130 mm - boilers minimum height - **20 to 150 psig -** extraction pressure of Poppet valves of steam turbine - **0.04%** - percent of turbine needed of pump - **Power boiler = more than 1.055kg/cm2** - **Low Pressure Boiler -- less than 1.055kg/cm2** - **197 C -- temperature of feedwater if there is NO deaerating heaters** - **620 C -- present highest steam temperature** - **0.6 m/sec - maximum velocity in a sewer flowing full** **Gas turbine** - **1200- 1290 C =Gas entering the expander** - **540 -- 590 C = exhaust Temperature** - **650 -- 1000 C = air entering the turbine** - **1700 K = max temperature by metallurgical** - **50 -- 75 %= back work ratio** - **75% = regeneration efficiency** - **42% = aeroderivative thermal efficiency** - **34 -- 36 % = heavy duty thermal efficiency** - **38-38.5% = full load efficiency heavy duty** - **240 -- 250 kg/s = heavy duty exhaust flow rate per 100 MW** - **10 MW = gas turbine preferred combustion engine** - **100-200 MW = large unit gas turbine** - **30 MW = small unit gas turbine** - **40MW = aeroderivative turbine** - **5-8 = compression ratio by VOLUME Gas turbine** - **11-16 = compression ratio by PRESSURE Gas turbine** - **14 -15 = heavy duty pressure ratio** - **16-18 = heavy duty volume compression ratio** - **19-16 = aeroderivative pressure ratio** - **3 to 4 expandable range = combustion turbine** - **Open combustion** = engine for turbojet and turboprop - **Single Shaft** = heavy duty - **Open Cycle Type** = Aircraft gas turbine - **Simple Open cycle** = least weight per bhp **Fuels And Combustion** - **Orsat Apparatus** = volume analysis - **Scavenging** = blowing the exhaust product out with the air fuel mixture - **Gums Resins Acids** = product of lubricant when burned - **Alcogas** = mixture of alcohol and gasoline - **Coal Gas** = obtained from destructive distillation of soft coal - **Gas oil** = residual oil left after distillation of gasoline and kerosene from crude oil. Used as diesel fuel - **Watergas** = mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide made by passing steam over hot coke. - **Gas Scrubbing** = removing impurities in gas by bubbling - **Soot** = finely divided carbon deposit by the smoke - **Inert gas** = non-reactive rare gas, noble gases - **Bottom Ash** = ash that removed from the combustor after fuel is burn - **Hydrogen** -- produce by combustion NOT in flue gas - **Clinker** -- melted fused ash, hard material - **Steam** -- heat fuel oil in storage tank - **Metal Edge filter** -- filter is replaceable - **Pinging noise** -- late timing - **Stick Valve** -- defective spring - **Vapor Lock**- partial stoppage of fuel supply - **Flash point** -- fuels emit vapor - **Hot spots** -- heavy function of fuels are vaporized - **Morse Test** -- Multiple cylinder - **Pony Brake** -- testing of small engines - **Clog Point** -- temperature where paraffin and waxes start precipitating - **Feeler Gauge** -- measuring clearance of valve and tappet - **Speedometer** -- front wheel - **Odometer** -- distance measurement - **Soft water** -- fill the radiator - **DC series Motor** -- self-starting motor - **Removed piston ring** -- before removing piston - **Cylinder head gasket** -- exhaust gas leakage - **Latex** -- milky juice of rubber - **Cross** **wire** **grooves** -- absorb shocks - **Lift** -- distance between base circle and nose in cam - **Dirt** **or** **Gum** -- produce smoky black exhaust - **Oil** **pan** -- attached to the bottom of cylinder block - **Wheelbase** -- distance between front and rear - **Laminated** **glass** -- sandwich layer - **Choke** **valve** -- regulate air gasoline vapor - **Pressure** **recovery** **factor** -- diffuser ability to increase pressure - **Straight** **and** **additives** -- classification of lubricating oil - **Octane** **number** -- anti knock characteristic - **Cetane** **number** - Diesel engine fuel is rated - **Secondary** **air** -- controls the rate of combustion - **ASTM** **coal** -- proximate analysis - **Lignite** -- highest ash content - **Petroleum** -- ethyl alcohol - **Cetane** **number** -- rate the diesel engine - **Graphite** -- coal after anthracite - **Lignite** - lowest grade coal - Also known as brown coal - **Fisher** **tropsch** -- coal liquification - **Common** **rail** **injection** - use single pump supplies fuel under high pressure to a fuel header - **Dry** **sump** **lubrication** **system** - oil is carried to a separate storage tank - **Ethyl** **nitrate** - ignition delay can be minimized - **insufficient** **oxygen** -- incomplete combustion - **absence** **of** **air** -- producing coke - **Piston seizure** - Binding of the piston and the cylinder wall - **Piston scoring** - Grooves in the cylinder wall or piston - Pour point - temperature at which cooled oil will just flow under specific test conditions - Cloud point - oils, when cooled, may become plastic solids - Dispersants - dispersing sludge, soot, and deposit precursors - Corrosion inhibitors - prevent attack on sensitive bearing metals - Detergents - prevent corrosion by neutralizing combustion by product acids - Rust inhibitors - prevent attack on iron and steel surfaces by condensed moisture and acidic corrosion products - Defoamants - allow air to break away easily from the oil. - Friction modifiers - reducing friction at rubbing surfaces - **moisture** **content** - 105⁰C for a period of 1 hour - **volatile** **matter** **and** **moisture** - 950⁰C and 7 minutes - **2-54 -- H in CH** - **1-26 -- C in CH** - **Paraffin -- alkane CnH2n+2** - **Naphthenes and olefins -- Alkene CnH2n** - **Diolefins - alkyne CnH2n-2** - **Asphaltic -- Alkadienes CnH2n-4** - **Aromatic Hydrocarbon -- Arene CnH2n-6** - **Gases -- 1 to 4 carbon** - **Volatile Light oil -- 5 to 15 carbon** - **Heavy oil -- 16 to 26 carbon** - **95-100 % - Scavenging efficiency efficiency 4 stroke** - **75 to 90 % - volumetric efficiency** - **30 A/F -- during idling** - **49 C -- flash point for diesel fuel oil** - **800-1000 F-- Ignition of Fuel** - **20 -- 25 % - percent of fuel converted to useful work** - **90 % - efficiency of hydraulic braking system** - **25 A -- current of starting motor** - **1% - discharge of automobile battery in dry weather** - **2- 3 mm -- clearance of release bearing and collar to prevent dragging** - **2 to 5 degree -- King Pin inclination** - **60 -80rpm -- minimum cranking speed in petrol engine** - **SAE 80 -- most viscous** - **2500 km -- Change of engine oil** - **Inline engine -- 1 4 3 2 or 13 4 2** - **Opposed engine -- 1432** - **250 psi - Air pressure in starting diesel engine** - **\ - Low head axial flow turbine - propeller- type reaction turbine with both adjustable guide vanes and runner blades - **Reaction turbine** = reverse centrifugal turbine - **Propeller Turbine** --High discharge - **Impulse Turbine** -- For High head. Steam striking blades at zero angle - **Francis Turbine** - wicket gate regulates speed. - Inward flow reaction - typical spiral casing where water enters the runner radially - **Parson Turbine** - degree of reaction of ½ - **Deriaz turbine** - diagonal flow - **Pelton Wheel** - water is made to fall on the blades or buckets - Submersible pump -- a vertical turbine pump and motor closed couple, use for underground - 1000 psi -Plunger pumps - Aquifier -- underground formation - Wet pit -- a timber, concrete enclosure - Stuffing box -- a means of throttling the leakage occur at point of entry - 2000 PSI -- traditional reciprocating pumps with piston and rod - Scroll compressor - product of computer-aided manufacturing and precision machining. replacements for reciprocating compressors - 1200 -- 1800 rpm -- force draft fan - Natural Draft -- cause by fluid pressure difference created by heat of flue has - Induced Draft -- pressure rise created by fan - Balance system -- available draft is zero - Deliquescant dryer -- absorb moisture in dessicant - **6.4 m** - avoid vaporation in the pipe line - **4-5 m/s** - water flowing through concrete tunnel - **Runaway speed** = maximum speed of the turbine under no and no governing action - **Orifice** - With closed perimeter and of regular form through which water flows - **Orifice** - measure the discharge of outflow from a vessel - **Weir** - Having partially full flow - **One -- third** -- max power when head loss is 1/3 - **Same** -- pelton, banki , jonval - **Same** -- Fourneyron, francis, kaplanm - **Equipotential line** - Exists in case of rotational flows - **Uniform flow** -- number of particles is the same - **Stead flow** -- velocity is the same - Propeller Turbine -- Ns \< 220, 15-100 ft, - Impulse -- Ns\ - a diverging tube fitted at the exit of a turbine\'s runner into the tailwater - used to utilize the kinetic energy available with water at the exit of the runner - **Detention dam** -- store flood water - **Dead** **storage** - lowest portion to storage basin from where water is not drawn - **Penstock efficiency** - effective head to the gross head - **Hydraulic efficiency** - head utilized to the effective head - **Drawdown** - static water level minus operating water level - **Headwater -** refers to water in the reservoir - **jet's** **minimum** **diameter** -- location of vena contract - **Positive** **displacement** **meters & Dynamometer**-- NOT INDIRECT (SECONDARY) METHODS TO MEASURE FLOW - **Subsonic airfoils** -- NOT IN FROUDE NUMBER SIMILARITY - **Closed-pipe turbulent** -- NOT IN FROUDE NUMBER SIMILARITY - **Seaplane hulls** -- NOT IN REYNOLD'S NUMBER SIMILARITY - **Torricelli\'s equation** - NOT A SIMILARITY BETWEEN A SUBMERGED CULVERT AND A SIPHON - **Steady flow** - stagnation enthalpy of a fluid remains constant - **coefficient of velocity** -friction and turbulence - **Expansion factors** - Effects of compressibility - **D'Alembert's paradox** - NO RESISTANCE TO BODIES MOVING THROUGH AN IDEAL (NON VISCOUS) FLUIDS - **Interchange any two power leads** - to change the direction of rotation of a 440-volt, 3-phase induction motor Nuclear - Einstein Law = mass is lost and converted to energy in fusion - Fast Reactor -- employs fast or high energy neutrons and no moderators - Thermal reactor -- utilize slow moving neutrons Solar - 1.354 kW - Solar energy arrives at the outside of the earth's atmosphere - 40 to 70 % - percent of solar energy survives absorption and reflection - Evacuated tube collectors - complex but their efficiencies are higher. ALSO extremely hot transfer fluid is needed - 0.95 to 0.97 - shading factor in calculating the heat absorbed - Trough electric system - Distributed collector system. ALSO 10 to 15 % thermal efficiencies and 200 MW - Power tower system - Central receiver system. ALSO 15 -- 20 % thermal efficiencies and 100 to 300 MW - dish engine system - ALSO 24 to 28 % thermal efficiencies - Moderator - slows down the fast neutrons that are born during the fission process - Control Rods - boron coated steel rods are used to regulate the rate of fission chain reaction - Spring tide - maximum tidal range MACHINE FOUNDATION AND CHIMNEY - Other - 1:200 = general layout plan - 1: sqrt 2 = width to length ratio of standard sheet drawings - 3000 mm = height from floor to ceiling for machine room - Tail rod = extension of piston rod - Type A sprocket = no hub - Chain guard = fixed mounted or movable hood guards covering the length of run of power chain - Crawler Chain = boom type mobile crane - Hoist= raising and lowering loads - Jib = horizontal arm for supporting trolley or fall block - One hand signal close palm = stop in crane movement - Two hand signals holding = hoist - Buffer = stop a descending car or counterweight - 11.9 = minimum factor safety for suspension wire rod - Class A = ordinary combustible - - Acetylene = orange - Gage = determine tolerance required - Hobbing = process of making molds for plastic and die casting - Everdur = copper-silicon alloy - 30% drop ultimate strength -- temperature rises 400 -500s TOOLS AND MEASUREMENT - **Anemometer** -- velocity of wind - **Pitot** **tube** -- for pipe of diameter 3000 mm - **Mcleod** **gage** -- Charles law - **Beaufort** **scale** - Wind speed - **Electrostatic** **Precipitator** - air pollution control device that works by electrically charging the particles of fly ash in the flue gas - **Dynamometer** - instrument for determining brake power - **Atmometer** - measuring evaporation - **Fadometer** - testing the resistance of materials to fading - **Hysometer** - determination of the boiling point of water for estimating the altitude - **Hygrometer** - measure the humidity in the air - **Hydrometer** - measure the specific gravity or relative humidity of liquids - **Hygrograph** - clockwork operated device which records continuously the humidity of the atmosphere - **Isotron** - separating isotopes by electrical sorting of their ions - **Spring** **balance** - determination of the specific gravity of a substance by weighing it in air and in water - **steam** **calorimeter** - measure the quality of steam - **aerovane** - measure the density of gases - **Aerator** - used for mixing air with other fluids - **air** **nozzle** - supplies air to an air injection system - **Flowmeter** - measuring pressure, flow velocity and discharge rate of a fluid flowing in a conduit - **Kampometer** - measuring radiant energy especially in the thermal region - **Katharometer** - determination of the composition of the gas mixture by measuring variations in the thermal conductivity - **Kapnometer** - determination of the concentration of solid or liquid particles dispersed in a gas, such as the density of smoke in fog - **Tensiometer** - measuring the surface tension of a liquid - **Telemeter** - measuring various quantities at a distance - **Tensimeter** - determination of the transition point by measuring the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the two modifications become equal - **Tachometer** - measuring the revolutions per minute - Cathetometer - measure vertical distances or displacements - Chronoscope - measuring very short time intervals - Engler distillation - determination of the boiling range of petroleum - Relay - pass an information in an unchanged form or in some modified form - Transducer - receives information in the form of one or more physical quantities, modifies the information and or its form if required and produces a resultant output signal. - engine indicator -- measure Steam cylinder pressure - Rotameter - measure the flow rate of fluids consisting of a vertical passage with variable cross-sectional area, a float and a calibrated scale - Salimeter - Density of brine - Ebb current A table with different colors Description automatically generated