Physiology LC1 Introduction To Human Physiology PDF

For these tissues and organ systems to function properly and thus allow humans to live COURSE OUTLINE and carry out daily activities, se...

For these tissues and organ systems to function properly and thus allow humans to live COURSE OUTLINE and carry out daily activities, several general conditions must be met. First and foremost, the I. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN cells within the body must survive. PHYSIOLOGY Once cell survival is ensured, the cell can then II. INTRODUCTION TO UNIVERSAL perform its designated or specialized function HEALTH CARE (e.g., contraction by skeletal muscle cells). A. Introduction Ultimately, the function of cells, tissues, and A.1. The Philippines and its organs must be coordinated and regulated. Health System Physiology explains the function of the human A.1.1. Geographic body as a complex process at multiple levels in Characteristics order to achieve homeostasis. A.1.2. Government and Humans inhabit many different environments Politics and often move between environments. The A.1.3. Socio-economic body must be able to rapidly adapt to the Situation challenges imposed by changes in ambient temperature and availability of food and water. B. Action Agenda 1: Bawat Pilipino Adaptation requires coordination of the ramdam ang kalusugan function of cells in different tissues and organs C. Action Agenda 2: Ligtas, as well as their regulation. Nervous and dekalidad, at mapagkalingang endocrine systems coordinate and regulate serbisyo cell, tissue, and organ function. D. Action Agenda 3: Teknolohiya para sa mabilis na serbisyo The science of human physiology attempts to E. Action Agenda 4: Handa sa krisis explain the human body that make it a living being F. Action Agenda 5: Pag-iwas sa (Koeppen B, & Stanton,B., 2018) sakit G. Action Agenda 6: Ginhawa ng isip Physiology answers the question: How are at damdamin the separate organs and systems H. Action Agenda 7: Kapakanan at coordinated to maintain proper function of karapatan ng health workers the entire body? I. Action Agenda 8: Proteksyon sa anumang pandemiya Physiology is the link between the basic sciences and medicine LABORATORY I. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY The great beauty of physiology is that it A. Chemical Level integrates the individual functions of all the A.1. Subatomic particles body’s different cells, tissues, and organs into a A.2. Atoms functional whole , the human body. A.3. Molecules How the different cells, tissues, and organs of B. Cellular Level the human body work together to maintain life. B.1 Cell Physiology conveys the majesty of the human Organelle body and its many functions C. Tissue Level It shows that the human body is much more D. Organ Level than the sum of its parts, and life relies upon E. Organ System this total function, not just on the function of F. Organismal Level individual body parts in isolation from the others. - In order to diagnose, we must identify what is wrong or what is not normal. I. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY Physiology explains the function of the human body as a complex process at Why do we seek food when we are hungry? multiple levels in order to achieve What triggers our fear and instinctively seeks HOMEOSTASIS. refuge? Why do we automatically seek warmth when we feel cold? What forces cause us to Humans, inhibit many different environments seek fellowship and to reproduce? What keeps and often move between environments the us alive? body must be able to rapidly adapt to the - The fact that we are sensing, feeling, challenges imposed by changes in ambient and knowledgeable beings is part of temperature and availability of food and water this autonomic sequence of life. These Adaptation requires coordination of the function special attributes allow us to exist of cells in different tissues and organs as well under widely varying conditions. as the regulation, nervous and endocrine The human body consists of billions of cells systems coordinate and regulate cell, tissue that are organized into tissues (e.g., muscle, and organ function. cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and reproductive). BATCH 2028 1B 1 PHYSIOLOGY LB 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. AGDEPPA, A. 08/05/2024 B. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS II. INTRODUCTION TO UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE Ph operates under presidential system wherein the President serves as both the head of the In 2019, the Philippine health sector achieved a state and the head of the government; the historic milestone by passing the Universal legislative, executive and judiciary branches Healthcare (UHC) Law, a landmark legislation The president presides over the executive that guarantees accessibility of quality branches and appoints cabinet members to healthcare for all Filipinos. lead various government agencies which are The pandemic has highlighted the critical organized into cabinet clusters. importance of a robust and adaptive healthcare The DOH falls under the Social Development system Cluster and is overseen by a Secretary who is The lessons from this pandemic have appointed by the President. reinforced our resolve to create a more resilient Healthcare provision was devolved to local and responsive healthcare system government units (LGUS) through the Long Term aspirations expressed in Ambisyon enactment of the Republic Act 7160, or the Natin 2040; a collective vision of a matatag, Local Government Code of 1991. maginhawa ar panatag na buhay para sa lahat. Philippine Development Plan (PDP) C. REPUBLIC ACT 7160 2023-2028 articulating the country’s call for deep and fundamental transformation in all Healthcare service provision was devolved sectors, socio economic, institutional and to local government units (LGUs) economical. LGUs manage the provincial or district public The Department of Health developed National hospitals, health centers or rural health units Objectives for Health (NOH) 2023-2028 (RHUs) and barangay health stations articulated through the 8-point Action Agenda. The responsibility for public hospital service excluding hospitals retained by the DOG was The 8-Point Action Agenda are divided into transferred to city and provincial governments. three sections Primary care delivery was delegated to cities and municipalities. 1. Para sa bawat Pilipino; ensuring that Community-based service delivery involves every Filipino achieves the highest level of BHS stafted by barangay healthcare workers health by providing safe, high-quality and and midwives. patient-centered services, utilizing modern The DOH is responsible for formulating policies technology for efficient service delivery. and establishing standards for healthcare that 2. Para sa bawat Komunidad; empowering govern local health system development. communities and addressing determinants Program directions and service delivery. of health through health promotion, LGUs were granted a larger portion of national preparing them for rises and fostering revenues mandated by full devolution of health mental health and well-being, ensuring that services. every community thrives in the face of - Due to the delegation of responsibility of challenges healthcare provision to the LGUs, the 3. Para sa bawat healthcare worker at growth and development of a healthcare institutions against the threat of future institution will vary depending on the pandemics. budget or allocations made by the local and provincial level. These action points will guide our efforts and - However, there are some hospitals that the mobilize all stakeholders to work hard and in hand DOH is still managing, i.e. Mariano marcos in achieving our shared objectives. Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, Baguio General Hospital, Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center and many more (Health Facility Development Bureau III. THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS HEALTH - Department of Health) SYSTEM D. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATIONS A. GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS The Philippines is categorized as a lower-middle income economy according to Philippine archipelago is situated within the the World bank Income Group classification of Southeast Asian region - extensive biodiversity. 2021. Geographically located in the Pacific Ocean The nation’s healthcare system comprises both near the equator, the country is composed of public and private healthcare providers. three primary island groups of approximately In 2021, the poverty rate in the Philippines was 7641 islands in a unique geographical layout reported at 18.1% equating to nearly 20 million that presents significant challenges for Filipinos living below the poverty threshold of infrastructure development, healthcare supply roughly Php 12,030.00 per month for a family chains and distributions and interregional of five. (PSA, 2021) communication networks. BATCH 2028 1B 2 PHYSIOLOGY LB 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. AGDEPPA, A. 08/05/2024 Figure 4: Strategy Map for the 8-Point Action Agenda Figure 1: Poverty Incidence Among Populations, 2021 (Philippine Statistics Authority Press Release 2022) - There is an increase in the incidence of poverty along areas/ regions farther away from NCR. Mostly regions in the southern Philippines, i.e. Mindanao. Figure 5: Primary Health Care Components, WHO PARA SA BAWAT PILIPINO (1-3) Ensuring that every Filipino achieves the highest health by providing safe, high-quality and patient-centered services, utilizing modern technology for efficient service delivery. Figure 2: Summary of Select Health Outcomes ACTION AGENDA 1: BAWAT PILIPINO (NOH 2017-2022) RAMDAM ANG KALUSUGAN (Every filipino experience health and - The Philippines aimed to target the well-being) following (rightmost) by the end of 2022, however, by the end of 2022, was only Mainstream and strengthen the primary able to hit the target for slowing down TB health care approach, ensuring that every incidence and stunting. Filipino has access to comprehensive health services without experiencing financial hardship. To achieve this, the Action Agenda 1: Bawat Pilipino Ramdam ang Kalusugan, will be operationalized through the following four strategic interventions: 1.1. Ensure Access to Primary Health Care Services; 1.2.Strengthening the Primary Care Provider Network (PCPN) and Health Care Provider Network; 1.3.Ensuring every Filipino is registered to a Primary Care Provider (PCP); and 1.4 Boosting national and local financing for primary Figure 3: Top burden of Disease in the Philippines care. (FHSIS & PSA 2023) - There is no change in the top diseases from decades back and now. BATCH 2028 1B 3 PHYSIOLOGY LB 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. AGDEPPA, A. 08/05/2024 ACTION AGENDA 2: LIGTAS DEKALIDAD, implementation of healthy public policies AT MAPAGKALINGANG SERBISYO and enhancement of health literacy (Safe, high-quality, and people-centered services) Action Agenda 5, will be operationalized through the following 2-strategic interventions Ensure the provision of high-quality, safe, 5.1. Enabling adoption of healthy behaviors of the and people-centered services, which include seven priority areas of the Health Promotion access to affordable medicines, across the Framework Strategy. life stages. 5.2. Strengthening intersectoral action and health promotion governance at all levels. Agenda 2 will be operationalized through the following three strategic interventions: 2.1.Ensure delivery of comprehensive and ACTION AGENDA 6: GINHAWA NG ISIP AT integrated health and nutrition services across DAMDAMIN all levels of care; (Mental health and overall well-being) 2.2.Implement mechanisms for commodity availability and affordability; Enhance Filipinos’ well-being and ensure 2.3.Adopt an agile regulatory framework to support quality mental health services. providers in underserved areas. 6.1.Improving access to health services for mental, ACTION AGENDA 3: TEKNOLOHIYA PARA neurological and substance use (MNS) SA MABILIS NA SERBISYONG disorders health services. 6.2. Integrating client-focused approaches towards PANGKALUSUGAN holistic care (Technology for efficient health service 6.3. Institutionalizing Enhanced Treatment Program delivery) for outpatient services for drug users. Leverage digital health and technology for efficient and accessible health service delivery. PARA SA BAWAT HEALTH WORKER AT 3.1.Increase efficiency and productivity in service INSTITUSYON (7-8) delivery by harnessing digital health technologies. 3.2.Streamlining administrative processes and data management in the DOH and the health ACTION AGENDA 7: KAPAKANAN AT sector through digital information. KARAPATAN NG HEALTH 3.3.Improving benefit payment processing through (Advancement and protection of health leveraging data services and innovative worker’s right and well-being) technologies. 3.4.Engaging the private sector in digitalization Prioritizing health care workers’ welfare and initiatives in health. rights, and strengthening our health institutions against the threat of pandemics. Action 7: Kapakanan at karapatan ng health PARA SA BAWAT KOMUNIDAD (4-6) workers (advancement and protection of health workers’ rights and well-being) will be ACTION AGENDA 4: HANDA SA KRISIS operationalized through the following three strategic (Ready for health crises and emergencies) interventions: 7.1. Increasing availability of health workers to Ensure a responsive and resilient health health facilities, institutions, and communities; system and communities that can effectively 7.2. Strengthening capacities of health workers to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover deliver health quality services; from public health emergencies and crises. 7.3. Improving working conditions of healthcare workers at all levels of the health care system. Operationalized through the following strategic interventions: 4.1. Strengthening the climate resilience and ACTION AGENDA 8: PROTEKSYON SA environmental sustainability of health care ANUMANG PANDEMYA facilities. (Protection against any pandemics) 4.2 Advancing capability to manage large-scale emergencies Strengthen health systems and structures to prevent, manage, and recover from disease outbreaks and potential pandemics. ACTION AGENDA 5: PAG-IWAS SA SAKIT (Disease prevention and health promotion ) 8.1.Strengthening disease surveillance and epidemic response. Address determinants of health and improve healthy behaviors through the 8.2.Institutionalization of the Philippine Health promotion of health-enabling settings, Laboratory System. BATCH 2028 1B 4 PHYSIOLOGY LB 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. AGDEPPA, A. 08/05/2024 I. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY A. CHEMICAL LEVEL Subatomic particles - self-contained units of matter or energy that are fundamental constituents of all matter (protons, neutron and electrons) Atoms - combination of subatomic particles (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium and iron) Molecules - combination of two or more atoms (water molecules, nitrogen, calcium and iron) ○ The chemical building blocks of all structures B. CELLULAR LEVEL Cells - smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism Organelle - highly organized physical Figure 1: Hierarchical level of organization of the structures or functioning units of a cell human body from smallest chemical level to the largest organismal level. (med.libretexts.org) C. TISSUE LEVEL Tissue - group of multiple similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Reference(s): D. ORGAN LEVEL APA Format Organ - a group of tissues that work together Department of Health. National Objectives for Health. to perform a specific function. https://doh.gov.ph/uhc/national-objectives/ E. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Hall, J.F. (2016). Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology. (13th ed.). ELSEVIER. Organ System - a group of organs that work together to perform major functions to meet Koeppen, B. & Samson, B. (2018). Berne & Levy Physiology (7th physiological needs of the body. ed.) Philadelphia (PA):Elsevier. Health Facility Development Bureau. Health Facilities of the DOH. F. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL https://sites.google.com/view/doh-hfdb/facilities Organism - composed of many organ systems working together harmoniously to perform different functions. II. HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Subatomic particles Atoms Molecules Cells (organelles Tissue Organ Organ Systems Organism BATCH 2028 1B 5