Physiological Psychology PDF

Physiological Psychology Midterms Reviewer INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PSYCHOLOGY ​ the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life ​ it is a subdivision of...

Physiological Psychology Midterms Reviewer INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGICAL NEUROPLASTICITY PSYCHOLOGY ​ the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life ​ it is a subdivision of neuroscience that studies the neural mechanisms of SUB-FIELDS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY perception, affect, cognition, and behavior. ​ Neuroanatomy - study of the structure ​ takes an empirical and practical of the nervous system approach when studying the brain and ​ Neurochemistry - study if identities, human behavior structures, and functions of compounds ​ refers as psychobiology, behavioral that modulate the nervous system biology, or behavioral neuroscience ​ Neurophysiology - studies nervous system function rather than nervous THE CASE OF JIMMIE G. (biological system architecture regression vs psychological regression) ​ Neuropharmacology - drugs for the ​ Psychological regression is a nervous system to develop compounds psychological trauma that reverts back to benefit humans with disease to old habits (childish mannerisms) or ​ Neuroendocrinology - study of how the thinks is younger in extreme cases nervous system controls hormone ​ Biological regression is a physical secretion trauma that causes on to revert back ​ Neuropathology - study of nervous into thinking hes younger system disorders KORSAKOFF SYNDROME 6 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY has long term memories but no short term ​ Physiological Psychology - studies memories and is usually caused by alcoholism neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brain THREE THEMES OF… (basically how the body affects psychology with no manipulation) CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ​ Psychopharmacology - manipulation ​ Effects on healthcare, treatments, or of neural activity and behavior with medical practices drugs ​ Neuropsychology - study of EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES psychological effects of brain damage in ​ the study of behaviour, thought, and humans feeling as viewed through the lens of ​ Psychophysiology - studies the evolutionary biology relation between physiological activity DCMS | 1  and psychological processes (basically ​ it is comprised of somatic and how manipulations to the body affect autonomic nervous system psychology) ​ Cognitive Neuroscience - study the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM neural bases of cognition, refers to a higher intellectual thought processes ​ part of the PNS that interacts with the such as thought, memory, and external environment perceptual processes ​ controls all voluntary muscular systems ​ Comparative Psychology - Compares within the body, and the process of the behavior of different species to voluntary reflex arcs understand the evolution, genetics, and ​ it is composed of afferent and efferent adaptiveness of behavior nerves ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AFFERENT NERVES ​ responsible for carrying sensory signals ​ carries signals from the senses to the CNS e.g getting slapped and the senses travels to the nervous system EFFERENT NERVES ​ responsible for processing the information and responds to the information ​ carries information away from the CNS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) e.g after getting slapped, the brain processes the information thus feels pain ​ is the division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ​ CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and ​ part of the PNS that regulates the body’s coordinates and influences activity of all internal environment parts of the body ​ it also has afferent and efferent nerves ​ anything internal within your body is the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) autonomic while the somantic is everything external ​ division located outside the skull and ​ has two kinds of efferent nerves: spine sympathetic nerves and ​ the main function of the PNS is to parasympathetic nerves connect the CNS to the limbs and e.g your autonomic nervous is the one that tells organs and vice versa u that the slap hurts ​ served as the highway of your body and acts as the relay system 2 SYMPATHETIC NERVES brain from moving). and lastly, the pia ​ controls your “fight-or-flight” response mater PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES LAYERS OF THE SKULL ​ these are three membranes that ​ skin envelope the brain and spinal cord ​ skull ​ protects CNS from trauma injury by ​ dura mater acting as a shock absorber ​ arachnoid membrane ​ consists of the outer meninx or dura ​ sub arachnoid (where the CSF is matter. inside the dura matter is the fune located) arachnoid membrane (prevents the ​ blood brain barrier brain from moving). and lastly, the pia ​ pia mater matter ​ brain MENINGES CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ​ it fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain ​ the cerebral ventricles are the four large internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle ​ allows the brain to float in the skull ​ provides nutrients to the brain ​ softens impact of the brain BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ​ the brain is a finely tuned electrochemical organ whose function can be severely disturbed by the introduction of certain kinds of chemicals ​ it is to protect the brain from these harmful chemicals, the blood barrier is ​ these are three membranes that there envelope the brain and spinal cord ​ made of tightly packed tissues and ​ protects CNS from trauma injury by blood vessels in an x form acting as a shock absorber ​ consists of the outer meninx or dura HYDROCEPHALUS matter. Inside the dura mater is the fune ​ Too much water in the brain. arachnoid membrane (prevents the 3  AXON ​ is where the electrical impulses travel away from the neuron to be received by other neurons NEURONS TERMINAL BUTTONS ​ are located at the end of the neuron and INTRODUCTION are responsible for sending the signal Neurons are information messengers. they use on to other neurons. electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit SYNAPSES ​ Synapses are spaces or gaps that are STRUCTURE OF NEURON present between the adjacent neurons. These spaces are present between the axon of one neuron and the cell body or the dendrite of the next neuron INTERNAL PARTS OF THE NEURON DENDRITES ​ receives input from many other neurons and carry them to the cell body CELL MEMBRANE ​ control the movement of substances in and out of the cell NUCLEUS ​ It is the central area where all the NEURON CELL BODY neuronal protein synthesis takes place ​ contains genetic information, maintains The nucleus contains the genetic the neuron's structure, and provides material that helps in the ribosomal RNA energy to drive activities synthesis process. MYELIN SHEATH MITOCHONDRIA ​ allows electrical impulses to transmit ​ This provides metabolites to neurons. quickly and efficiently Basically, the powerhouse of the cell. ​ makes sures that no electrical impulses are lost ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 4  ​ It produces proteins and fats for the rest of the cell to function Consists of Rough ER and Smooth ER ​ the site of the production of protein, not the one making it CYTOPLASM CLASSES OF NEURONS ​ It composes the bulk of cellular material and provides a suspension medium for organelles and free-floating molecules RIBOSOMES ​ It is the site of protein synthesis In the cell. It is located in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. ​ makes proteins GOLGI COMPLEX ​ protects the fats and proteins by packaging them to safely transport to UNIPOLAR NEURON other organs ​ has one process extending from its ​ This prepares proteins and lipid (fat) body. this only occurs as a sensory molecules for use in other places inside neuron and outside the cell. BIPOLAR NEURON MICROTUBULES ​ has more complex sensations like ​ transmitters are stored here and proprioception (knowing where the body transferred to other neurons parts are) ​ These are used to transport substances ​ has two processes extending from its to different parts of the cell. cell body. also responsible for sensory transmission SYNAPTIC VESICLES ​ It plays the central role in synaptic MULTIPOLAR NEURON transmission. They are regarded as key ​ Most common neuron organelles involved in synaptic functions ​ has more than two processes extending such as uptake, storage and from its cell body stimulus-dependent release of ​ CNS is mostly made up of multipolar neurotransmitter neuron ​ can interpret dreams, thoughts, etc. There are multiple types of neural structures in the nervous system. The body bundles cell 5 bodies together and separately bundles axons neurons by removing excess potassium together. In the CNS, bundled cell bodies are ions, and recycling neurotransmitters called nuclei, meanwhile it is called ganglia in released during synaptic transmission. the PNS. Bundled axons are called tracts in CNS while it is called nerves in the PNS SCHWANN CELLS ​ provides a similar function to oligodendrocytes but in the PNS. They also have the ability to clean cellular GLIAL CELLS debris and allow axon regeneration. ​ There aren't only neurons in the CNS, NEURON CELL MEMBRANE there are about as many glial cells as ​ is composed of a lipid bilayer neurons CHANNEL PROTEINS FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS ​ allows certain molecules to pass ​ to surround neurons and hold them in through place ​ to supply nutrients and oxygen to SIGNAL PROTEINS neurons ​ transfer a signal to the inside of the ​ to insulate one neuron from another neuron when particular molecules bind ​ to destroy pathogens and remove dead to them on the outside of the membrane neurons. TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS OLIGODENDROCYTES ​ Are glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system. It forms the myelin sheath that provides Insulation. MICROGLIA ​ are specialized macrophages that are smaller than other glial cells-thus their cells DIRECTIONS OF THE BRAIN ASTROCYTES ANTERIOR ​ are the most abundant type of microglial ​ means towards the nose cell in the CNS have numerous projections that link neurons to their POSTERIOR blood supply while forming the ​ means toward the tail blood-brain barrier. They regulate the ​ these same directions are sometimes external chemical environment of referred to as ro 6  substance) and the red nucleus are both FIVE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN important components of the sensorimotor system. MYELENCEPHALON ​ also known as the Medulla ​ responsible for the regulation of vital organs such as heartbeat and respiration METENCEPHALON ​ Reticular formation extends towards this part of the brain. The bulges made by it DIENCEPHALON are called pons. ​ The diencephalon acts as a primary ​ Pons handles unconscious processes relay and processing center for sensory and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle Information and autonomic control and breathing. ​ Its composed of two structures the ​ The other major part of metencephalon thalamus and the hypothalamus is cerebellum. The cerebellum is the ​ The most understood part of the large, convoluted structure on the brain thalamus are the sensory relay stem. It is an important sensorimotor nuclei-nuclei that receive signals from structure; cerebellar damage eliminates sensory receptors, process them, and the ability to precisely control one's then transmit: them te the appropriate movements and to adapt them to areas of sensory cortex changing conditions. ​ Meanwhile hypothalamus main function is to keep your body in a stable state MESENCEPHALON called homeostasis It does its job by ​ The mesencephalon, like the directly influencing your autonomic metencephalon, has two divisions. They nervous system or by managing are called tectum and tegmentum. hormones. ​ Tectum controls eye movements, approach, and avoidance movements. TELENCEPHALON ​ Tegmentum contains three colorful ​ The telencephalon, the largest division structures of particular interest, the of the human brain, mediates the brain's periaqueductal! gray, the substantia most complex functions It initiates nigra, and the red nucleus voluntary movement, interprets sensory ​ The periaqueductal gray is the gray input, and mediates complex cognitive matter situated around the cerebral processes such as learning, speaking, aqueduct, it is of special interest and problem solving. because of its role in mediating the ​ This is where the cerebral cortex can be analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of ploid found. drugs. The substantia nigra (black 7 ​ It is divided into frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe ○​ Frontal Lobe has two distinct functions. It controls the motor function and performs complex cognitive functions such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assessing the significance of the behavior of others ○​ Parietal Lobe play roles in perceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention. ○​ Occipital Lobe analyzes visual input. ○​ Temporal Lobe has three general functions. It is involved in hearing and language, identification of complex visual patterns, and is important for certain kinds of memory. 8