Physiology 1 and 5 Notes PDF

**[Chapter 1]** 1. Define physiology. Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts 2. List the levels of organization from atoms through organism. Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism 3. Define homeostasis. Wh...

**[Chapter 1]** 1. Define physiology. Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts 2. List the levels of organization from atoms through organism. Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism 3. Define homeostasis. What happens when homeostasis fails? The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the internal and/or external environment; disease & sickness occur when homeostasis is disturbed for prolonged periods; homeostasis is a dynamic steady state, not equilibrium 4. Compare negative feedback, positive feedback, and feedforward control. Give an example of each. Negative feedback: A process that reverses a change to bring a system back to its set point. Helps maintain homeostasis **[Chapter 5]** 1. Explain how the body can be in osmotic equilibrium but electrical and chemical disequilibrium. 2. Create a map to compare simple diffusion, protein-mediated transport, and vesicular transport across membranes. A diagram of a protein medicated - **Simple Diffusion**: - Mechanism: Passive; molecules move down their concentration gradient. - Example: Oxygen and carbon dioxide crossing the lipid bilayer. - No energy or proteins required. - **Protein-Mediated Transport**: - Includes facilitated diffusion, active transport, and ion channels. - Facilitated Diffusion: Passive; uses carrier proteins (e.g., glucose transporters). - Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP); moves molecules against their gradient (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺ pump); can be direct or indirect - Channels: Allow specific ions to pass (e.g., voltage-gated Na⁺ channels). Passive due to electrochemical gradient, not ATP - **Vesicular Transport**: - Mechanism: Active; involves vesicles. - Types: Exocytosis (e.g., neurotransmitter release), endocytosis (e.g., LDL uptake), and phagocytosis. - Energy required for vesicle formation and movement. 3. Compare movement through channels to movement on facilitated diffusion and active transport carriers. a. Passive movement of ions or water. b. Selectivity based on size and charge. c. Fast, allowing many ions to pass simultaneously. d. Passive; binds specific molecules. e. Slower than channels; undergoes conformational changes for each molecule. f. Example: GLUT transporters. g. Requires ATP or another energy source. h. Moves molecules against their gradient. i. Example: Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump. (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)  A diagram of a transport carrier Description automatically generated 4. Apply the principles of specificity, competition, and saturation to carrier-mediated transport. 5. Explain how changes in ion permeability change membrane potential, giving examples. - **Membrane Potential**: Determined by the permeability of ions and their concentration gradients; potential difference = difference between ICF and ECF - **Increased Na⁺ Permeability**: Depolarizes the membrane (e.g., during the action potential's rising phase). - **Increased K⁺ Permeability**: Repolarizes the membrane (e.g., during the action potential's falling phase). - **Decreased Cl⁻ Permeability**: May depolarize the membrane if chloride\'s equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential.  A diagram of a cell membrane Description automatically generated