Global Warming: Science and Impacts PDF

Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 1. glacier retreat the process where a glacier loses ice mass and its ter- minus (the end of the glacier) moves back from its pre- vious position...

Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 1. glacier retreat the process where a glacier loses ice mass and its ter- minus (the end of the glacier) moves back from its pre- vious position. This phenomenon occurs when the rate of ice melting and sublimation (the process where ice turns directly into water vapor) exceeds the rate of ice accumulation from snowfall. 2. mitigation the action of reducing the severity or seriousness of cli- mate change ex: hydropower, regulations, solar and wind power (reducing ghg) 3. adaptation adjustments and changes made to manage the impacts of climate change and reduce vulnerability to its effects. ex: flood defenses, water conservation 4. IPPC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 195 mem- ber countries, no original research, consensus about every word published 5. Drivers of sea thermometric, greenland, glaciers, land water storage, levels rising ocean dynamics, and GIA (glacial isostatic adjustment, gradual movement of earths crust) 6. SSP Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. SSPs are scenarios used in climate change research to explore and analyze potential future developments in society and their impacts on climate change and its mitigation and adaptation. SPP 1-1.9 is the best scenario, 5-8.5 is the worst 7. CMIP coupled model inter-comparison project - 33 modeling groups in 16 countries 8. carbon sinks Something that takes up more carbon dioxide than it produces e.g. Plants, oceans. 1 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 9. RCP Representative Concentration Pathways, scenarios used in climate change research to project future greenhouse gas concentrations and their impacts on the climate. 10. energy Energy is the ability of a system to perform work or produce heat. It can be transferred between objects or converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. Measured in juoles (J) 11. radiative forcing change in the energy balance of earths atmosphere, change in energy flux. A measure of the influence that a factor (such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, or land use changes) has on the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in Earth's atmosphere. 12. photosphere the visible surface of the Sun, from which most of the Sun's light that we see is emitted. It is the layer of the Sun's atmosphere that is directly visible to the human eye and is the boundary between the Sun's interior and the outer layers. 13. convective zone a layer within the Sun's interior where heat is transferred by convection. 14. wavelength » the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase on a wave, such as two adjacent peaks or troughs. measured in meters (m) or nanometers (nm) 15. Wien's Displace- the relationship between the temperature of an object ment Law and the wavelength at which it emits the max amount of radiation max = b/T » b constant = 3 mm/K - the higher the T, the shorter »peak 16. Stefan Bollzman relationship between the temperature of an object and the Law amount of energy it emits F=Ã T^4 Ã= 5.67x 10^-8 w/ m^2K^4 T = temp of the blackbody 2 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 17. Sunspots temporary, dark regions on the Sun's photosphere that are caused by intense magnetic activity. They appear darker than their surroundings because they are cooler 18. Temperature in a measure of thermal energy where 0 K represents ab- Kelvin solute zero, the point at which atomic motion ceases. 19. the solar con- the amount of solar energy received per unit area at the stant outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, It represents the average flux of solar radiation received on a surface 20. light energy = radiation what? 21. frequency the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, cycles per sec, Hertz (Hz) 22. if an object ab- it emits radiation at the same frequencies sorbs radiation, what does it emit? 23. blackbodies an idealized physical object that absorbs all incident radi- ation and re-emits it perfectly, Earth in an example. they absorb and emit energy at all frequencies. Blackbody radiation follows Planck's law (it is determined by the temperature alone) 24. Layer model conceptual framework used to describe and analyze vari- ous systems by dividing them into distinct layers or levels, can show how the climate works 25. Radiation 3 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. Travels without a medium, radiation is an energetic wave, the only way that energy can travel through space 26. OLR Outgoing long wave radiation. the infrared radiation emit- ted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere back into space, incoming is short. 27. electromagnetic surface of the earth is electromagnetic, polarized (positive and negative charges). 28. Vibrational ener- Atoms in a molecule are connected by chemical bonds gy that behave like springs, allowing the atoms to vibrate. - Sunlight comes in with the right frequency it excites the spring in the material, this vibration causes that surface to have temperature. 29. How does - When something intercepts light energy, the magnetic electromagnetic field of the molecule responds, causing the molecule to (light) energy vibrate. get transferred - Thus the light energy has been turned into vibrational to molecules in energy at the molecule gases, liquids, - The vibrational energy is quantified by temperature. and solids? - This is a two way street: molecules release the vibra- tional energy back as electromagnetic energy at the same frequency as it was absorbed. - This emitted energy is typically at a much lower frequen- cy, than the income light frequency. 30. Kirchhoff law Kirchhoff's Current Law is based on the principle of con- servation of electric charge. It states that the total current entering a junction (or node) in an electrical circuit must equal the total current leaving the junction. 31. T/F, the sun and True, if an object is not a perfect blackbody then it will both earth are perfect absorb and emit IMperfectly (value from 0-1). blackbodies but the atmosphere is not 4 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 32. Is a space blan- Opposite of a blackbody, because it is designed to reflect ket an example of almost all of the radiation that a blackbody would absorb a blackbody, why and emit. or why not? 33. Earth albedo - Earths albedo = 30% - Albedo is a term used to describe how much sunlight (solar radiation) is reflected by a surface. For Earth, the Earth's albedo refers to the fraction of incoming sunlight that is reflected back into space by the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and clouds. - high albedo surfaces = snow and ice (reflect most of the sunlight) - low albedo surfaces = oceans and forests (absorbs more sunlight, and reflects less) 34. Grey earth - it does not reflect or emit radiation perfectly (unlike a blackbody, which absorbs and emits all radiation perfect- ly). - A grey body emits a fraction of the radiation predicted by the blackbody radiation model. 35. why do models They simplified representations used to understand plan- that use a black etary energy balance, but they often predict a planet rock and gray that's too cold compared to reality because they ignore rock earth, too or oversimplify important mechanisms, especially Earth's cold? atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. - atmosphere traps heat and sends it back to earths surface. 36. Why is the ideal- - It includes the atmosphere, not treating the earth like a ized greenhouse blackbody model so com- - the atmosphere releases air in all directions plex? 37. what elements CO2, CH4, O3 are changing due to human activi- ties? 5 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 38. Why can O2 and O2 and N2 have no electrical dipole movement (due N2 interact with to their symmetry), which allows them to interact with atmospheres ra- atmosphere's radiation diation? 39. How do mol- via vibrations of bonds ecules interact with radiation? 40. What is re- dipole movement is required quired for mole- cules to absorb radiation? 41. Band Saturation band saturation describes the point at which adding more of a gas does not significantly increase radiation absorp- tion in its core wavelength range but can still affect nearby wavelengths through broadening. 42. What is earth's 6370 km radius? 43. What decreas- Density and pressure es exponentially with altitude? 44. What are the four Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere zone of the at- mosphere in or- der from bottom to top? 45. What is the com- Nitrogen - 78% position of the at- Oxygen - 21% mosphere? Carbon dioxide -.038% Argon -.934% 46. What is a resting A resting dipole refers to the permanent separation of dipole? positive and negative charges within a molecule, even 6 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 when the molecule is not being disturbed by external forces. 47. Why do major - They need a resting dipole components not - Charged molecules interact with radiation by vibrating interact with ra- - For a molecule to effectively absorb and emit radiation, diation? there must be a mechanism that allows the molecule to couple with the electric field of the radiation. 48. Do O2 and N2 No have a resting di- pole? 49. Does H2O have a Yes resting dipole? 50. Does CO2 have a depends on the mode of vibration, resting dipole? 51. Since molecules Molecules vibrates at specific frequencies and hence will vibrate at spe- absorb (and emit) specific wavelengths of radiation cific frequencies, what does that mean for absorp- tion? 52. What is a minor CO2, even thought it is a minor constituent of the atmos- part of the at- phere, it's a major player of Earth's energy balance mosphere but is a major player of 7 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 the Earth's ener- gy balance? 53. Emmissivity E - tells you what fraction of the remaining radiation is absorbed and re-admitted - tells us how much radiation leads to heat - most solids and liquids have an E = 1 - gases (esp ghg) have E greater than 1 54. What percentage open ocean = 6% reflected of incoming ra- grass = 25% reflected diation is re- fresh snow = 80% reflected flected for open clouds = 0 - 80% reflected ocean, grass, fresh snow, and clouds 55. What are the - 23% reflected by clouds and atmosphere percentages for - 7% reflected by earth's surface incoming short- - 23% absorbed in the atmosphere wave lengths re- - 47% absorbed by the surface flected and ab- sorbed? 56. What are the per- - 8% emitted by clouds centages for out- - 5% emitted from atm going long wave - 5% convection radiation? - 25% evaporation - 12% atmospheric window - back radiation (ghg) 100% back to surface 8 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 57. layer model def a simplified representation to change variable within the environment - 58. greenhouse ef- - The greenhouse effect in a layer model refers to the fect process by which certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat, leading to an increase in temperature within the layers of the atmosphere and at the Earth's surface. This model helps visualize how different atmospheric layers in- teract with incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation. 59. infrared radia- a type of radiant energy that's invisible to human eyes but tion def that we can feel as heat. All objects in the universe emit some level of IR radiation, but two of the most obvious sources are the sun and fire. 60. The outflow of The outflow of infrared radiation energy from a planet IR energy from must balance heating from the sun a planet must balance heating from the ______? 61. What does the Absorption of outgoing infrared radiation light by the at- absorption of mosphere warms the surface of the planet, as the planet outgoing IR light strives to balance its energy budget by the atmos- phere do? 9 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 62. def of energy Earth's energy budget refers to the accounting of all in- budget coming and outgoing energy in the Earth system, which is essential for understanding the planet's climate and tem- perature. It represents the balance between the energy received from the sun and the energy emitted back into space. 63. concentration the number of molecules within some volume def - the difficulty this raises for gases in the atmosphere is that there are fewer molecule per volume overall as the gas expands. 64. mixing ratio def - used to describe the proportion of a specific compoe- nent in a mixture of gases - the mixing ratio of a gas is numerically equal to the pressure exerted by the gas 65. atmospheric The atmospheric window refers to specific wavelength window def ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum where the Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent to certain types of radiation, particularly infrared radiation. In these windows, radiation can pass through the atmosphere with minimal absorption or scattering, allowing it to reach the Earth's surface or escape into space. 66. band saturation - A greenhouse gas at relatively high concentration like def Co2 will be less effective, molecule per molecule, than a dilute gas like methane. - a phenomenon that occurs when the atmosphere ab- sorbs all radiation in a specific frequency band - Band saturation occurs when the absorption of radiation by a substance at specific wavelengths reaches a limit due to high concentrations of absorbing species. 67. When do gases Gases absorb/emit IR light if they vibrate at the frquency absorb/emit in- of the light, and if its vibration has a dipole moment that frared radiation? affects the electric field. - O2 and N2 are not ghg - all molecules of three or more atoms are IR active 10 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 68. Under what A greenhouse gas has a stronger impact on the radiative circumstances balance of the earth if it interacts with light in the middle does a ghg have of the earthlight spectrum a stronger impact on the radiative balance of the earth? 69. Are methane and Yes they both are, methane is less saturated and less nitrous oxide a abundant in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide is less abun- ghg? dant than methane. 70. In regards to at- The sphere is warmest to the sun, after the solar radiation mospheric rota- is redistributed as outgoing long wave radiation, it travels tion, what does a in both directions to the other side of the sphere. See sphere look like picture with no rotation? 71. In regards to at- Near the equator is the warmest, coldest at the poles, and mospheric rota- radiation travels through both sides of the equator and tion, what does a both poles. See picture sphere look like with a slow rota- tion? 72. In regards to at- Near the equator is the warmest, coldest at the poles, mospheric rota- but there is more going on with hadley, ferrel, and polar tion, what does a cells. The Coriolis effects causes moving air and water sphere look like to turn and twist rather than move in straight lines like with a fast rota- the slow and no rotation. In the Northern Hemisphere this tion? results in winds moving to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left. 11 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 73. what are hadley - Hadley cells are large-scale atmospheric circulation pat- cells terns that occur in the tropics and play a significant role in the Earth's climate system. - formed by the heating of air at the equator - as the air rises, it moves towards the pole 74. What are ferrel - Ferrel cells are another type of large-scale atmospheric cells circulation pattern, situated between the Hadley cells and the polar cells. - air moves in general west to east direction 75. What are polar - Polar cells are large-scale atmospheric circulation pat- cells terns located at the poles, specifically between about 60 degrees latitude and the North or South Pole. - They are formed as cold air descends at the poles, this cold air is dense leading to high pressure systems at the poles. - Air moves from the poles towards the equator at the surface - interact with ferrel and hadley cells 76. Coriolis effect - The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. - makes things traveling long distances on earth appear to move at a curve rather than a straight line. - this effect is not a force 77. Why is it cold- - As altitudes increase the atmospheric pressure decreas- er at higher alti- es tudes? 12 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 - As pressure goes down, less molecules bump or interact with each other, so temperature decreases. 78. How does The colder temperature in the troposphere is needed for the troposphere the ghg effect (closet layer in the atmosphere to earth) trap ghgs? 79. Is air and water Air is compressible, water is incompressible compressible? 80. Def of adiabat An adiabat is a curve or line on a pressure-volume (P-V) diagram that represents a process in which a system undergoes changes in pressure and volume without ex- changing heat with its environment. 81. latent heat def Latent heat refers to the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change with- out a change in temperature. - condensation release latent heat 82. Sensible heat def Sensible heat refers to the amount of heat energy that causes a change in the temperature of a substance with- out changing its phase. 83. What causes the the tilt of earths axis seasons? 84. Solstice vs Solstice - axis pointing to or away from the sun equinox Equinox - axis is parallel to the sun 85. Perihelion - the point in the orbit of the planet where it is closest to the sun 86. Aphelion def 13 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 - the point in the orbit of the planet where it is farthest to the sun 87. Meridian def - an imaginary line on the earth's surface that runs from the north to the south pole 88. Where is the Near the equator and near that (see picture) most energy re- - receives the most and reflects the least ceived by earth? 89. Do clouds pro- Warming, thin, high clouds trap OLR and send it back to duce a heating or the earth, so it can have a heating effect. cooling effect? However, due to their color low thick clouds can reflect solar radiation causes a cooling effect. 90. Rossby number - ratio of an objects speed and its length scale of which it takes place. - Coriolis effect is important when there are large length- scales and slow velocities - the Rossby number is less than 1 (hurricane), doesn't matter when Rossby number is greater than 1 (baseball pitch) 91. polar tropopause - The boundary layer in the atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere - The tropopause acts as a cap on weather systems 92. polar front The boundary at which air flowing away from the polar re- gions collides with the warmer air from the lower latitudes 14 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 93. polar jet stream narrow band of strong winds above the polar front near the tropopause. West to east direction within the wester- lies 94. intertropical con- An area of Earth that receives the most intense sunlight; vergence zone where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge. - a region near the equator where trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge 95. Draw the promi- nent surface winds of the earth 96. Ekman transport The movement of water caused by the wind blowing across the ocean's surface. Due to the Earth's rotation (the Coriolis effect), the surface water moves at an angle to the direction of the wind, typically about 45 degrees. 97. Why are Califor- wind blows south pushing the warm water out, and up- nia waters so welling the deep cold waters cold? 98. Regarding ocean Surface - horizontally wind driven circulation, what Depth - driven by temperature and salinity gradients, ver- drive the surface tically density driven and depth? 99. Draw the ther- mohaline circula- tion of ocean wa- ters 100. Def of radiative a measure of how much an external influence on climate forcing modifies the balance of incoming and outgoing energy ex: anthropogenic factors 15 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 RF = incoming - outgoing Warming is RF greater than 0 Cooling is RF less than 0 101. def of Equilibri- Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is the amount of um Climate Sen- global surface temperature increase expected if atmos- sitivity pheric carbon dioxide (CO‚) levels double and the climate system reaches a new steady state, or equilibrium. 102. def of climate It reflects the planet's temperature response to changes sensitivity in greenhouse gas concentrations and includes both di- rect warming effects and indirect feedbacks, such as changes in water vapor, clouds, and ice. 103. how do you find » =change in T ECS (equilibrium climate sensitivity) the effective ra- ---------------------------------------------------- diative forcing? change in T ERF (effective radiative forcing) Ex: If Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity 2 degrees C and climate sensitivity is » =2degrees C/(W/m2 ),then the Effective Radiative Forcing is?? 2 = 2/? answer: 1 w/m^2 104. What was the ban the use of CFCs in order to stop the depletion of the purpose of the ozone layer Montreal proto- col? 105. What are the pos- acts as sunscreen, blocks uv radiation itives and neg- acts as ghg, it absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation atives of the (heat) ozone? - need very cold conditions for these processes, that's why ozone depletion occurred over Antarctica - ozone very slow to recover 106. What's an exam- reduced: dirt on ice, less white so it reflects less ple of reduced increased: patch of trees cleared, less dark space to albedo and in- absorb energy creased on land? 16 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 107. What are Aerosols are tiny particles or droplets suspended in the aerosols? air, which can come from both natural and human-made sources. ex: dust, sea salt, volcanic ash, pollen, sulfates, wild fire produce lots of aerosols 108. How do aerosols - aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and increase effect clouds? the cloud reflectivity - aerosols act to increase lifetime of clouds 109. are natural Solar and volcanic factors are almost non existent in their forces driving influence global warming? - CO2 has contributed 2w/m^2 to solar ERF while the sun contributes 0.05 w/m^2 - the sun is NOT driving global warming 110. How do vol- they alter the local climate but short term, ash can cause cano eruptions short-term cooling by blocking sunlight effect tempera- ture changes? 111. how does ice - at the depth of 50m below surface, air can no longer cores in Green- circulate, the trapped air bubbles are a record of the past land show the atmosphere longest con- tinuous annual record? 112. What is a feed- It determines if a message got through or if intended back? message was received 113. Explain positive Positive = amplifying influences making the climate worse feedbacks Ex: water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of GHG effect, a warm atmosphere can hold more water - Clausius-Clapeyron relation: for every 1C increase in Tm you get 7% increase in water holding capacity in the atmosphere 114. Explain negative feedbacks 17 / 18  Global Warming: Science and Impacts Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fky7m3 Negative = moderating influence ex: planck feedback - long wave emission increases as temperature goes up 115. What happens runaway feedback if the combined feedback is posi- tive? 116. What is the feed- - 1 W/m^-2 C^-1 back combined 117. What causes ris- thermal expansion and glacial ice melting ing sea levels? - due to ocean circulation warming is not universal around the world 118. Explain the car- Carbon dioxide (CO‚) in the atmosphere is absorbed by bon cycle plants during photosynthesis, converting it into organic matter. Animals and plants release CO‚ back into the at- mosphere through respiration, while decomposers break down dead organisms, returning carbon to the soil and air. The oceans also absorb CO‚, supporting marine life. Carbon can be stored in various sinks, such as forests and fossil fuels. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation disrupt this cycle by releas- ing excess CO‚, contributing to climate change. 18 / 18