Physics Handwritten Notes - Reflection and Refraction PDF

Okay, here's the conversion of the document into a structured Markdown format. I've tried to include all relevant information, equations and formatting including lists and tables. ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY ### LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION #### REFLECTION OF LIGHT The bouncing back of light when...

Okay, here's the conversion of the document into a structured Markdown format. I've tried to include all relevant information, equations and formatting including lists and tables. ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY ### LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION #### REFLECTION OF LIGHT The bouncing back of light when it hits a polished surface like a mirror. #### Laws of Reflection: * $i=r$ * Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection * The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal, all lie in the same plane. #### Spherical Mirrors: ##### Concave mirror Reflecting surface: Light ##### Convex mirror Reflecting surface: Light * **Pole**: Centre is reflecting surface of spherical mirror. * **Centre of Curvature**: Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is part of. * **Principal Axis**: Line joining pole and centre of curvature. * **Radius of Curvature**: Distance from the pole to the centre of curvature. * Principal Axis is normal to mirror at pole. #### Principle Focus (F) and Focal Length (f):- ##### Concave lens Converging lens. Focal length. ##### Convex mirror Diverging mirror Focal length. * In our syllabus (**R=2f**) #### Image formation and characteristics * If rays of light actually meet: **Real** * If rays of light appear to meet: **Virtual** #### Image formation - Concave mirror 1. 2. 3. 4. #### Uses of Concave Mirror To concentrate sunlight to produce heat in a solar furnace: SunPaper F #### Image Formation: Convex Mirror Object at finite distance (anywhere except $\infty$) #### Characteristics * Image between F and P. * Virtual, erect, diminished, upright. Object at $\infty$: #### Characteristics * Image at f. * Virtual, erect, highly diminished, point size. #### Summary convex and Concave Mirror:- | Position of object | Figure | Position of image | Nature of image | | :--------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------- | | At infinity | | At the principal focus | Real, inverted, extremely diminished in size | | Beyond the centre of curvature | | Between the principal focus | Real, inverted and diminished | | At the centre of curvature | | At the centre of curvature | Real, inverted and equal to object | | Between focus and centre of | | Beyond centre of curvature | Real, inverted and bigger than object | | At Principal Focus | | At infinity | Extremely magnified | | Between the pole and Principal | | Behind the mirror | Virtual, erect and magnified | * Concave Mirror * Inverted * Convex Mirror * Only Erect, Virtual * Erect/Virtual * Upright, Enlarged * (seedhi + badi image) * Diminished * (seedhi + chotti image) #### Sign Convention * All distances are measured from pole. * $\rightarrow +x$ axis * $\downarrow +y$ axis * $f \rightarrow +ve$ convex * $f \rightarrow -ve$ concave #### Mirror formula $\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}$ * $u$ = Object distance * $v$ = Image distance #### Magnification (m) $ m = \frac {h_i}{h_o}= - \frac {v}{u}$ ##### Note: $u \rightarrow -ve$ Always #### Spherical lenses :- * Principal axis * Optical Centre [O] ##### Convex lens Thick in middle ##### Concave lens Thin in middle #### Principle Focus (F) and Focal length (f) Parallel rays ##### Convex lens Converging lens ##### Concave lens Diverging lens * Note: They have two F $F_1$ and $F_2$ due to two curved surfaces #### image\_formation --> convex lens Parallel rays #### Uses of Convex Mirror:- * Rear-View mirrors - * Upright/Erect image * wider field of view #### Ray diagram 8 OBJECT * 1) $\infty$ * 2) $\infty$ + 2F1 * 3) 2F1 * 4)2F1 + F1 * 5)F1 * 6. F1 + O image * F2 * F2 + 2F2 * 2F2 * 2F2 + $\infty$ * $\infty$ * Same side #### nature * Real Inverted * Real Inverted #### Ray diagram Position of object * At infinity * Between infinity and 2F * At 2F * Between F and 2F * At F * Between F and same side of the lens Position of image * At $F_2$ * Between $F_2$ and $2F_2$ * At $2F_2$ * Beyond $2F_2$ * At infinity * On the Lens Nature of image * Real, inverted and highly diminished * Real, inverted and diminished * Real inverted and same sized * Real, inverted and enlarged * Real, inverted and enlarged Virtual, erect and enlarged. --- ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY ### LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION #### Absolute Refractive index * When first medium is air and second medium is any medium. * $R-I$ of water wrt Air $N_{wa}$ =$\frac{N_w}{N_a} = \frac{V_a}{{V_w}} ={\frac{c}{v_w}}$ $n=1$ $V_a = c$ $nx = \frac{c}{v_x}$ * $R.I$ of glass is 1.5 * R. I of water is 1.33 * Which i's more dense? Glass * In which light travels faster = water #### Refraction Through A Glass Slab Incident ray N \ AirRarer GlassDenser AirRarer * emergent ray To remember: emergent. * emergent ray is parallel to incident ray. * $\angle e = \angle i$ #### Laws of Refraction:- The incident ray, Normal & the refracted ray lies on the same plane. The ratio of sine of Angle of Incidence to the sine of angle of refraction remains constant for a given pair of media. $\frac {\sin i_1}{\sin r_1}$= $\frac {\sin i_2}{\sin r_2}$ Snell's law $\frac {\sin i}{\sin r}$ = constant $ \frac{n_2 }{n_1}$ ii$\rightarrow$ change V$\rightarrow$ change $n_1sin i= n_isin r$ $\frac {\sin i}{\sin r}= \frac {n_1}{n_2} = \frac{v_2}{v_1}$ #### Case of NO Bending Normal incidence- No refraction 2.No medium change or no change in refractive index #### Image FormationConcave lens * Summary of convex and Concave lens * convex -- Virtual enlarged Erect * lens Concave * Virtual diminished Erect #### image FormationConcave lens * sign - - lens formula s - 2 optical centre 1 #### Refractive Index (RI) ##### Measure of how dense a medium is 1. $N= \frac {c}{v}$ 2. $ N= \frac {c}{v2}$ --- ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY ### HUMAN EYE and COLOURFUL WORLD * Eyeball: Approximately spherical. Diameter 2-3cm * Cornea: Thin transparent bulging membrane most of the refraction happens protects from dust, germs * Iris: Controls the size of pupil. Regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye. * Crystalline lens: convex lens Flexible focal lengthforms Real and Inverted image * Ciliary Muscles: Adjust the focal length of eye lens.. Retina: Screen Real Inverted Image is formed. has lots of se light sensitive cells. Rods- vision in low light (light Intensity) Cones - vision in high light & colour vision Gels get activated when light falls on and generates electrical signal. * Optical nerve electrical signal-brain Light Nerve fibre Aqueous Humour water-like fluid between vitreous Humour: like between strength and power of #### point: The minimum distance to see clearly and distinctly. It is also called most Distance for normal for eyes infinity. 2. Myopia. Can see and can be excessive curvature of elongation of CORRECTION- CA CONCAVE LENS MyoNi Elon Thick. The ability of to adjust/change NEAR from at which an can been distinctly. Young -25cm eye FARTHEST (sabse door) eyes can see eyes. * generally also have is lens, and of vision CONVERGING LENS f-+ ve CONCAVE LENS -ve + 1. CORRECTION-LENS make Wax of --- ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY **N** Object Near Eyeball Lens-small face large (s) (s) ### REFRACTION OF LIGHT & DEVIATION THROUGH A PRISM Monochromatic light $\angle i$ incidence $\angle r$ Refraction $\angle e$ emergence\ $\angle D$ — Deviation Angle of prism - A * prism bends a Ray white light is made from each 1.40 - of colours. * is different for different bends than more RED * Orange * Yellow * Green * Blue * Indigo * Violet ** VIOLEIS Bends MORE RED Bends LEAST ** --- ### Refraction of whitelight (sunlight) through a PRISM. *DISPERSION* The splitting of white light into its component colours (**7 colours**). *SPECTRUM* THE band of colour components of light (obtained on screen) White Light Glass Prism **NEWTON`S PRISM EXPERIMENT (INVERTED PRISMS)** * White light sunlight 7 colours identical prism screen. Prooved: Consists of Sunlight *RAINBOW FORMATION* **(Dispersion= Refraction t Reflection)** Sun light *ADVANCE SUNRISE AND DELAY SUNSET* A: density of earth’s surface 4. *(1 Sun is visiable 2 mind Before actual sunrise- Sun is visiable for 2 extra minds Aftar actual Sunset- layeres of A: *Twinkling of stars* A: Decreases A: earth`s surface varying 5. star behaving ### Why Planets do not twinkle * Planets are near to Earth as compared to stars. * Planets behave as extended source of light. * Extended source can be imagined as Collection of millions of point source of light. * total varitions in amount for eye zero and intensity . 6. the molecules of the ATM molecules in the is scattered Sky appears Blwe=ATM there (5) the sky ###### (7) ##### earth 7. scattering lights fog Therefore, #### TYNDALL EFFECT The phenomena *The phenomenon of scatting of light by the colloidal particles *particles heterogenous ells 4. through but scattering The depends blue light (length *Sun canopy 1 Lakh+ Students NEET --- ### ALAKH SIR KE FARREY ### ELECTRICITY * **CHARGE(0):** Types SI unit of charge Coulomb (c) smallest independent charge Electron(e) * * * Attract Repel * **CURRENT(I):** Rate -Flow of +Ve charge Direction of current :-Opposite to Direction + Si unit of Current= AMPERE * Q =1 T potential the is work Q = A ##### Factors Depends 1. (lRa 11A A resistivity * Temperature **SI Ohm** 2. is property metals Alloy conductivity aluminium light --- ### OHM's LAW * The potential difference (V) across the ends of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the current flowering, or, through it provided its temperature remains Same Temperature (V)x I 1 constant