Physics Booklet CH2 PDF

Science 30 PHYSICS Chapter 2 Radiation Radioactive Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) Gamma radiation Transverse wave Nuclear...

Science 30 PHYSICS Chapter 2 Radiation Radioactive Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) Gamma radiation Transverse wave Nuclear fusion Cycle Refraction Amplitude Reflection Wavelength Polarization Frequency Diffraction Period Diffraction grating Universal wave equation Continuous spectrum Electromagnetic spectrum Absorption spectrum (dark line) Radio wave Emission spectrum (bright line) Extremely low frequency (ELF) Doppler effect Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Blue shift Microwave Red shift Infrared radiation Red giant Visible spectrum Nebula Photon White dwarf Ultraviolet radiation (UV light) Supernova Ionizing radiation Neutron star X-rays Pulsar Radiation therapy Black hole What I need to know:  Describe the range of the electromagnetic spectrum from long, low frequency radio waves through microwaves, infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet radiation to very short, high frequency waves such as Xrays and gamma rays and compare in terms of source, frequency, wavelength, energy and effect on living tissue and properties of these above EMRs  Recognize that the earth’s atmosphere absorbs certain frequencies of EMR  Investigate and describe reflection, refraction, diffraction and polarization of visible light  Investigate, use and describe the relationship of the variables in the universal wave equation  Explain the design of telescopes  Describe how a spectroscope can be used to determine the composition of stars and conditions to produce emissions (bright line) and absorption (dark line) spectra in terms of light sources and temp  Describe technology used in star study o Spectroscopes used to analyze the distribution of energy in a star’s continuous emission spectrum o Analyze shifts in the spectrum in terms of Red and Blue shift (Doppler effect)  Describe the evolution of stars and the existence of black holes, white dwarves and neutron stars  Explain the goal of technology is to provide solutions to practical problems (i.e. uses of EMR to solve medical problems using MRIs, Xrays, laser surgery) and describe technologies developed to protect astronauts from high-energy radiation  Evaluate and select appropriate instruments, such as a prism, diffraction grating or spectroscope for problem solving and observe and analyze the various spectra provided Electromagnetic Radiation Section 2.1 Page 412 - 433  can be described in terms of a stream of mass-less particles, called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of light  Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy waves that have both an and magnetic field. o Electromagnetic waves are different from mechanical waves in that they can transmit energy and travel through a vacuum.  Properties shared by all forms of EMR Properties shared by all forms of EMR: 1) They all transfer energy from one place to another. 2) All forms of EMR are produced by accelerating electric charges 3) All EMR travels at the speed of light in a vacuum (3.00x108m/s) a. It will slow down in slower materials (air, glass and water) 4) EMR can travel through empty space (vacuum). 5) EMR is made up of electric and magnetic fields 6) All EMR waves can be reflected, refracted, and diffracted 7) The shorter the wavelength, the more dangerous the waves are The Wave  Cycle: one complete vibration of a wave (one and one )  Wavelength: the distance(m) from a point on one wave to the corresponding point on the next wave; the length of one cycle. o The distance from crest to crest  Frequency: number of cycles per second measured in hertz (Hz) Ex. prob. P.418 2|Page Analyzing Diagrams Determine the wavelength, in m, of the wave below Wave Calculations  Universal wave equation is v = f v = speed of wave (m/s)  = wavelength (m) f = frequency (Hz) Assume EMR always travels at the speed of light so v=3.00x108 = c so c = f *Unless otherwise stated in the question!! Example 1) An excited atom in a neon sign emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 6.4x10-7 m. Calculate the frequency of the EMR (4.7x1014Hz) 2) The antenna of a FM radio station broadcasts electromagnetic ration with a frequency of 1.045x108 Hz. A driver in a car is receiving these FM radio waves while travelling down a highway at 25m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the EMR (2.87m) 3) A wave has frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 10 m. What is the speed of the wave? (5.0x102m/s) 3|Page  Electromagnetic spectrum: the wide band of different types of electromagnetic radiation ranging from radio waves to gamma rays DB p.3 Energy and EMR The energy content of EMR depends on two factors: Frequency: higher frequency means more energy per photon Intensity: “brightness” amount of photons/ unit of time Photon: small bundle of electromagnetic energy Ionizing Radiation radiation with enough energy that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the formation of. Free radicals are charged highly reactive particles that accelerate the decomposition of organic compounds  Radio Wave- lowest-frequency waves in the EM spectrum o Source: produced by the low-frequency vibrations of electrons within electric circuits o Effects on Tissue: due to low energy Uses: o Many objects, natural and man-made emit radio waves o Radio waves can be used to carry signals o Communication ▪ Radio and TV stations produce radio waves received by the antennae in your tv, radio, or cell phone ▪ radar 4|Page  Microwaves- second-lowest frequency waves in the EM spectrum o Microwaves are higher energy and can penetrate obstacles that interfere with radio waves such as clouds, smoke and rain. o Source: electrons accelerated in vacuum tubes o Effects on tissues: living tissues containing high water content can be at risk Uses: o Microwaves- heat and cook food ▪ Causes water molecules to vibrate causing a temperature increase o used in radar, satellite, and communications and  Infrared radiation- o Source: emitted by the vibration or rotation of molecules within a material, objects that are tend to emit infrared radiation o Effects on tissues: burns (direct contact with heated objects) Uses o Reheating food o Thermal imaging: detecting radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms  Visible spectrum: The different frequencies of visible light are experienced by people as the colors of the rainbow o Objects are perceived as different colors based on which wavelengths of light an object absorbs and which it reflects. o Source: produced by electrons dropping from high energy levels to low energy levels o Effects on tissues: plant cells absorb visible light in photosynthesis Uses o Allows humans to see! o Fiber optics: sends information coded in a beam of light down a glass or plastic pipe.  UV light or UV radiation- o Source: produced be electrons dropping from very high energy levels to very low energy levels ▪ Can be further divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC ▪ UVC are the highest energy and most harmful to humans o Effects on tissues: IONOZING RADIATION, mutate DNA, damage cells o Uses: sterilization 5|Page  X rays- X-rays are extremely high-energy waves o Source: produced by sudden deceleration of high speed electrons ▪ Natural sources of x-rays include enormously energetic cosmic phenomena such as pulsars, supernovae and black holes o Effects on tissues: IONIZING RADIATION, passes through flesh, stopped by bone. Can damage cells with prolonged exposer Uses: o pictures of bones o Radiation therapy: the medical use of ionizing radiation (forming free radicals) to treat disease  Gamma radiation- Gamma waves are the highest-frequency EM wave o EMR emitted from the nuclei of radioactive materials o Source: substances that spontaneously emit radiation from unstable nuclei ▪ emitted by only the most energetic cosmic objects such pulsars, neutron stars, supernova and black holes ▪ Terrestrial sources include lightning, nuclear explosions and radioactive decay o Effects on tissues: IONIZING RADIATION, destroys cell DNA Uses: radiation therapy EMR from Outer Space 6|Page  1 homework check Due date: Tues Sept 17th Practice Questions (use the notes and textbook to answer the following questions) 1. Determine the wavelength of the following examples of electromagnetic radiation. (( a)28.8 m b)81.6m) 2. An AM radio station broadcasts on a frequency of 960 kHz. (1kHz = 1000Hz) a. Calculate the wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation. (313m) b. If a city block is about 100 m long, approximately how many city blocks would it take to contain one wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation? (~3 blocks) 3. Digital cellphones operate by sending and receiving electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of about 16.5 cm. a. Determine the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a digital cellphone. (1.82x109Hz) 4. In Chapter 1 you learned that metal objects can shield both electric and magnetic fields. a. Explain why a car’s antenna must be located outside the car or built into the windshield. b. Explain why a car’s radio is momentarily unable to receive a signal when the car travels under a highway overpass. 7|Page 5. If microwave ovens use electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 2450 MHz, (1 000 000Hz = 1MHz) calculate the wavelength of the microwaves. (0.122m) 6. The door of a microwave oven includes a window made from a metal mesh screen attached to glass. Explain why the metal screen is a critical part of the design. 7. In each of the following pairs, circle the form of radiation with the LONGER WAVELENGTH: a. red light or blue light b. microwaves or radiowaves c. infrared radiation or red light d. gamma rays or UV radiation 8. A beam of light has a wavelength of 506 nanometers. What is the frequency of the light? What color is the light? 9. In each of the following pairs, circle the form of radiation with the LOWER ENERGY: a. red light or blue light b. microwaves or radiowaves c. infrared radiation or red light d. gamma rays or UV radiation e. yellow light or green light f. x-rays or gamma rays g. UV radiation or violet light 8|Page 10. Which grouping lists the individual bands of the electromagnetic spectrum according to increasing wavelength? a) radio waves, ultraviolet light, visible light, X-rays b) radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays c) X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, radio waves d) visible light, ultraviolet light, radio waves, X-rays 11. Vancouver shortwave radio transmitter CKZU of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts at a frequency of 6160 kHz. What is the wavelength of the radio signal coming from this transmitter? a) 24.4 km c) 48.7 km b) 24.4 m d) 48.7 m 12. What form of electromagnetic radiation can most effectively penetrate human tissue? a) visible light c) UV light b) microwaves d) X-rays 13. Which of the following are directly related? a) Wavelength and frequency b) Energy and wavelength c) Frequency and energy 14. Using the table below match each type of radiation and math it with some application of that type of radiation, and a classification of that type of radiation Type of radiation Application of radiation Classification of Radiation 4 - sending signals between cellphones 7 Ionizing 1 Infrared - producing images using MRI 5 – using touch screen digital devices 8 Non ionizing 2 X-ray - military sensors 6 – treating cancer 3 Radio - producing images of bones Type of radiation 1 Type of radiation 2 Type of radiation 3 Application Application Application Classification Classification Classification 9|Page Astronomy PART1 Section 2.2 Page 436-453 : The study of objects and phenomena that originate outside Earth’s atmosphere EMR from space has helped make advances in this science The sun emits radiation across the whole spectrum Some of the radiation is absorbed before is hits earth ie/ UVC The main objects in the universe that emit EMR are THE UNIVERSE The sun is the closest to Earth How do stars form? 1. Stars start out as a : huge cloud of hydrogen gas and dust 2. The gas begins to collapse due to , they contract and heat up 3. When the core temperature becomes 10 000 000⁰C, nuclear fusion reaction begins 4. EMR and energy is produced The Stars ______________: a process in which two smaller nuclei join to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy; makes stars shine 2 H 1 + 2 1H → 32He + 10n + energy Manipulation of Waves _____________: a bending in the direction of a wave that occurs when the wave changes speed o FST (fat science teacher) – o SFA (Sarah farts a lot) – (Fastest Medium)air → water → glass(slowest medium) Boundary between two mediums Glass Water Air Glass Normal: perpendicular line to boundary 10 | P a g e  _____________: a bouncing of a wave from a boundary ______________: confining a wave to vibrate in one direction ________________: bending of a wave as it passes by obstacles or by the edges of an opening Observing the Stars and Sun EMR collected from outer space has allowed us to develop our understanding of our galaxy and others Some EMR is visible to the naked eye, but other forms, humans cannot detect 2 main types of telescopes o Radio Telescopes – pick up radio waves o Optical Telescopes – pick up visible light Modern telescopes use mirrors and lenses to magnify images Refracting vs Reflecting Telescopes This is called a refracting telescope This is called a reflecting telescope because because the magnification is the EMRmagnification RADIATION is accomplished FROM SPACE by accomplished by bending the EMR bouncing the EMR off mirrors to build an with a lens to build an image image 11 | P a g e  Some telescopes need to be placed outside earth atmosphere as not all EMR reaches earths surface Reaches the Earth’s Surface: – Visible, short wave Radio, Some UV (UVA, UVB), some infrared Does not Reach Earth's Surface – Gamma, X-Ray, most UV, long wave radio 1 homework check Due date: Wed Sept 18th Practice Questions (use the notes and textbook to answer the following questions) 1. Astronomers and other scientists use detectors and other scientific instruments for studying the EMR emitted by the Sun. a. Explain why there are limits to the EMR that can be studied if the detectors are placed on the surface of Earth. b. Suggest alternative locations for some of the EMR detectors that would expand the EMR that can be studied. 2. Which type(s) of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun are absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere and do not reach Earth’s surface? a) long-wave radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays b) short-wave radio waves and gamma rays c) infrared light, X-rays, and gamma rays 3. Which of the following is the bending of light when it moves from one medium to another? a) Diffraction b) Refraction c) Polarization d) Reflection 4. Which of the following is the spreading of light when it moves through a gap or around an obstacle? a) Diffraction b) Refraction c) Polarization d) Reflection 12 | P a g e 5. A beam of visible light is aimed at the air-glass boundary, as shown in the following diagram. Which path will the reflected light beam most likely take after it hits the boundary? a) I b) II c) III d) IV 6. Why do the leaves of most plants look green? (explain using the idea of reflection and absorption) 7. Observing organisms in a pond is often difficult because of the bending of light at the water’s surface. This bending of light is called a) Refraction b) Reflection c) Diffractions d) Polarization 8. Sketch the approximate path you would expect the light ray to follow on entering and exiting the glass block. 8. When a light ray passes from a medium into a different medium of higher density, does the speed of the ray increase, decrease, or not change? a) Increase b) Decrease c) Not change 13 | P a g e 9. After analyzing the diagram below assign substance 1 and substance 20 either water or glass based on the refraction of the light. Substance 1: Substance 2: 10. A flashlight is used to shine light through polarizing filters. Examine the iagrams below and determine whether the horizontal wavelength, vertical wavelength, or no light will pass through. What is getting through? What is getting through? What is getting through? 11. When light passes at an angle to the normal from one material into another material in which its speed is lower a) It is bent toward the normal to the surface b) It always lies along the normal to the surface c) It is unaffected d) It is bent away from the normal to the surface 12. Is the speed of light, as it travels through block B, faster or slower than before the block? 14 | P a g e Astronomy PART 2 Section 2.2 Page 436-453 Analyzing Starlight After collecting EMR (light) from space with telescopes, it must be separated into its component (colors) This can be done with a: o Spectroscope: It disperses, or separates, white light from a star into a very wide spectrum of colors o Particular elements in the star created particular patterns of lines. Once scientists knew the element responsible for a certain pattern, they knew which elements were present in the star. Spectras can tell us about the and of stars Types of Spectrum ________________________: all colors/wavelengths present o Produced by a HOT solid _________________or_________________: has a pattern of separate bright lines that is ____________ from an excited gas under low pressure; can be used to identify material. o Produced by an excited glowing gas or : has a pattern of dark lines due to the light passing through an _____________ medium; can be used to identify material. o Produced when “light” passes through a cold absorbing gas 15 | P a g e Using Spectrums to determine Composition and Movement COMPOSITION Each element has a unique spectrum. It is like a fingerprint Once scientists determined the unique fingerprint of different elements they could use these as a reference We can look at the absorption or emission spectrum from a star and compare it to reference spectrums to tell us what elements make up the atmosphere of a star Example MOVEMENT _______________: a change in the frequency of a wave due to motion between the source and the observer. Hearing a siren as it approaches and passes. o When applied to stars, stars moving away from us appear more red, stars moving towards us would appear more blue _______________: an increase in frequency due to the source of EMR moving toward an observer : a decrease in frequency due to a source of EMR moving away from the observer 16 | P a g e Example: mean! → not in color! Reminder: RED shift DOES NOT mean “left” BLUE shift DOES NOT mean “right” Star at rest Star in motion 400 500 600 700 Wavelength in nanometers The Stars General Life Cycle 1. Nebula: cloud of hydrogen rich gas 2. Nebula condenses because of universal force of gravity 3. Nuclear Fusion: as the gas gets hotter hydrogen atoms begin to fuse together 4. Steady Burn 5. Runs out of Fuel: star collapses A star is born All stars start as a. – A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust, Gravity pulls some of the gas and dust in a nebula together. A star is born when the gas and dust from a nebula become so hot that nuclear fusion starts. When the star begins to run out of hydrogen fuel, the star becomes a red giant or a red super giant. The death of a star A dying red super giant star can suddenly explode, The explosion is called a supernova. After the star explodes, some of the materials from the star are left behind. o This material may form a neutron star, Neutron stars are the remains of intermediate- mass stars. The most massive stars become black holes when they die. o After a large mass star explodes, a large amount of mass may remain. o The gravity of the mass is so strong that gas is pulled inward, pulling more gas into a smaller and smaller space. Eventually, the gravity becomes so strong that nothing can escape, not even light. 17 | P a g e  Evolution of a Low Mass Star (our sun) 0.1 and 1.4 times the Suns mass Gas & Dust→low mass star → red giant→ →white dwarf Evolution of an Intermediate Mass star 1.4 - 8 times the mass of the sun Gas & Dust→intermediate mass star→ supergiant star→ supernova→ neutron star Evolution of a High Mass Star Greater than 8 time the mass of the sun Gas & Dust → High mass star→ supergiant star→ star collapses→ dense black hole Red stars appear red because they emit EMR in the (right next to Red in Visible light). Lower frequency = surface temperature Bluish-white stars spear bluish-white because they emit EMR in the region (right next to Blue/Violet in Visible light). Higher frequency = surface temperature 1 homework check Due date: Thurs Sept 19th 1. Fill in the blanks below with the appropriate spectrum that would be produced heat 2. Suppose two new stars are discovered. One star appears to emit light that is slightly less yellow and more white than the light emitted by the Sun. The other star appears 18 | P a g e  to emit light that is more orange than the light emitted by the Sun. Use this information to compare the temperature of each star to the Sun. 3. The final object that a star becomes in stellar evolution is either a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. Identify the feature of a star that determines what its endpoint will be in stellar evolution. 4. Doppler effect says that red shift means the object is moving away and blue shift means moving towards. How is the frequency and wavelength or the EMR changing when a red shift is happening? 5. The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element. Which spectrum below represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed coming from a star that is moving away from Earth? a. 700nm 400nm b. 400nm 700nm c. 700nm 400nm 6. Based on this spectral analysis it can be concluded that the rock sample contains all five of the elements a) Strontium only b) Strontium and beryllium only c) None of the metals 19 | P a g e 7. Look at the spectra below and attempt the questions. a. Which of the galaxies are moving towards us? _________________ b. Which of the galaxies are moving away from us? _________________ c. Which galaxy is moving away at the greatest speed? _________________ 8. Which of the following descriptions best describes an emission spectrum a) White light passes through a cold gas b) White light passes through a prism c) Neon is heated and the light is observed 9. When a star’s spectrum is blue shifted it indicates the star is moving away from/towards and the wavelength of the observed spectrum will be greater than/smaller than the true wavelength of the star. 10. Match the word on the left with the definition on the right. ____ white dwarf a. a red super giant star explodes ____ nebula b. what a medium-mass star becomes at the end of its life ____ black hole c. a large cloud of gas or dust in space ____ supernova d. exerts such a strong gravitational pull that no light escapes ____ neutron star e. what a low-mass star becomes at the end of its life 20 | P a g e 11. White light is passed through a cloud of hydrogen gas. The following wavelengths of light DO NOT pass through. 410 nm, 432nm, 486nm, 656nm a) From the scenario described above, what kind of spectrum will be produced? b) Using the spectrum below, show how the spectral lines would appear. 12. Which color of visible light has… a) the shortest wavelength? b) the longest wavelength? c) the least amount of energy? d) the greatest amount of energy? 21 | P a g e  1 homework check Due date: Wed Sept 25th Chapter 1&2 Review 1. All forms of electromagnetic radiation A. travel at 3.0 X 108m/s in a vacuum B. are produced by a white light source C. have the same frequency, but a different amplitude D. produce an electric wave traveling in one direction, and a magnetic wave traveling in the opposite direction Use the following information to answer the next question. Types of Electromagnetic Radiation 1. ultraviolet rays 2. visible light 3. microwaves 4. gamma rays 2. Match the type of electromagnetic radiation with the corresponding use ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ photosynthesis telecommunication cancer therapy sun tanning in plants beds 3. Compared to X-rays, infrared rays A. a longer wavelength and less energy B. the same energy, but a lower frequency C. have a higher frequency and higher energy D. have the same frequency, but a longer wavelength Use the following information to answer the next two questions. A form of electromagnetic radiation have a frequency of 2.25 X 1015Hz. 4. The wavelength of this electromagnetic radiation would be __________ X 10-7 m. (Record your two-digit answer in the numerical response box below) 5. This type of electromagnetic radiation would be A. radio waves B. microwaves C. visible light D. ultraviolet light 22 | P a g e  Use the following information to answer the next question. Many advertising signs depend on the production of light emissions from gas filled glass tubes that are subjected to a high-voltage source. When light emissions are passed through a spectroscope, bright-line spectra are produced. 6. The gases present in the mixture are: Use the following information to answer the next three questions. 7. As light passes into the glass it will A. speed up and continue in the same direction B. slow down and bend toward the normal line C. speed up and bend away from the normal line D. maintain its speed and bend away from the normal line 8. A likely angle that light will pass through the glass is A. 0° C. 45° B. 38° D. 55° 9. When light passes into the glass it is A. reflected C. polarized B. refracted D. diffracted 10. Some dental equipment uses AC electricity and some uses DC. The basic difference between AC and DC is that AC A. uses low voltage, whereas DC uses high voltage B. cannot be transformed, and DC can be transformed C. uses high amperage, whereas DC uses low amperage D. has electron flow that changes direction, whereas DC has electron flow in only one direction 23 | P a g e 11. Which of the following graphs best demonstrates why alternating current (AC), rather than direct current (DC), is used in long-distance energy transmission? 12. Calculate the power consumed by a 6.0 speaker with 5.2A of current running through it. Answer: ________ W 13. What is the cost of operating a 18.5V electric heater which draws 6.5 A of current for a time of 3.5 hours when the electricity is priced at $0.07/kw h. Show all work. Use the following information to answer the next two questions. The high voltages in transmission lines must be stepped down for end use by consumers. A transformer steps down the voltage from 4 400 V to 220 V. 14. The ratio of primary turns to secondary turns in this transformer is A. 1 : 20 B. 20 : 1 C. 1 : 5 D. 5 : 1 15. If the current in the primary coil is 0.540 A, then what is the current in the secondary coil? Answer: ________________ A 24 | P a g e  16. Draw an arrow indicating the direction of each of the fields. a) N S b) + - c) 17. Contrast the life of a low, intermediate, high-mass stars 18. An astronomer aboard the space station could photograph the spectrum produced by a distant star. If a photograph showed the characteristic spectrum of hydrogen shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, it would indicate that the star is A. increasing in velocity B. decreasing in velocity C. moving toward the station D. moving away from the station 19. Use the following information to answer the next question. Four Fractions of a Crude Oil Sample Fraction Flame Colour 1 red–yellow 2 bright yellow 3 red 4 blue–whitecal Response A crude oil sample was distilled into four fractions. In an attempt to find the energy production of the fractions, a technician burned equal quantities of each. The technician observed that the fractions burned at different temperatures. List the fractions in order from the one with the coolest burning temperature to the one with the hottest burning temperature. Answer: _____ _____ _____ _____ coolest hottest 25 | P a g e 20. Helium was identified in the Sun’s atmosphere thirty years before it was discovered on Earth. The instrument used to identify helium in the Sun’s atmosphere was the A. spectroscope B. reflecting telescope C. refracting telescope D. electron microscope Use the following information to answer the next question. Radiation From Stars 1 Ultraviolet 2 X-rays 3 Gamma rays 4 Infrared Numerical Response 21.The predominant radiation emitted by distant stars is an indication of their relative temperature. List, in order, the predominant radiation emitted from hottest to coolest stars. Answer: __________ __________ __________ __________ hottest coolest 22. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that stars and galaxies are moving away from Earth. This movement produces red shift. Red shift is an example of the A. Doppler effect, and it supports the Big Bang Theory B. Doppler effect, and it contradicts the Big Bang Theory C. Brønsted–Lowry principle, and it supports the Big Bang Theory D. Brønsted–Lowry principle, and it contradicts the Big Bang Theory Use the following information to answer the next question. Celestial Terms 1 Galaxy 2 Planet 3 Solar System 4 Universe Numerical Response 23. When the above terms are arranged in order of smallest to largest, the order is __________, __________, __________, __________. (smallest) (largest) 24. What voltage is applied to a 6.80 Ω resistor if the current is 3.20 A? a) 2.1V c) 22V b) 1.50V d) 70V 25.The absorption spectrum of the Sun provides information about its a) rate of revolution about its axis b) age c) coronal composition d) all of the above 26 | P a g e 26. An ammeter is connected in _________ and a voltmeter is connected in _________. a) Parallel, series c) Series, series b) Parallel, parallel d) Series, parallel 27. If the voltage and current to an appliance are 115 V and 12.0 A respectively, then the power used by the appliance is a) 1.38kW c) 0.104kW b) 9.58kW d) 1.25kW 28. A step down transformer changes a) electrical energy into mechanical energy b) mechanical energy into electrical energy c) low voltage DC to high voltage DC d) high voltage AC to low voltage AC 29. The secondary coil of a transformer has 875 turns while the primary coil has 200 turns. The input voltage is 35.0 V and the input current is 5.00 A. The output current would be (to the nearest tenth) _____ A 30. Radiation with a wavelength of 4.20× 10–9 m has a frequency of __________× 1016 Hz (to the nearest hundredth). 31. Electrical power in North America is generated at a frequency of 60.0 Hz. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted from a power line (to the nearest hundredth) would be __________ × 106 m 32. Astrophysicists can use "red shift" to calculate the velocity of stars because the electromagnetic radiation emitted from objects moving a) toward Earth is red-shifted to shorter wavelengths b) toward Earth is red-shifted to longer wavelengths c) away from Earth is red-shifted to longer wavelengths d) away from Earth is red-shifted to shorter wavelengths 33. Compared with visible light, ultraviolet radiation has a a) lower frequency and a longer wavelength b) lower frequency and a shorter wavelength c) higher frequency and a longer wavelength d) higher frequency and a shorter wavelength 34. Because of Earth’s atmosphere, telescopes based on earth’s surface are restricted to collecting mainly A. radio waves and visible light C. radio waves and X-ray radiation B. X-ray radiation and visible light D. X-ray radiation and ultraviolet radiation 1)A 2)2341 3)A 4)1.33 5)D 6)A and D 7)B 8)B 9)B 10)D 11)A 12)162 13)0.03 14)B 15)10.8 16) N to S, plus to minus, geographic south to geographic north 17). See notes 18)D 19) 3124 20)A 21)3214 22)A 23) 2314 24)C 25)C 26) D 27)A 28)D 29)1.1 30)7.14 31)5.00 32)C 33)D 34)A 27 | P a g e