PHYSCI LQ1 PDF

LESSON 1: ORIGIN AND FORMATION -​ Hydrogen: 1st element OF ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE created -​ Helim: 2nd element created BIGBANG THEORY...

LESSON 1: ORIGIN AND FORMATION -​ Hydrogen: 1st element OF ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE created -​ Helim: 2nd element created BIGBANG THEORY during bigbang phase. -​ The most accepted and endorsed theory of the origin of the universe. 4.​ Galaxy formation era. Hydrogen and -​ All started from the two observations Helium atoms begin to form giant of Edwin Hubble: clouds that will become galaxies 1.​ The Milky Way is not the only and stars. existing galaxy 2.​ The galaxies are in constant 5.​ First dying stars produce heavy motion, which is moving elements which turn into stars and away from each other. planets -​ The birth of the theory from Sun – 4.6b yr old. Georges Lemaitre with his question Solar System – 4.5b yr old. “How did the universe start?” Milkyway – 13.2b yr old. -​ Supernova: death of a star BIGBANG THEORY PHASES -​ Heavy elements produced 1.​ Boiling “soup” with electrons, quarks because of supernova. and other elementary particles. Space cools off rapidly. Quarks from BIGBANG THEORY TIMELINE protons and neutrons. 1.​ Singularity -​ Electron (e-): negatively -​ The universe started in a small dot / charged subatomic particle planck era -​ Protons (p+): positively -​ Everything started off sa maliit na charged subatomic particles. bagay kaya ayun pinanggalingan. -​ Neutron (n0): no charge at all 2.​ Bigbang and inflation -​ Quarks: Forms protons and -​ Filled with high energy density neutrons (kasama rin sa -​ Sobrang bigat at taas ng energy soup si protons) kaya sumabog -​ High temperature and high pressure 2.​ Universe - superhot fog. Heated that lead to rapid expansion that will protons and electrons hinder the also lead to cooling (subside). emission of light. Light elements created like deuterium, lithium, 3.​ Formation of matter and helium. NO LIGHT antimatter -​ Type of hydrogen -​ Formation of quarks and antiquarks -​ Formation of p+ and n0 3.​ Protons, electrons, neutrons, combine and form atoms. Primarily 4.​ Annihilation (cancellation of hydrogen and helium atoms. matter & anti-matter) -​ P+, e-, n0 forms atoms -​ Maglilinis yung universe -​ The imbalance of matter and NUCLEOSYNTHESIS antimatter in the universe. Nucleo = nucleus (center part of atom) Synthesis = formation 5.​ Cooling down of universe -​ Nucleus is made up of protons and -​ Paexpand nang paexpand at neutrons. Prior to their formation, habang nalawak nalamig protons and neutrons were called -​ Nababa temperature quarks and gluons. -​ As the temperature continues to decrease, protons and neutrons NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND PRIMORDIAL were able to combine to make light EFFECTS nuclei. In the early universe, once the deuterium -​ This is the beginning of the period bottleneck was cleared, the newly formed referred to as the primordial deuterium could undergo further nuclear nucleosynthesis. reaction to form higher elements. -​ Low temp → p+ + n0 = > deuterium- stable form of Hydrogen. nuclei/nucleus - composed of 1 proton, 1 neutron, and 1 electron. 6.​ Bigbang nucleosynthesis -​ Nuclear fusion: A nucleus -​ Formation of new nuclei from combines with another nucleus to “pre-existing nuclei” form larger nuclei. -​ Mga nuclei na nafform will eventually > Nucleus + nucleus → larger form new nuclei nucleus -​ Nawala singularity pero nabuo nuclei -​ Nuclear fission: a nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. 7.​ Recombination > Larger nucleus + s.a (subatomic -​ During the cooling down process particle → smaller nucleus -​ Habang lumalamig, nagfform mga elements. -​ Hydrogen and Helium are products of newly combined nuclei form you “pre-existing nuclei” 8.​ Dark ages -​ Nagiging transparent universe -​ Lumalamig -​ Up until now present and dark ages -​ Cosmic microwave background -​ Hindi na visible ang light, CMB lang > Tritium- radioactive hydrogen composed of 1 protons and 2 neutrons. 9.​ Formation of cosmic bodies -​ sa nuclear fission may existing -​ Formation of galaxies and stars nucleus. Kapag dinagdagan ng -​ The remnants of explosion created subatomic particle, nagiging stars and galaxies unstable yung existing nucleus and kapag naging unstable,  maghihiwalay siya kaya nabubuo -​ May proton ang center ng ibang elements. atom -​ In this case, nadagdagan ng neutron si uranium kaya naging unstable 4.​ Neild Bohr (1913) kaya nakagawa ng Barium, Krypton, -​ Electron shells/ energy levels and Neutrons. -​ Electron configuration may mga shells and energy levels COSMIC ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS 5.​ James Chadwick (1932) Big Bang Nucleosynthesis -​ Neutrons matatagpuan sa (Bigbang and cosmic Ray Nucleosynthesis) nucleus. Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), and trace 6.​ Erwin Shrodinger (1936) amounts of Lithium (Li) -​ Electrons as waves and in cloud-like movement. Stellar Nucleosynthesis (Small and Large stars Nucleosynthesis) ATOMS, IONS, AND ISOTOPES From Beryllium (Be) to Iron (Fe) Ion- Atom or molecule with a net electrical charge (positive or negative) Supernova Nucleosynthesis (Stellar explosion) From Cobalt (Co) to Uranium (U) Neutral atom - protons must be equal to electrons(p+ = e-) TIMELINE OF ATOMIC THEORY Anion - e- > p+ 1.​ John Dalton (1803) Cation - p+ > e- -​ Atom -​ Lahat ay composed of atom Isotopes of Carbon 2.​ J.J. Thompson (1897) Iso - equal -​ Electrons and the Plum P - same num of proton Pudding Model -​ May electrons sa atom -​ Parang may raisins ang atom. -​ Nakapaligid yung electrons sa atom 3.​ Ernest Rutherford (1911) Hydrogen 1p+ 4.​ Element name = Titanium Deuterium 1p+ 1 n0 1e- 5.​ Element symbol = Ti Tritium 1p+ 2n0 1e- 6.​ Cosmic origin = Stellar -​ They are all isotopes kasi same ng nucleosynthesis protons If and unknown element has 50 protons and 69 neutrons, identify the following: 1.​ Number of electrons = 50 2.​ Atomic number = 50 3.​ Atomic mass = 119 4.​ Element name = Tin 5.​ Element symbol = Sn 6.​ Cosmic origin = Supernova nucleosynthesis An unknown element has 84 protons, 84 electrons, and an atomic mass of 209. Identify the following: 1.​ Atomic number = 84 Mass no (nucleus) → protons + neutrons 2.​ Number of Neutrons = 125 Atomic no → Protons 3.​ Element name = Polonium (mas malaki mass no kesa atomic no) 4.​ Element symbol = Po 5.​ Cosmic origin = Supernova Protons = atomic no = Electrons (same nucleosynthesis lang) Neutron = Mass no - Protons (or atomic no)​ Protons = Mass no - Neutrons NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND Mass no = Protons + Neutrons EQUATIONS Mass number = Atomic mass Nuclear Reactions- Changing the structure of the nucleus (p+ + n0) and other atomic particles (e-). Types of nuclear reactions include alpha (a) decay, beta (b) decay, and gamma (y) decay. Particles such as electrons, neutrons, or protons are often emitted during nuclear reactions. Nuclear reactions involve or can lead to the formation of isotopes (same p+ / atomic #) -​ Atomic # is unique for every Atomic number of 22 and an atomic element. mass of 48, identify the following: 1.​ Number of protons = 22 2.​ Number of electrons = 22 3.​ Number of neutrons = 26 CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE -​ How many allowable bonds can an atom hold. -​ Electron configuration plays a big role. S = 2, P = 6, d = 10, f = 14 - Other metals: Capable of gaining charges alongside some metals:) - 5, 14, 32, 33, 51, 52, 84: Metalloids (both metal and nonmetals) - Left side: S orbitals (1st and 2nd column) - right side: P orbitals (13 –18 columns) - Middle: d orbitals (3 – 12 column) - Lower: f orbital Atomic # = electron = electron configuration -​ It can always be less than the no. pero bawal sobra:> -​ Makukuha lang ‘yung lewis electron dots kapag nakuha ang valence electron. -​ 8 valence = fully-filled lewis electron LEWIS ELECTRON DOT dot structure -​ Gilbert Newton Lewis 1)​ 1 dot = 1e- -​ Representation of the valence -​ Makukuha ’yung valence electrons electrons of an atom that uses dots using the last orbitals sa electron around the symbol of the element. configuration. -​ Kapag hindi fully-filled ang last orbital, manghihiram sa katabi. (ipag aadd)  ​ BUT, lahat ng nagtatapos sa -​ Kapag 1 lang ang valence electron - p-orbital kahit puno o hindi sa right ang dot palaging siyang hihiram a -​ Kapag 2, both left and right and dots katabi niya!!!! -​ Kapag 3, left, right, and taas ​ S and P orbital only -​ Papasok lang yung tinuro ni ms na up, right, down left kapag 4 pataas na yung v.e ​ Capable of binding = walang ka-pair > kapag walang ka-pair, naaattract siya sa mga walang ka-pair aswell kaya nag bbond. > mga nasa 8th column = noble gases → kaya nilang mag stand alone without relying on any element dahil stable na sila (kahit si helium na dalawa lang v.e) FOR TRANSITION METALS: -​ Unlike main group elements, transition metals typically DO NOT use Lewis dot structures because they are variable valence (changing) -​ Involvement of higher electron orbitals -​ Helium is a special case (one and -​ D and F orbital only na 2 yung nasa taas) kasi naiba siya ng pwesto sa table –stable tawag sa kanya CHEMICAL BONDS SHORTCUT ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS Elements  -​ Constitute the simplest chemical -​ Every element has atomic number substances in which all the atoms and mass are exactly the same. -​ Examples: He, Fe, C, K CHEMICAL BONDS -​ Elemental Molecules: H2, N2, F2, -​ Formation of a chemical bond O2, I2, Cl2, Br2 between two or more atoms, -​ Kahit maraming unit ng elements, if molecules, or ions to give rise to a the same sila elements parin sila chemical compound. (elemental molecules) -​ Ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen Compounds bond, metallic bond -​ Chemical substances made up of two or more elements that are 1.​ IONIC BONDS chemically bound together in a fixed -​ Results from transfer of 1 or more ratio. v.e to one atom to another -​ Pair: lone pair (fully filled electrons) -​ TRANSFERRING OF ELECTRONS Compound: 2 or more elements -​ Metal = lose electrons becomes Molecules: 2 or more unit (element cations compound) -​ Non metal = accepts electrons > A compound is always a molecule but becomes anions molecules only cannot be a compound -​ Kapag nag bond and both metal and Mixture non-metal mag fform ng ionic bond -​ Combination of compounds, -​ Two types of Ions participate in ionic elements, and altogether in one bonding: Monoatomic and chemical substance. Polyatomic NOTABLE SCIENTISTS 1.​ Robert Boyle -​ Elements and Atomism -​ Elements are in a single form of atom. 2.​ Joseph Priestley -​ Combustion -​ Phlogiston Theory 3.​ Joseph Proust -​ Law of definite proportion -​ Oxygen can hold 2 units of hydrogen so definite siya 4.​ John Dalton -​ Law of Multiple Proportions -​ Protons = electrons → neutral -​ Molecular formula and empirical -​ Protons > electrons → positively formula charged atom (cation) 5.​ Anton Lavoisier -​ Electron > protons → Negative -​ Law of Conservation of Mass (anion) -​ 1 dot = 1 unit of electron  -​ Naging positive si Na kasi binigay niya electron niya kay Cl kaya hindi na siya neutral -​ Naging negative si Cl kasi mas marami na electron niya from Na -​ Ang mag bbond na sa kanila nang walang electron is their charges; their charges will attract each other = -​ Carbon hindi kasama sa ionic NaCl (salt) bonding Transitional Metals (D orbital): Variable ​ Monoatomic ions valence or paiba-iba ng oxidation -​ Ion made of exactly ONE atom -​ An atom that has an unequal number of protons and electrons (w/ charges) -​ Depending on the charge, these ions may be classified as cations or anions. -​ May kakayahan yung one atom mag gain and lose ng electron ( gain = negative charge, lose = positive charge) ION CHARGES OF ELEMENTS AS Mataas na oxidation / exponent: –ic MONOATOMIC IONS: Mababang oxidation / exponent –ous ​ Polyatomic Ions -​ If the compound is made up of 2 or more atoms. -​ Molecular ion -​ Depending on the charge, these ions may also be classified as cations or anions.  Becomes Al2O3 Name: Aluminum Oxide 4.​ Simplify the numbers if necessary (for same numbers, even numbers). Mas mataas – ate Pag nag eend sa oxygen – te Pag may dalawang unit ng carbon – associated w/ ase -​ Kapag sandwich ng hydrogen at oxygen puwede siyang palitan ng “bi” instead of hydrogen itself -​ Kapag nagtatapos sa oxygen ang suffix niya ay “--te” -​ Benz - 6 carbon unit -​ Ate - 3 oxygen (ex chlorate) -​ Ite - 2 oxygen (chlorite) -​ Bi - pag naka sandwich h at o -​ Hypo….-ite – kapag walang -​ Thio (sulfur) – may s WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA 1.​ Write the chemical symbol of the elements Example: Al O 2.​ Write the number of electrons to be donated or accepted by each element. Example: Al3+ O2- -​ Negative charge: –ide 3.​ Criss-cross the number of electrons and drop as subscripts. LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE -​ Kapag metal, dapat wala nang (LEDS) OF IONIC COMPOUNDS LEDS (ang present na lang a kanya 1.​ At the start of the crisscross method, at charges at coefficient) the number of electrons to be -​ Kapag non-metal, kailangan donated by the cation (metal) and i-drawing na kumpleto sa LEDS at accepted by the anion (nonmetal) kailangan nakalagay sa bracket ta’s are indicated as superscripts. This ilalagay sa labas (taas) ng bracket will represent the charges of the ang charge ng nonmetal at ilalagay elements. sa labas ang coefficient na nagamit 2.​ At the end of the crisscross method, nila sa reaction. the subscripts will be the coefficient of the elements. 3.​ The metal (cation) should have no Lewis dots since it donated all its valence electron/s; while the nonmetal (anion) should be drawn with eight Lewis dots since it gained additional valence electron/s. 4.​ The element symbols and their LEDS must be placed inside a bracket, and the corresponding Metals: all electrons must be donated to charges and coefficients are placed their designated non-metal inside. Superscript: charges Subscript: coefficients – units of elements present in the reaction (kung ilang element na nagamit) 2. COVALENT BONDS -​ Para maintained ang -​ Results from the sharing of one or pagiging stable at hindi more valence electrons from one gumagalaw atom to another. -​ Walang nanglalamang, -​ SHARING OF ELECTRONS walang nanghihila -​ Exists between two nonmetals. -​ Two types: non-polar and polar 2.​ Polar Covalent Bond covalent bond. -​ Electrons are SHARED -​ NM + NM only UNEQUALLY between two -​ No loss / gain of electrons ; just nonmetals. sharing between atoms -​ Num. of electrons shared will be different -​ Occurs in binding atoms that have different electronegativities. -​ Produces electrical dipoles (partial charges) between -​ Hindi covalent bonding kapag nasa atoms. metals -​ Covalent bonds are attracted -​ No full charges to atoms w/ more electrons. (kasi nahihila niya patungo sa kanya dahil mas mabigat siya ng electrons; the more the merrier para ma-stable) 1.​ Nonpolar Covalent Bond -​ Formed when electrons are SHARED EQUALLY between two nonmetals. -​ The num of electrons shared NAMING OF COVALENT BONDS by the adjacent atoms will be the same. -​ Occurs in bonding atoms that have similar or identical electronegativities.  -​ The bonding type is inextricably linked to the absolute difference of electronegativity values. ELECTRONEGATIVITY -​ Tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself. -​ How strongly an atom wants electrons -​ Linus Pauling -​ Kung sino mas maraming valence electrons, mas mataas attraction niya sa covalent bond / shared electrons. Steps in determining the type of bond: 1.​ Metal or nonmetal? 2.​ Symmetrical or asymmetrical? Take note: -​ Not all nonpolar molecules have Again, non-metal only:) nonpolar covalent bonding (ex. CF4) -​ All polar molecules have polar ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE covalent bonding (ex. H2O, NH2) -​ For these reasons, we will need to know how to draw the LEDS and molecular structure of compounds and determine in each element their corresponding electronegativity