PHYS 2296 - Lecture 2 - The Human Anatomy (Part 1) PDF

LECTURE 2: THE HUMAN ANATOMY (PART 1) PHYS2296: Physics of the human body LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:  Identify 4 types of tissues  Describe the major organs and functions of at least 6 organ systems  Interpret terms of relative anatomica...

LECTURE 2: THE HUMAN ANATOMY (PART 1) PHYS2296: Physics of the human body LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:  Identify 4 types of tissues  Describe the major organs and functions of at least 6 organ systems  Interpret terms of relative anatomical positions  WHAT IS ANATOMY? – Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts. There are two main subgroups: 1. Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable 2. Microscopic anatomy  Very small structures (Anatemnein: ana, "separate, apart from", and temnein, "to cut  Requires high resolution imaging tools up, cut open).  THE HUMAN ANATOMY  We are physicists!!!  Why study anatomy?  To learn the appropriate scientific terminology for effective communication with medical professionals and other scientists.  To better understand the physical functioning of the human body. This facilitates the mathematical modeling of bio-physical behavior in a realistic way. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Subatomic particles In this course, we will examine Atom Organ system primarily organs and organ systems Molecule ORGANISM Macromolecule Organ Organelle Cell Tissue WHAT ARE TISSUES? There are group of There are 4 types of cells working tissues: together to perform 1.Epithelial a function. 2.Connective 3.Muscle 4.Nervous  Line cavities and surfaces of structures of the body e.g. Skin. They also form several glands. Functions include secretion, selection, absorption, protection, transcellular transport and the detection of sensation. 1. Epithelial They are avascular and must receive nutrients from underlying layer connective tissue tissue   Supports, protects, provide frameworks, fills spaces, store fats, produce blood cells, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body.  Consists of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix, all immersed in the body fluids e.g. Bone, blood, adipose tissue and cartilage. 2.  They are produced primarily by fibroblast Connective cells. tissue   There are three main types: (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles).  Skeletal muscles are anchored to the bones by tendons and facilitate locomotion.  Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found within the walls of organs such as the intestines, stomach, bladder and blood vessels. 3. Muscle  Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart. Like skeletal muscles, they are striated. tissue   It is composed of neurons, which transmit impulses to the muscles or glands  The neuroglia cells, which assist propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neuron.  Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system - the brain, spinal 4. Nervous cord, and nerves- which regulates and controls body functions. tissue CRITICAL THINKING  Cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) usually act on cells that are dividing. Which tissue would carcinogens most likely influence? Least likely influence?  ORGAN SYSTEMS  Relatedorgans with a common function are group together as systems.  There are 11 major systems in the human body. List Six (6) Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive Integumentary System  Organs  Skin  Hair  Glands  Functions  Protection  Regulates body temperature  Eliminates waste  Vitamin D  Sensations  SKELETAL SYSTEM  Organs  Bones  Joints  Cartilage  Functions  Support  Protection  Body movement  Produces blood cells  Stores minerals & fats MUSCULAR SYSTEM  Organs  Skeletal muscles  Functions  Body movement  Posture  Generates heat NERVOUS SYSTEM  Organs  Brain  Spinal cord  Nerves  Special sense organs  Functions  Action potentials (nerve impulses)  Detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Organs  Hormone-producing glands and cells  Functions  Regulates body activities CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  Organs  Blood  Heart  Blood vessels  Functions  Pumps blood  CarriesO2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away  Regulates temperature, acid- base balance, and H2O LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  Organs  Lymph fluid & vessels  Spleen  Thymus  Lymph nodes  Tonsils  Functions  Transports dietary lipids  Protection RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Organs  Lungs  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchial tree  Functions  Exchange of gases  Acid-base balance  Sound production DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  Organs  Mouth  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestines  Large intestines  Liver  Gallbladder  Pancreas  Functions  Breakdown of food  Absorption of food  Eliminates wastes URINARY SYSTEM  Organs  Kidneys  Ureters  Urinary bladder  Urethra  Functions  Eliminates waste  Regulates blood composition & volume  Acid-base balance REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  Organs  Ovaries  Testes  Associated structures  Functions  Produce gametes  Hormone regulation of reproduction  Organ System Organs Function – Bones Support, Protection, Skeletal – Joints Body movement – kidneys eliminates waste, regulates Urinary – urinary blood composition & bladder volume – lungs exchange of gases, – pharynx sound production Respiratory – larynx – trachea – blood – pumps blood – heart – carries O2 and nutrients Cardiovascular to cells and wastes away – blood vessels Medical Terminologies  “Small left sided pneumothorax with Speaking The some surgical emphysema”. ‘Medical  “An ill-defined mildly enhancing soft Language’ tissue density lesion in the upper retroperitoneum in preaortic and para- aortric region…”  “the mass medially extends to the trachea-esophageal groove”  “Chest frontal/lateral” TERMINOLOGY Terms of relative position (used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another):  Superior vs. Inferior (top and bottom)  Anterior vs. Posterior (front and back)  Medial vs. Lateral  Proximal vs. Distal (only in the extremities)  Superficial vs. Deep  Internal vs. External TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY  TERMINOLOGY Body sections (Terms used to describe sections and planes)  Sagittal or median – divides body into left and right portions  Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions  Transverse or horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions  Coronal or frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions TERMINOLOGY IN IMAGING  What are the 4 types of Define anatomy. tissues? List 6 organ system Describe a sagittal plane For homework, please review the bones of the human skeleton. SUMMARY HOMEWORK INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS PLANES OF THE BODY Coronal plane (or frontal plane) Sagittal plane Transverse plane (or axial or horizontal plane) ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS Cranial (towards the head) and caudal (towards the tail) Anterior (towards the front) and posterior (towards the back) Proximal (towards the top) and distal (towards the bottom) Medial (towards the mid-line) and lateral (away from the mid-line) FUNCTION OF BONES Protection: help to protect vital internal organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. Structure: provides a frame for support Movement: assist in the transfer of forces required for motion Blood production: red blood cells are produced in the marrow Mineral storage: acts as a reserve for important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus Fat storage: yellow bone marrow acts as a fat reserve Detoxification: can store heavy metals and other https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-1- foreign elements the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system/  JOINTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY: HIP Bones: pelvis and femur Articulation between acetabulum on pelvis and head of femur Ball and socket joint, 3 DOF Joint center at center of femoral head Located relative to greater trochanter or other pelvic landmarks, or by functional methods Articulations of hip joint Flexion/extension Adduction/Abduction Internal/External rotation https://themovementdissection.blog/%E9%AB%96%E9%97%9C%E 7%AF%80-hip-joint/ JOINTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY: KNEE Bones: femur and tibia Articulation between femur and tibia Hinge joint with translating joint center Flexion and translation are coupled Joint center approximately along axis of lateral and medial condyles Located relative to epicondyles or by functional methods Also patellofemoral “joint” Patella slides over anterior aspect of distal femur Articulations of knee joint Flexion/extension Varus/Valgus (Abduction/Adduction) Internal/External rotation Screw home mechanism, external rotation with extension, due to ligaments  ANKLE Bones: tibia, fibula, and talus Articulation between tibia, fibula, and talus Lateral malleolus Hinge joint, 1 DOF Joint center approximately along axis of lateral and medial malleoli Located relative to malleoli or by functional methods Articulations of ankle joint Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion  SUBTALAR Bones: talus and calcaneus Articulation between talus and calcaneus Moore & Dalley, Clinically Oriented Anatomy Hinge joint, 1 DOF Axis of joint directed anteriorly and superiorly Articulations of subtalar joint Inversion/eversion  METATARSOPHALANGEAL (MTP) Bones: toes MTP stands for metatarsophalangeal Hinge joint, 1 DOF, 5 separate joints treated as a single hinge Axis of joint directed medial/laterally and obliquely Moore & Dalley, Clinically Oriented Anatomy Articulations of MTP joint Flexion/extension (curl toes/raise toes) Many other bones of the foot have articulations, but these are largely ignored BIOMECHANICS SUMMARY Function of bones Anatomical planes Coronal Sagittal transverse Anatomical directions proximal and distal Medial and lateral Anterior and posterior Cranial and caudal Lower extremity joints Hip Knee Ankle Subtalar Metatarsophalangeal