Photosynthesis Unit C PDF

**Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration** **Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems** [metabolic pathways] - biological processes/the pathway or movements that involve matter and energy (ex. cellular respiration and photosynthesis) - - **Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes** - me...

**Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration** **Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems** [metabolic pathways] - biological processes/the pathway or movements that involve matter and energy (ex. cellular respiration and photosynthesis) - - **Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes** - metabolism - the sum of processes within a cell - enzymes - protein catalysts within cells that aid in making sure that reactions can take place through *metabolism* ---\> reduces the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to begin ---\> *catalysts* also reduce the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to begin ---\> enzymes are necessary for reactions because of many factors such as efficiency, and the speed of reactions (ex. your internal temperature would skyrocket without enzymes to aid along with reactions) anabolic - describes a reaction or pathway that create larger molecules from subunits (prefix: an; positive) catabolic - describes a reaction or pathway that breaks down large molecules into smaller pieces (prefix: cat; negative) - activation energy - the energy required to start a reaction **Oxidation and Reduction** oxidation - reaction where an atom or molecule loses electrons; loss of energy ---\> LEO: Losing Electrons = Oxidation reduction - reaction where an atom or molecule gains electrons; gains energy ---\> GER: Gains Electrons = Reduction - - **The Chloroplast** chloroplast - the site of photosynthesis consisting of a series of membranes and are found in plant cells - stroma - yellowish fluid that contains proteins and chemicals required for photosynthesis thylakoid - a type of membrane that creates a series of flattened sac-like structures grana - structures of stacked thylakoids (singular: granum) **The Mitochondria** mitochondria - site of cellular respiration consisting of two membranes found in both plant and animal cells matrix - fluid-filled space within the inner membrane ---\> contains many of the chemicals and proteins required to break down carbohydrates and create ATP **\*\*\* cell respiration** **Photosynthesis** heterotrophs - a class that most animals are a part of as they can ingest their food autotrophs - a class that plants are a part of as they produce their own food; means self feeder photosynthesis -a process of facilitated food production when light energy is transformed into glucose using inorganic raw materials (CO2 from the air and H2O from the soil) - - - - chlorophyll - a green pigment inside of a plant cell **Photosynthetic Pigments and Absorption** - - - - **Types of Pigments** chlorophyll A - the most important pigment in photosynthesis as it plays a direct role in obtaining the best type of wavelengths for photosynthesis (ex. starting lineup) chlorophyll B - absorbs a similar spectrum of wavelengths to chlorophyll A, but in lower amounts carotenoids - one of the main groups of accessory pigments that serve to broaden the spectrum of absorption by absorbing other wavelengths, then pass the energy received to *chlorophyll. A*; backup of the backup absorption spectrum - amount of each wavelength absorbed action spectrum - effectiveness of a wavelength in the action of photosynthesis **The Reactions of Photosynthesis** Light Dependent Reactions - - - - - photosystem - acts like a light gathering "antenna complex" consisting of a few hundred chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoid molecules - - - **Photosystems** - Step 1: - - photolysis - the process by which the excited electron leaves the reaction center and enzymes break down a water molecule which releases H+ ions (hydrogen), electrons, and oxygen - Step 2: - electron transport system - series of electron-carrying molecules - - - Step 3: - - - Step 4: - - - NADP+ = nicotinamide adenine denuclearize phosphate NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) **A Summary of the Steps** - **Chemiosmosis - ATP Production in Light Dependent Reactions** - - 1. 2. 3. **Light Independent Reactions (Carbon-Fixation or Calvin Benson Cycle)** - - - - - - - - reducing power - NADPH possesses this and is used to make the G3P (??) - - **The Calvin-Benson Cycle** - - - - - carbon fixation - the process by which plants turn inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) into organic compounds - - - **Phase 1: Carbon Fixation** - - -  **Phase 2: Reduction** - - **Phase 3: Regeneration** - - **Overall Costs** - - - limiting factors - factors that affect or limit the rate that something can be done - -  **Light** - - **Temperature** - - **Carbon Dioxide Levels** - -