Week 1: Introduction to Microbiology (PHMP211) PDF

PHMP211  It had three sliding tubes for different WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY lenses, no tripod and was capable of magnifying three to nine times the true HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE...

PHMP211  It had three sliding tubes for different WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY lenses, no tripod and was capable of magnifying three to nine times the true HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE size.  The first microscope was invented  News about the microscopes spread around 1590 quickly across Europe  But it's unclear who invented the  Galileo Galilei soon improved upon the microscope. Some historians say it compound microscope design in 1609. was Hans Lippershey, most famous for  Galileo called his device an occhiolino, filing the first patent for a telescope or "little eye.“ during 1570s  1624 – he developed his microscope  Other evidence points to Hans and into a telescope Zacharias Janssen, a father-son team of  Galileo was more interested in spectacle makers living in the same the multitude of stars he could town as Lippershey. see through his telescope than in the insects he examined JANSSEN OR LIPPERSHEY? close-up with his microscope.  Hans Lippershey, also spelled Lipperhey,  English scientist Robert Hooke improved was born in Wesel, Germany in 1570, the microscope, too, and explored the but moved to Holland, which was then structure of snowflakes, fleas, lice and enjoying a period of innovation in art plants. and science called the Dutch Golden  He coined the term "cell" from the Latin Age. cella, which means "small room,"  Lippershey settled in Middelburg, because he compared the cells he saw where he made spectacles, binoculars in cork to the small rooms that monks and some of the earliest microscopes lived in. and telescopes  In 1665, and detailed his observations in  Also living in Middelburg were Hans and the book "Micrographia. Zacharias Janssen.  Early compound microscopes provided  Historians attribute the invention of the more magnification than single lens microscope to the Janssens, thanks to microscopes; however, they also letters by the Dutch diplomat William distorted the image more. Boreel.  Dutch scientist Antoine van  In the 1650s, Boreel wrote a letter to Leeuwenhoek designed high-powered the physician of the French king in single lens microscopes in the 1670s. which he described the microscope. In With these he was the first to describe his letter, sperm (or spermatozoa) from dogs and  Boreel said Zacharias Janssen started humans. writing to him about a microscope in  He also studied yeast, red blood cells, the early 1590s, although Boreel only bacteria from the mouth and protozoa saw a microscope himself years later.  Scientists were also developing new Some historians argue Hans Janssen ways to prepare and contrast their helped build the microscope, as specimens. In 1882, the German Zacharias was a teenager in the 1590s. physician Robert Koch presented his  A Middelburg museum has one of the discovery of Mycobacterium earliest Janssen microscopes, dated to tuberculosis, the bacilli responsible for 1595. tuberculosis HISTORY  THE FIRST OBSERVATION THE THEORY OP BIOGENESIS  1665 – Robert Hooke reported to the  1858 – Rudolf Virchow challenged world that life’s smallest structural unit spontaneous generation by introducing were “little boxes” or “cells”, as he his concept of biogenesis. He saw a called them after observing a slice of decaying animal and it sprouted a cork mushroom.  This marked the beginning of the Cell  1861 – Louis Pasteur resolved the issue Theory. between spontaneous generation and  1673 – 1723 – Anton van biogenesis and proved that Leeuwenhoek first observed microorganisms are everywhere live microorganisms through his simple, single-lens microscope, The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857 – 1914) he describe the as  Headed by Louis Pasteur and “animalcules” Robert Koch  Establishment of SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Microbiology as a  Many scientist and philosophers, until science the second half of the 19th century,  Causative agents of believed that some forms of life could certain diseases arise spontaneously from non-living  Role of immunity matter  Prevention and cure of  This hypothetical process is called as diseases “Spontaneous generation”  Chemical activities of  It means it came from nowhere. microorganisms  Microscopy and DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION culturing  1668 – Francesco Redi demonstrated microorganism that maggots appear on decaying meat  Developed vaccines only when flies are able to lay eggs on and surgical techniques the meat  1858 – Pasteur found out that yeast converts sugar into alcohol in a process called fermentation and that bacteria are the main cause of spoilage in beer and wines due to the conversion to acetic acid.  1866 – Pasteur developed a technique  1745 – John Needham found out that called “Pasteurization” (process in milk heated nutrient fluids were soon production) teeming with microorganism after cooling GERM THEORY OF DISEASE  1765 – Lazaro Spallanzani suggested  The possibility that microorganisms that microorganisms from air entered might have similar relationships with Needham’s solution after they were plants and animals – that boiled. He then setup his own microorganisms might cause disease experiment wherein nutrient fluids  1835 – Agosino Bassi found out that were sealed before they were boiled. fungi are responsible for the silkworm disease   1865 – Pasteur noted that recent  A fortunate Accident – Antibiotics infection are caused by protozoans  Quinine – antiviral  1840s – Ignaz Semmelweis  1928 – Alexander Fleming discovered demonstrated that physicians who did penicillin not disinfect their hands transmitted  1945 – Alexander Fleming warned childbirth fever from one patient to about possible resistance of another. microorganisms to drugs because of  1860s – Joseph Lister, after hearing the rampant use works of Louis Pasteur, disinfected his  Penicillium chrysogenum – name of the surgical equipment with carbolic acid or mold phenol  1876 – Robert Koch discovered the cause of anthrax and established a sequent of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.  This is known as the Koch’s Postulates. Modern Developments in Microbiology  The study of AIDS, analysis of interferon action and the development of new vaccines are among the current researches in immunology  New techniques in molecular biology and electron microscopy have provided tools for the advancement of our VACCINATION knowledge in virology  1796 – Edward Jenner uses cowpox as a  The development in recombinant DNA vaccine for smallpox technology has help scientist advance in  Plague – rat feast all areas of microbiology  Vibrio cholerae – found in water  1880 – Louis Pasteur found out the mechanism on how vaccines work and developed 3 vaccines: Fowl Cholera (1881), Anthrax (1881) and Rabies (1885)  Antibiotics – fortunate accident THE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPHY  1910 – Paul Ehrlich, as a student, speculated that there is a “magic Some applications of microbiology in various bullet”, pharmaceutical industry  He discovered the first synthetic  The most important contribution of chemotherapeutic drug called microbiology to the pharmaceutical “Salvarsan” industry is the development of  Before salvarsan, Mercury , by antibiotics. Paracelsus, are used to treat syphilis  All antibiotics were originally the  Before this discovery, the only drug in products of microbial metabolism, widely accepted in Europe was quinine. however the recent genetic  manipulations have enabled the mosaic virus (TMV), was production of more enhanced drugs. fundamentally different from  Vaccines are also a very important other microbes contribution of microbiology towards o Mycology (Bassi’s work) development of drugs  Protozoans, came from  The production of vaccines amoeba, are other possible against bacterial diseases fungi usually requires the growth of o Parasitology (Pasteur’s work on large amounts of bacteria protozoans)  Prophylactic – prevent o Immunology (Jenner’s first vaccine) infections  Steroids can also be obtained from SPECIALIZED FIELDS microorganisms.  General Microbiology  came from cell walls  The study of the classification  eukaryotic cell on microorganisms and how  hormonal imbalance they function.  Apart from drugs and bio products  Medical Microbiology development, microbiology contributes  The study of pathogens, the towards quality control of a diseases caused by them, and pharmaceutical laboratory. the body’s defenses against  Prevention of microbial contamination them. of drugs, injectables, eye drops, nasal  Veterinary Microbiology solutions and inhalation products is  The study of the spread and undertaken following pharmacopeial control of diseases among guidelines. animals.  Antibiotics – are natural, came from  Agricultural Microbiology their bacteria. The study of the beneficial and  Chemotherapeutic agent – chemical, harmful roles of microbes in soil intended for killing cancer cells formation  Sanitary Microbiology GENERAL FIELDS  The processing and disposal of o Bacteriology ( Leeuwenhoek’s first garbage and sewage wastes as examination) wells as the purification of  Bacillus stearothermophilus – water supplies used in autoclaving (121 c)  Industrial Microbiology  Pyrogens – bacteria that causes  Use of microbes in industries fever  Microbial Physiology and Genetics  Bacteriophages – type of virus  The study of the function of that infects bacteria microorganisms, the structure o Phycology – study of algae of DNA and the science of o Virology (Dmitri Iwanowski 1892 - genetics in general reported that the organism that caused  Environmental Microbiology / mosaic disease of tobacco was so small Microbial Ecology that it passed through filters fine  The study of the enough to stop all known bacteria) microorganisms in the soil, air,  In 1935, Wendell Stanley water, sewage, food and dairy demonstrated that the products organism, called tobacco  detergents to remove spots from MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE clothing  Minority of all microorganisms are pathogenic. INSECT PEST CONTROL  Microbes that cause food spoilage, such  Besides spreading diseases, insects can as soft spots on fruits and vegetables, cause devastating crop damage. Insect decomposition of meats, and rancidity pest control is therefore important for of fats and oils both agriculture and the prevention of  The vast majority of microbes benefit human disease humans, other animals, and plants in  The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has many ways been used extensively in the United States to control such pests as alfalfa Recycling vital elements caterpillars, bollworms, corn borers,  Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei cabbageworms, tobacco budworms, Winogradsky (1880) were the first to and fruit tree leaf rollers show how bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the Modern biotechnology and recombinant DNA atmosphere  A very exciting and important outcome  Microbial ecology of recombinant DNA techniques is gene therapy SEWAGE TREATMENT  Beyond medical applications,  Using microbes to recycle water recombinant DNA techniques have also  Sewage treatment plants remove the been applied to agriculture undesirable materials and harmful microorganisms. Treatments combine INDUSTRIAL (FOOD) various physical processes with the  Lactobacillus – production of curd in action of beneficial microbes. milk  Large solids such as paper, wood, glass,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) – for gravel, and plastic are removed from making bread sewage; left behind are liquid and  production of beverages like organic materials that bacteria convert wine, beer, whisky, brandy and into such by-products as carbon dioxide, rum nitrates, phosphates, sulfates,  Propionebacterium freundenreichii – ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and production of swiss cheese methane INDUSTRIAL (BIOFERTILIZERS)  Rhizobium and cyanobacteria – fixes BIOREMEDIATION atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms  Using microbes to clean up pollutants  Mycorrhiza – absorbs phosphorus from  In 1988, scientists began using microbes soil and passes it to plants to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced by various industrial processes  Among the most commonly used microbes are certain species of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas (su-do- mo'nas) and Bacillus (basil'lus). Bacillus enzymes are also used in household