Philosophy Reviewer PDF

**REVIEWER** **PHILOSOPY** Freedom of the Human Person Freedom of Imagination and Freedom of Emotions What is Freedom? Freedom, as explored through dictionaries, legal frameworks, religious texts, and philosophical perspectives, is a multifaceted concept with enduring significance. It encompass...

**REVIEWER** **PHILOSOPY** Freedom of the Human Person Freedom of Imagination and Freedom of Emotions What is Freedom? Freedom, as explored through dictionaries, legal frameworks, religious texts, and philosophical perspectives, is a multifaceted concept with enduring significance. It encompasses the absence of constraint, liberation from control, and the right to make independent choice. Dehumanization Persons who are denied their freedom by other individuals, groups, and institutions. Ex: Slaves and Imprisoned People KINDS OF FREEDOM Physical Freedom Refers to the absence of any physical restraint. The person has the freedom of mobility to go where he or she wants to go. He or she is not impeded in his or her actions by any physical force. Psychological Freedom Is also called as the freedom of choice. The person is free to perform actions that he or she considers right and wise. A person is also free to act or not to act. Moral Freedom Refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she pleases. A person must use his or her freedom to grow as a person. ALL ACTIONS HAVE CONSEQUENCES Two elements of freedom Voluntariness refers to the ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determination. Responsibility refers to the person being accountable for his or her own actions and their consequences. Voluntariness And Responsibility Go hand-in-hand in determining a person\'s freedom in any situation where a person is forced to do an action against his or her will, it follows that he or she cannot be held responsible for his own involuntary actions. TYPES OF CHOICE Conscious choice A decision made after careful consideration, deliberation, and weighing of options. We actively engage our minds, analyze the potential consequences, and choose what we believe is best. Ex: Deciding what course to take in college Unconscious choice A decision made without much thought or awareness, often driven by habit, instinct, or emotions. We might not even realize we are making a choice. EX: Breaking up during an argument. Small choice An everyday decision that might seem insignificant but can still shape our experiences. It has a limited impact on the overall course of our lives. EX: Deciding to take a breakfast or not. Big choice A decision that has a significant long-term impact on our lives. It often involves major life changes and requires careful planning and consideration. EX: Deciding to get married or not. ALL CHOICES HAVE CONSEQUENCES Immediate Consequence The direct and immediate consequences of a choice, experienced within a short period of time. EX: You are getting thirsty and you decide to drink cold water aggressively, what might happen next is stomach cramps or hiccups. Short-term Effects These consequences unfold within a relatively short period of time, usually days, weeks, or months. Ex: Eating a lot of junk food regularly and every day you might gain weight or feel uncomfortable in the next few days or you may have increased risk of having an UTI in the next few months. Long-term effects These consequences are the long-lasting effects of an choice, often unfolding over years or even decades Ex: Smoking cigarettes: The immediate effect is the satisfaction of smoking, but the long-term impacts include an increased risk of cancer, heart disease, and other health problems. Far-reaching Impacts These consequences extend beyond the individual who took the choice and can affect a wider community, society, or even the environment. Ex: A commander decides to have a war against other battalion; the far-reaching impacts might be cause of land destruction, loss of lives, loss of houses, loss of infrastructure and many more. THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY The human person by nature is a "social being" Throughout a person's life, he or she experiences a variety of relationships that help shape him or her as a person. Society is an organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have a common territory and culture. Society also refers to a companionship or friendly association with other, an alliance, a community, or a union. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY During the enlightenment, social philosophers pondered the natural laws that govern human societies, Enlightenment philosophers are: Thomas Hobbes -- social contract John Locke- consent of governed Jean Jacques Rousseau -- general will DIFFERENT FORMS IF SOCIETIES Hunting and gathering Recognized as the earliest and simplest form of society. Small size and it composed mainly of families Nomadic Men are usually the hunter, while woman are the gatherers Pastoral Society Characterized by the domestication of animals for food for a more stable and predictable food supply. Large population and remain longer in one place Produce surplus food and resources. Leads to the emergence of specialized tasks in the community Horticultural Society Primarily engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables and the domestication of animals. Semi nomadic Roles and responsibilities are assigned according to the gender. Agrarian or Agricultural Society Characterized by improve technology and the use of tools to aid in farming. Involves the large -- scale and long -- term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals The large population leads to a more structured social system. Feudal Society Based on the ownership of land. Originated during Medieval Age in Western Europe Members of society are organized based on status Social relations are characterized by dependence Industrial Society Based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services. "Industrial Revolution" Technological advances in this period resulted in improved trade and commerce. Work is done in factory Lead to greater inequalities in wealth, power, and influence. Alienation is common in this type of society as people often seen as resources to be exploited. Post-Industrial Society Mark by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services. Trend has shifted from industry to the generation, storage, manipulation, and sale of information "Virtual Society" Members of this society have higher educational attainment, better training, and specialized roles. The person is the primarily agent of change, as he or she drives social changes based on responses to events and developments affecting society. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS Human beings have an innate drive to form connections and\ establish relationships. These connections are crucial for\ our emotional well-being and social cohesion. Our report\ explores the nature of these relationships, the philosophical\ concepts that underpin them, and their practical\ implications for our daily lives. Interpersonal thus, is a word we used in describing interactions (pakikipag-ugnayan o pakikipag-halubilo) between people. In philosophy however, when we say interpersonal relations we are referring to interactions that exist between the Self (Ako) and the Other (lahat ng nakakasamuha mo, maging tao o bagay). What is Intersubjectivity? The interaction between the Self and the Other is related to the philosophical concept of intersubjectivity. Similar to the word interpersonal, the word intersubjectivity is also comprise of three groups of letters or words, namely: a\. inter = again this is a prefix which means 'between' b\. subject = this refers to a person or thing that is being discussed with. c\. -ity = a suffix used to form nouns which expresses state or condition The Two Levels of Intersubjectivity or the Self-Other Interaction First Level - This refers to the simple awareness of the Self about the existence of the Other. At this level, a person recognizes that others exist as separate individuals with their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Deeper Level -- This refers to the awareness of the Self as being seen by the Others. In this deeper layer of Intersubjectivity, an individual becomes conscious of how they are perceived by others and how their own identity is shaped by this mutual recognition. Seeming- these actions of presenting yourself in a certain way when dealing with others or your social context. Positive Seeming -- the pleasant behavior we showed when we are in a sacred place or in the presence of a very important person. Negative Seeming- being "plastic", "sipsip" or when expressing manipulative behaviors to promote selfish interests. The Power of Genuine Human Interaction Human interaction is fundamental to our lives, shaping our relationship, experiences, and personal growth. While we engage in many types of interactions daily, not all of them are genuine. Genuine human interactions are characterized by depth, authenticity, and a mutual exchange of thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Understanding Dialogue Is a the cornerstone of genuine human-interaction. It is more than just an exchange of words; it is an open and honest communication between individuals that involves sharing our inner lives\-\--our thoughts, emotions, and values. The Inner Life Behind the Words This refers to the simple awareness of the Self about the existence of the Other. At this level, a person recognizes that others exist as separate individuals with their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. How does intersubjectivity define our interactions with other persons? Intersubjectivity, the shared understanding and mutual recognition between individuals, plays a pivotal role in defining human interactions. Intersubjectivity suggests that humans are naturally connected to each other. We form our sense of self---who we are---through our interactions with other people. Empathy is crucial for genuine interpersonal connections. It involves understanding and sharing another person\'s emotions, allowing individuals to connect on a deeper level by experiencing and responding to the emotional states of others. Sympathy refers to the feelings of pity or sorrow for someone else\'s misfortune. When you sympathize with someone, you acknowledge their distress and may express concern or offer comfort. Availability and Genuine Relationships Availability refers to being present and willing to support others. It is essential for meaningful relationships, as it demonstrates a commitment to being there for others in their times of need. The Ethics of Care The ethics of care emphasizes the moral responsibility individuals have towards others, especially those who are vulnerable. It advocates for responding to the needs of others with compassion and attention to their specific situations. Consequences of Alienation Alienation occurs when individuals view others as mere objects or means to personal ends rather than as distinct, valuable persons. This perspective can lead to negative interactions and a breakdown in social harmony. Intersubjectivity - is fundamental in shaping human interactions and relationships. Empathy, availability, and the ethics of care contribute to meaningful connections, while alienation disrupts social harmony and dehumanizes individuals. Fostering a culture of empathy, respect, and mutual support is essential for building inclusive and harmonious communities. Case Studies: Overcoming Hardships and Embracing Humanity Hellen Keller (hear) Nick Vujicic (born without limbs) Roselle Ambubuyog (visually-impaired)