Introduction to Philosophy PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY TOPIC 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY - Its value lies in its ➔ Greek origin (philosophia): (philo) uncertainty (of providing love...

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY TOPIC 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY - Its value lies in its ➔ Greek origin (philosophia): (philo) uncertainty (of providing love and (sophia) exact knowledge) wisdom/knowledge incompleteness (of ➔ Philosophy is the love of wisdom; providing definitive the pursuit of wisdom. answers). ➔ Philosopher is a lover of wisdom. - The value of philosophy lies ➔ Searching for truth gives us the in the nourishment of the push that we need to continue in soul and improvement of life. the mind, not the body. ➔ Pythagoras was the first individual who used and understood the word philosophy - “Philosophus” = searching for wisdom SAPAGKAT ANG ➔ Constant search for truth and meaning of life; understanding PILOSOPIYA AY things ➔ Philosophy cannot be answered GINAGAWA through a yes or no question TOPIC 1.2A: SAPAGKAT ANG PILOSOPIYA AY GINAGAWA - Ideas are needed to be processed to be understood enge notes dito plz - Going into depths of things REAL/TRADITIONAL DEFINITION Science of all things through its ultimate causes acquired through the use of natural reason PANGUNGULISAP TOPIC 1.2B: PANGUNGULISAP RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY ➔ Bertrand Russel (1872 - 1970) ➔ Being a philosopher means that an - enlarges the soul and individual has the determination elevates our consciousness. Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03  and patience to be able to obtain muthos to the emergence of logos the answers that they want. in philosophical thought. - Timing plays a very ➔ While these epic poems are important role immersed in mythological - Waiting for an idea to unveil elements and convey moral itself lessons through storytelling, they ➔ Making sense of the situation we also lay the groundwork for a shift are in towards more rational and - Going back to who we really philosophical inquiry. are; knowing more about ➔ Over time, Greek thinkers like ourselves. Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus began to emphasize reasoned explanations for natural phenomena and the underlying principles of the universe, moving away from relying solely on BRANCHES OF mythological narratives. PHILOSOPHY ➔ The transition from muthos to logos TOPIC 1.3: BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY in ancient Greek thought represented a shift from relying solely on traditional myths and MYTHS AND LOGIC narratives to valuing rational ➔ “Muthos” and “Logos” are two inquiry and logical explanations Greek terms that signify the ➔ In Greek, Thauma means “wonder.” different ways of understanding ➔ Wonder = ‘stupefaction.’ or ‘aw’ and explaining the world. - State of confusion - “Muthos” = myths, - Drives us to ask and doubt narratives, and stories that ➔ stupefaction urges us to ask the conveyed moral, cultural, perennial questions in life. and religious truths - “Logos” = rational discourse, BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY logic, and reasoned 1. Logic explanations - The study sound thinking ➔ Hesiod's “Works and Days” and - It is derived from the Greek Homer's epics, particularly “The term 'logikós,' which means Iliad” and “The Odyssey,” mark a 'reason’ or ‘discourse.' transition from the dominance of Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03  - It is a kind of thinking in 7. Epistemology which we try to solve a - Also known as the theory of problem, decide, or knowledge. It comes from determine what is true. Greek ἐπιστήμη – episteme- - It studies the principles of which means “knowledge” valid reasoning and or “science” and λόγος, argumentation. “logos”. - It focuses on the rules of - Validity of human judgment correct inference and the - It is a branch of philosophy structure of valid that studies the nature, arguments. origins, extent, constraints, 2. Cosmology and validity of knowledge. - Principle of bodily nature - It examines how we acquire, - Composition of the world justify, and evaluate our - Questions about the basic beliefs and assumptions ‘stuff’ Basic Questions: 3. Philosophical Anthropology - What is knowledge? - Nature of man - How do we know what we 4. Ontology know? - Nature of beings; theory of - How do we acquire reality knowledge? 5. Ethics - What are the sources and - It comes from the Greek limits of human knowledge? word ‘ethos’ which means 8. Aesthetics custom, habit, or character. - Dealing with the theory of It is often times called moral beauty, or more broadly, the philosophy. philosophy of art. - It explores concepts of right - Different standards of and wrong, virtue, and the beauty = varies on each nature of the good life. individual - What is right or wrong → use - In general, it is a critical of freedom examination of art, culture, - Moral standards; judgment and nature. 6. Theodicy - It explores the nature of - Nature of man beauty, art, and the criteria for evaluating artistic creations. Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03  - It examines concepts of ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL artistic expression, interpretation, and the THINKING nature of aesthetic value. TOPIC 1.4; ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING Basic Questions: - What is beauty? 1. Independent Thinking - the ability - What makes something a to develop and execute one's own work of art? ideas without being influenced or - How do we appreciate art? prejudiced by others. 9. Social Philosophy 2. Proactive thinking – the ability to - Nature of society; arrange and initiate the best citizenship course of action ahead of time that 10. Metaphysics are crucial in decision-making. - It comes from the Greek 3. Contextual thinking – the ability to words μετά (metá), meaning ground one’s judgment according “beyond” or “after” and to a specific reference or φυσικά (physiká), meaning framework. “physical.” 4. Creative thinking – the ability to - For Aristotle, metaphysics is recognize the totality of reality by the “First philosophy.” It is a using one's imagination and philosophical discipline ingenuity. concerned with first 5. Collaborative thinking – the ability principles and the to detect intersubjective value in underlying nature of the order to develop empathic cosmos. understanding towards others. - It studies the ultimate principles of existence that Some Theories on Knowledge are beyond the scope of any 1. Realism – It asserts that the mind specific science. is capable of grasping the truth. It Basic Questions: assumes that there is a reality - What is the nature of reality outside the mind, and it can be or being? known in and through experience - What exists beyond the and inferential judgment. Realists physical world? tend to believe that whatever we believe now is just an approximation of reality. In other words, ideas are held true if they Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03  correspond with reality. This theory - (3) it should have satisfying is related to the theory of or beneficial correspondence. consequence/s. 2. Relativism – It asserts that truth In other words, an idea is true if it cannot be known in itself since satisfies these norms. truth is always relative or dependent on a person. It is a 4. Phenomenology – It is the philosophical belief that absolute studACTIONy of essences and their truth cannot be known and that recovery in order to define an learning is only possible within the essence: the essence of perception sphere of our mental states or or consciousness. It is the study of conditions. Truth is relative or structures of consciousness as dependent upon one’s state of experienced in the first person. The knowing (for example, one’s culture basic structure of an experience is or personal judgment). Truth is its intentionality, or the fact that it is always relative to the perception of oriented toward something, as it is the knowing subject (person). In an experience of or about other words, truth is subjective. something. By virtue of its content There are two (2) major types of or meaning, which symbolizes the relativism, namely, moral and object, and the relevant enabling cultural relativism. conditions, an experience is 3. Pragmatism – It asserts that the directed toward an object. More so, value of truth is dependent on its it is a transcendental philosophy result or consequence of one’s that suspends our inherent actions. It is a philosophical belief preconceptions (natural attitude) and attitude which holds that the in order to comprehend reality. The truth or meaning of a proposition entire endeavor of this theory and is relative to the acceptance of its method is to recapture this practical consequence. For a intuitive encounter with the world. pragmatist, the norms of truth are It is an attempt to explain human based on the following criterion: experience as it is, without regard - (1) it depends on its use or for its psychological origins or the utility; causal explanations offered by the - (2) it must be workable or experts. doable; and 5. Theory of Axioms – It is a statement or an assumption that is regarded as true and accurate, Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03 such as a theorem in mathematics. It presents to be self-evidently true, on which any logical inference or rational argument may be constructed. Axioms are employed in statements and arguments to prevent contradictions, conflicts, and/or useless questions. Yuna Ocampo & Moses Teodoro | 11ABM - 01 & 03