PHILO & HOPE 4 REVIEWER PDF

❖ His emphasis on austerity and simplicity often went to the extreme and was said to have lived 𝜗𝜚 ࣪ ˖ ִ𐙚 PHILISOPHY like a beggar....

❖ His emphasis on austerity and simplicity often went to the extreme and was said to have lived 𝜗𝜚 ࣪ ˖ ִ𐙚 PHILISOPHY like a beggar. ⋆˙⟡ EPICURUS ❖ Philosophy could enable man to live a life of ⋆˚࿔ PHILOSOPHY happiness. Comes from two Greek words Philo (love) and ❖ His views gave rise to Epicureanism – a school Sophia (wisdom) which were used by ancient of philosophy which believes that wisdom and Greek to refer to “love of wisdom” and soon simple living will result in a life free of fear and applied it to the study or discipline that uses pain human reason to investigate the ultimate, ⋆˙⟡ SOCRATES causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. ❖ Considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times. ⋆˚࿔ PHILOSOPHERS ❖ He did not claim to be “wise” and merely considered himself a “midwife” that helped People who engage in Philosophy or “lovers of inquiring minds achieve wisdom. wisdom” ❖ Believed that philosophy could enable a man to ⋆˙⟡ PYTHAGORAS live a life of virtue. ❖ Formulated the Socratic Method – a means of ❖ A mathematician and scientist, credited with examining a topic by devising a series of formulating the Pythagorean theorem. questions that let the learner examine and ❖ Established a community of learners devoted to analyze his knowledge. the study of religion and philosophy. ⋆˙⟡ PLATO ⋆˙⟡ HERACLITUS ❖ A student of Socrates, he wrote down his ❖ Proposed that everything that exists is based on mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of a higher order or plan which he called logos. his own ideas. ❖ Change is a permanent aspect of the human ❖ His teachings and writings were considered the condition; “No man never steps in the same foundation of Western philosophy. river twice.” ❖ Dialectic – a method of inquiry where two ⋆˙⟡ DEMOCRITUS opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. ❖ Study the causes of natural phenomena. ❖ Founded the Academy – an institution of ❖ Was among the first to propose that matter is higher learning which was the first of its kind in composed of tiny particles called atoms. the Western World. ⋆˙⟡ DIOGENES OF SINOPE ⋆˙⟡ ARISTOTLE ❖ A known advocate of living a simple and ❖ He attended the academy and was a prominent virtuous life. student of Plato all ideas and views are based ❖ One should not only talk of virtue but should on. show it in words and actions. ❖ Perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive.  ❖ Studied logic that led to the formulation of a ୨ৎ HOLISTIC THINKING formal process of analyzing reasoning which gave rise to deductive reasoning – the process o Refers to a perspective that considers large of which specific statements are analyzed to scale patterns in the system. reach a conclusion or generalization. o Often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or ｡𖦹°‧ BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY problem. o Requires an individual to have an open mind ୨ৎ Aesthetics ↬ deals with beauty and what makes set and an ability to get the general things “beautiful”. sense/impression regarding a situation. ୨ৎ Logic ↬ the branch of philosophy which deals with ୨ৎ PARTIAL THINKING correct reasoning. o Focuses on specific aspects of a situation. ୨ৎ Epistemology ↬ discusses the nature of knowledge o Important component of analytical thinking, and knowing. as an individual focuses on certain areas or ୨ৎ Ethics ↬ the branch which deals with moral aspects of a problem in order to understand it. o Though partial thinking is useful, philosophy questions and dilemmas it. ୨ৎ Metaphysics ↬ deals utilizes holistic thinking in making sense of with questions regarding reality and existence. problem and issues related to the human -`♡´- PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY IN experience OUR LIVES: Adopting a holistic view enables a person 1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical to view a problem more objectively and analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, come up with better decisions or arguments, and problems. solutions. A holistic view also means that 2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and one does not confine one’s understanding decision making. of the world to one’s own perspective, but also includes the perspective of others. 3. A philosopher is a good communicator who can This view also enables a person to better clearly and adequately present his or her ideas. appreciate his or her experience as vital 4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing components. that refers to a person’s ability to apply knowledge to ｡𖦹°‧ METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING daily life particularly in making sound choices and judgment. - Media and our interactions with our friends, family, and members of the community. “My philosophy comes from a worldview that looks at - Most of the information we receive is helpful, the world as one. It’s a holistic view that sees the world but some may lead us or may even be utterly as interconnected and interdependent and integrated in false. so many different ways” – Dennis Kucinich - Everyday we are confronted with news, claims -`♡´- What is the difference between holistic thinking and announcements from our peers, family and partial thinking? members, figure of authority, the government, and media. ᯓ★ KNOWLEDGE HOPE 4 °‧🫧⋆.ೃ *:･ - The clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that LESSON 1: WATER ACTIVITIES IN THE allow for clear answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is compromised of ideas and beliefs WATER that we know to be true. - I know that, I know why, and I know how…. 🌊 WATERSPORT - One important aspect of knowledge, it is based Water sports or aquatic sports are sport on reality. This simply means that we know is activities conducted on waterbodies, and what is observable or evident in the real world. can be categorized according to the degree of immersion by the participants. ᯓ★FACTS - Proposition or statements which are observed ON THE WATER 🫧 ｡˚ to be real or truthful. - Fact are simple statements used to inform or make an argument. Example: your heart pumps 💦BOATRACING Boat racing, the use of powerboats to ᯓ★OPINION participate in races. 💦CABLE SKIING - Opinions are useful to persuade, but demand evidence to back them up. Example: the cake Cable skiing, similar to wake boarding but tastes delicious. with cables for artificial maneuvering. - Comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or 💦 CANOEING perspectives regarding certain situations. Canoeing is an activity which involves - They may advance a belief about certain things paddling a canoe with a single bladed or provide explanations. paddle. Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational ᯓ★CLAIM activity. - Statements that are not evidently or 💦 CANOE POLO immediately known to be true. Canoe polo combines boating and ball - They require further examination to establish handling skills with a contact team game, whether it is true or false. where tactics and positional play are as important as the speed and fitness of the ᯓ★CONCLUSION individual athletes. - Judgement based on certain facts 💦 FLYBOARD 💦 RAFTING Fly board, a brand of hydro lighting device Recreational outdoor activities which use which supplies propulsion to drive the Fly An inflatable raft to navigate a river or other board into the air to perform a sport known body of water. as hydro flying. 💦 RIVERTREKKING 💦 FISHING A combination of trekking and climbing and Fishing, the Recreation And sport of Catching Sometimes swimming along the river. fish. 💦 ROWING 💦 JET SKIING A sport that involves propelling a boat (racing Jet skiing, performed with a recreational shell) on water, using oars. Watercraft that the rider sits or stands on, rather than sits inside of, as in a boat. 💦 SKIMBOARDING A sport where people use a wooden board to 💦 KAYAKING slide fast on water. Kayaking, the use of a kayak for moving across water. 💦 SURFING A sport where an individual uses a board to 💦 KITE BOARDING stand up and ride on the face of a wave. Kite boating, the act of using a kite rig as a Power source to propel a boat. 💦 WAKEBOARDING A sport where an individual is attached to a 💦 KNEE BOARDING board via bindings and then holds a handle to An aquatic sport where the participant is be towed across the water while riding towed on a buoyant, convex, and sideways. hydrodynamic ally shaped board at a planning speed, most often behind a 💦 WAKESKATING motorboat. A sport where the rider stands on a board and is towed across the water performing 💦 PADDLE BOARDING maneuvers similar to those seen in Paddle boarding, where a person uses a large skateboarding. surfboard and paddle to surf on flat water or waves. 💦 WATERSKIING A sport where an individual holds onto a rope 💦 PARASAILING and handle while being towed across the Parasailing, where a person is towed behind a water while riding one or two water skis. vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a Parachute. 💦 WINDFOILING 💦 WATER POLO Wind foiling, the hydro foiling variant of Water polo is a sport of two teams played in windsurfing. It uses a hydrofoil that lifts the the water with a ball. board above the water. 💦 WATER BASKETBALL 💦 YACHTING Mixes the rules of basketball and water polo, The use of recreational boats and ships played in a swimming pool. Teams of five called yachts, for racing or cruising. players must shoot at the goal with a ball within a specific time after gaining possession IN THE WATER 🫧 ｡˚ 💦 AQUA JOGGING LESSON 2: SWIMMING Across-training and rehabilitation method using low-impact resistance training. It is a 🏊🏻‍♀️ SWIMMING way to train without impacting joints. Swimming is an individual or team racing Participants wear a flotation device and sport that requires the use of one’s entire move in a running motion in the deep end of a body to move through water. The sport takes pool. Aside from a pool, the equipment can place in pools or open water (e.g., in a Sea or include a flotation belt and weights. lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic, sports, with varied 💦 SYNCHONIZED SWIMMING distance events in butterfly, backstroke, Artistic or synchronized swimming consists breaststroke, freestyle. of swimmers performing a synchronized routine of elaborate moves in the water, accompanied by music. 🫧⋆｡˚HISTORY OF SWIMMING 💦 DIVING The sport of jumping off springboards or 🌀 PREHISTORIC TIMES ➤ Evidence of platforms into water. recreational swimming has been found, with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from 💦 FINSWIMMING around 10,000 years ago. A sport similar to traditional swimming using fins, monofin, snorkel, and other specific 🌀 1538 ➤ Nikolaus Wynmann, a Swiss-German devices. professor of languages, wrote the earliest known complete book about swimming, Colymbetes, sive 💦 TRIATHLON de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et iucundus lectu A multi-sport event involving the completion (The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of of three continuous and sequential Swimming, and Joyful and Pleasant to Read). endurance events, usually a combination of swimming, cycling, and running Water 🌀 1830 ➤ Swimming emerged as a competitive aerobics is aerobics in the water. recreational activity in England. 🌀 1844 ➤ Two Native American participants at a 🌀 1951 ➤ The first Asian Games were held in swimming competition in London introduced the New Delhi, India. front crawl to a European audience. ✮⋆˙ ARTEMIO SALAMAT AND JACINTO ✮⋆˙ CAPTAIN MATTHEW WEBB ➤ Was the CAYCO ➤ Won gold medals for the 200m and first man to swim the English Channel (between 100m breaststroke events, respectively. England and France), in 1875, using the breaststroke technique. 🌀 1985 ➤ Erik Buhain won a gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley at the Southeast Asian 🌀 1880 ➤ The first national governing body, the Games held in Bangkok, Thailand. Amateur Swimming Association, was formed; there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across the country. 🫧⋆｡˚ FOUR SWIMMING STROKES 🌀 1892 ➤ The world’s first women’s swimming championship was held in Scotland. 1. Front Crawl Commonly known as freestyle, this is the 🌀 1896 ➤ Men’s swimming became part of the fastest and most efficient swimming first modern Olympic Games in Athens. technique. It involves horizontal body positioning, alternating overhead arm strokes, and a flutter kick, with the head alternating side to side while mostly 🫧⋆｡˚HISTORY OF SWIMMING IN submerged. THE PHILIPPINES 2. Butterfly The butterfly stroke is powerful and graceful, 🌀 1900S ➤ Americans introduced swimming as considered the most difficult and a sport to the Philippines. exhausting. It features a shoulder-width hand entry, a dolphin kick where the legs 🌀 1912 ➤ A number of local swimmers had move together, and arm movements that emerged from different parts of the country who rotate the shoulders. competed against each other in championships organized by the Americans. 3. Breaststroke The slowest of the four competitive ✮⋆˙ TEOFILO E. YLDELFONSO ➤ swimming styles, breaststroke requires Nicknamed the “Ilocano Shark,” won the endurance and strength. Swimmers start in a Philippines’ first Olympic medal by winning bronze horizontal position, using a frog kick while in the 200m breaststroke event at the 1928 Olympics lifting their upper body to breathe as the in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He repeated this arms pull through the water. feat at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, California, winning his second bronze medal and becoming the first Filipino to win multiple medals in the Olympics. 4. Backstroke  This stroke allows easy breathing but limits visibility for the swimmer. It starts with a push off the wall while floating on the back, featuring an alternating kick and controlled arm movements, all while maintaining a steady head position.