PHIL316 Final Exam Study Guide.docx

**Study Guide for PHIL316 Final Exam** 1. Etymologies are not very helpful in providing a definition of a word because the meanings of words change over time. 2. Metaphysics deals with the question of what is truly real. 3. Foundationalism holds that there are objective and universal s...

**Study Guide for PHIL316 Final Exam** 1. Etymologies are not very helpful in providing a definition of a word because the meanings of words change over time. 2. Metaphysics deals with the question of what is truly real. 3. Foundationalism holds that there are objective and universal standards of rationality. 4. Foundationalists have failed to agree on what exactly constitutes transcultural foundational principles. 5. The anti-foundationalists\' position amounts to relativism. 6. Philosophy can be enjoyable and stimulating to read because it provides the pleasure of discovering new ideas. 7. Primary sources can be difficult to read because we are not used to looking up words and references that we do not understand. 8. Philosophy is not exclusively concerned with the question of the meaning of life. 9. Metaphysics deals with the distinction between appearance and reality. 10. If rationality has to do with the way we investigate matters and settle disputes, then disagreements about rationality are so fundamental that it is difficult to know how to proceed to settle them. 11. Philosophy is not always written in the form of dramatic dialogues. 12. The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism include \"Life is suffering.\" 13. The Middle Path avoids the extremes of pursuing pleasure and living a life of asceticism and self-denial. 14. Right Action consists of promoting moral, honorable, and peaceful conduct. 15. Traditional rites are important for Confucius because they foster the acquisition of benevolence (jen). 16. One of the primary meanings of jen is benevolence. 17. The Buddha would likely answer the question \"How should one live?\" by saying \"seek wisdom, be moral, practice mental discipline.\" 18. According to Aristotle, forming habits from youth makes a great difference in our lives. 19. The law of karma implies that one\'s actions will determine future outcomes. 20. Anarchists argue that it is immoral for one group of people to rule another group. 21. Compensatory justice is, for example, some types of affirmative action programs. 22. Retributive justice, unlike distributive justice, is, for example, taking away someone\'s driver\'s license for drunk driving. 23. According to Fadl, a Muslim jurist would historically favor rule by a caliphate. 24. An important political value central to a Muslim polity is the pursuit of justice. 25. According to the Qur\'an, all human beings are God\'s vicegerents. 26. According to Fadl, the \"fatal fiction\" is the pretense that some human agents have perfect access to the will of God. 27. Fiqh is the human attempt to apply the divine ideal as revealed by God\'s Way. 28. Scientism is a kind of blind faith in the power of science to determine all truth. 29. The philosophy of science has direct practical and significant relevance to our daily concerns because informed decisions about scientifically related public policy issues require some understanding of the nature and procedures of science. 30. Peirce renamed his version of pragmatism as pragmatacism. 31. According to Peirce, belief is like a habit. 32. According to Peirce, doubt causes us to experience irritation. 33. Unlike the other methods, the method of science relies upon some external permanency. 34. According to the method of authority, the state fixes belief. 35. The subject of justice is the way in which major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties. 36. Etymologies are not very helpful in providing a definition of a word because the meanings of words change over time. 37. Metaphysics deals with the question of what is truly real. 38. There are objective and universal standards of rationality. 39. Foundationalists have failed to agree on what exactly constitutes transcultural foundational principles. 40. The anti-foundationalists\' position amounts to relativism. 41. Philosophy can be enjoyable and stimulating to read because it provides the pleasure of discovering new ideas. 42. Primary sources can be difficult to read because we are not used to looking up words and references that we do not understand. 43. Philosophy is not exclusively concerned with the question of the meaning of life. 44. Metaphysics deals with the distinction between appearance and reality. 45. If rationality has to do with the way we investigate matters and settle disputes, then disagreements about rationality are so fundamental that it is difficult to know how to proceed to settle them. 46. Philosophy is not always written in the form of dramatic dialogues. 47. The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism include \"Life is suffering.\" 48. The Middle Path avoids the extremes of pursuing pleasure and living a life of asceticism and self-denial. 49. Right Action consists of promoting moral, honorable, and peaceful conduct. 50. Traditional rites are important for Confucius because they foster the acquisition of benevolence (jen). 51. One of the primary meanings of jen is benevolence. 52. The Buddha would likely answer the question \"How should one live?\" by saying \"seek wisdom, be moral, practice mental discipline.\" 53. According to Aristotle, forming habits from youth makes a great difference in our lives. 54. The law of karma implies that one\'s actions will determine future outcomes. 55. Anarchists argue that it is immoral for one group of people to rule another group. 56. Compensatory justice is, for example, some types of affirmative action programs. 57. Retributive justice, unlike distributive justice, is, for example, taking away someone\'s driver\'s license for drunk driving. 58. According to Fadl, a Muslim jurist would historically favor rule by a caliphate. 59. An important political value central to a Muslim polity is the pursuit of justice. 60. According to the Qur\'an, all human beings are God\'s vicegerents. 61. According to Fadl, the \"fatal fiction\" is the pretense that some human agents have perfect access to the will of God. 62. Fiqh is the human attempt to apply the divine ideal as revealed by God\'s Way. 63. Scientism is a kind of blind faith in the power of science to determine all truth. 64. The philosophy of science has direct practical and significant relevance to our daily concerns because informed decisions about scientifically related public policy issues require some understanding of the nature and procedures of science. 65. Peirce renamed his version of pragmatism as pragmatacism. 66. According to Peirce, belief is like a habit. 67. According to Peirce, doubt causes us to experience irritation. 68. Unlike the other methods, the method of science relies upon some external permanency. 69. According to the method of authority, the state fixes belief. 70. The subject of justice is the way in which major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties.