PHIL 291 Quiz Study PDF

Multiple Choice 1.​ St. Augustine was the Christian theologian who incorporated Platonic philosophy with Christian theology. Therefore, the correct answer is (c). ​ The other options are incorrect: St. Augustine did not start the Protestant...

Multiple Choice 1.​ St. Augustine was the Christian theologian who incorporated Platonic philosophy with Christian theology. Therefore, the correct answer is (c). ​ The other options are incorrect: St. Augustine did not start the Protestant Reformation (a), nor was he Emperor Constantine's personal confessor (b), nor did he incorporate Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology (d). 2.​ According to Max Weber, the Protestant Reformation was responsible for a fundamental turn away from the notion of the institutional intervention of the church to a reliance on personal faith and salvation alone. Thus, the correct answer is (c). ​ The other options are incorrect because the Protestant Reformation did not promote the belief in the afterlife, return to Pagan values, or cause a turn towards more communal worship. Short Answer 1.​ The conflict between Ancient Greek philosophers and early Christian fathers was a conflict between reason and faith1. This answer is based on the source document provided1, which specifies this conflict. 2.​ The principal differences between Hegel's and Kierkegaard's views of religion are: Hegel viewed religion as a stage in the development of the absolute spirit or Geist, emphasizing its role in the progress of human consciousness and reason. He believed that religion was a rational and necessary step towards philosophy. Kierkegaard, on the other hand, focused on individual faith and the subjective experience of the believer. He saw faith as a passionate, personal commitment that often transcends reason. He criticized Hegelian philosophy for its abstract approach, arguing that it missed the existential aspects of religious experience.  Hegel sought a rational understanding of religion within a broader system of thought, whereas Kierkegaard emphasized the irrationality and paradox inherent in faith. Hegel believed in the importance of community and collective consciousness, whereas Kierkegaard focused on the individual's relationship with God. Note: This information is from outside the provided sources. 3.​ Don Juan/Don Giovanni would be considered an immediate aesthete. An immediate aesthete is someone who lives in the moment, pursuing pleasure and avoiding commitments or moral responsibilities. Their choices are based on immediate gratification and sensory experience. Don Juan embodies this lifestyle, living for the pursuit of romantic conquests and immediate sensual satisfaction. A reflective aesthete, in contrast, is more self-aware and may analyze their experiences. They might be more discerning and reflective about what they find pleasurable, sometimes even adopting an ironic or detached attitude toward the search for pleasure. Note: This information is from outside the provided sources. Long Answer 1.​ According to Kierkegaard, the difference between Religiousness A and Religiousness B is: Religiousness A (also called "Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason") is characterized by an individual’s attempt to understand their place in the world and relate to the divine through general ethical and philosophical principles. It’s about striving to live an ethical life and recognizing one’s dependence on a higher power, but it does so through reason and general morality. This is a kind of ethical or philosophical religiosity where the individual is striving towards self-understanding through rational means and general duties. Religiousness B (also called "Paradoxical or Christian Religiousness") involves a radical shift in perspective where the individual recognizes their utter inability to bridge the gap between themselves and the divine. This religion is characterized by faith and a paradoxical relationship with God. Key to Religiousness B is the encounter with the absurd  (that God would come to earth as man) that is understood through faith, not reason. This stage requires a "leap of faith", acknowledging the impossibility of understanding the divine through reason alone. This involves accepting the paradoxes of Christianity such as the incarnation and the crucifixion of Jesus and is a move from striving to be good to recognizing the need for grace. Note: This information is from outside the provided sources. 2.​ Kierkegaard suggests that the Knight of Faith is a bit of a philistine because: ​ ​ The Knight of Faith is someone who has made the leap of faith, moving beyond the ethical and into the religious realm, specifically Religiousness B. Kierkegaard's Knight of Faith appears to live an ordinary life and to follow mundane conventions. The Knight's ordinariness is part of what makes the Knight of Faith seemingly mundane or like a philistine because, outwardly, they appear to be a regular person. They have "resigned themselves to the absurd" and "live in paradox". They accept the paradox of faith without outward sign and without complaint, while their inner life is profoundly affected by the leap of faith. Kierkegaard emphasizes the paradox between faith and everyday life. The Knight of Faith doesn't demonstrate their faith through outward religious acts or grand gestures but rather lives in the world with an inner assurance that is invisible to others. To those around them, the Knight of Faith may seem indistinguishable from anyone else, perhaps even a bit ordinary or "philistine." Note: This information is from outside the provided sources.