Pharmacology Lecture Midterm PDF

PHARMACOLOGY Cardiovascular Drugs o For What: Hypertension and heart A. Antihypertensives failure. 1. Norvasc (Amlodipine) o Simple Explanation: “It helps your o...

PHARMACOLOGY Cardiovascular Drugs o For What: Hypertension and heart A. Antihypertensives failure. 1. Norvasc (Amlodipine) o Simple Explanation: “It helps your o Class: Calcium Channel Blocker heart work without as much effort.” o Generic Name: Amlodipine B. Anti-Anginal o Brand Name: Norvasc 1. Imdur (Isosorbide Mononitrate) o Uses: Lowers blood pressure o Class: Nitrate (hypertension) and prevents chest o Generic Name: Isosorbide pain (angina). Mononitrate o Mechanism of Action: Relaxes o Brand Name: Imdur blood vessels by blocking calcium, o Uses: Prevents chest pain (angina). making it easier for blood to flow. o Mechanism of Action: Relaxes o For What: High blood pressure and blood vessels to improve oxygen chest pain. flow to the heart. o Simple Explanation: “Like opening o For What: Chest pain prevention. a tight straw so blood flows o Simple Explanation: “It’s like letting smoothly.” fresh air into a stuffy room for your 2. Irbesartan heart.” o Class: ARB (Angiotensin II Receptor C. Diuretics Blocker) 1. Lasix (Furosemide) o Generic Name: Irbesartan o Class: Loop Diuretic o Brand Name: Avapro o Generic Name: Furosemide o Uses: Lowers blood pressure, o Brand Name: Lasix protects kidneys in diabetes. o Uses: Reduces swelling (edema) o Mechanism of Action: Blocks a and lowers blood pressure. chemical that makes blood vessels o Mechanism of Action: Makes tighten. kidneys get rid of extra water and o For What: Hypertension and salt. diabetic kidney protection. o For What: Swelling, high blood o Simple Explanation: “It tells blood pressure, heart failure. vessels to stay relaxed.” o Simple Explanation: “It’s like 3. Lisinopril draining extra water from a bathtub o Class: ACE Inhibitor that’s too full.” o Generic Name: Lisinopril Pain Relievers (Analgesics) o Brand Name: Zestril, Prinivil A. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory o Uses: Lowers blood pressure, Drugs) protects the heart, and prevents 1. Toradol (Ketorolac) kidney damage. o Class: NSAID o Mechanism of Action: Stops the o Generic Name: Ketorolac body from making a chemical that o Brand Name: Toradol tightens blood vessels. o Uses: Short-term pain relief. o For What: High blood pressure, o Mechanism of Action: Blocks heart failure, and kidney protection. chemicals that cause pain and o Simple Explanation: “It turns off the swelling. tightening switch in blood vessels.” o For What: Pain after surgery or 4. Vasotec (Enalapril) injury. o Class: ACE Inhibitor o Simple Explanation: “Like putting o Generic Name: Enalapril an ice pack on a bruise to make it o Brand Name: Vasotec feel better.” o Uses: Lowers blood pressure and helps the heart pump blood. o Mechanism of Action: Stops blood vessel-tightening chemicals. MIDTERM 1 | 1  PHARMACOLOGY 2. Naprosyn (Naproxen) o Brand Name: Dilantin o Class: NSAID o Uses: Prevents seizures. o Generic Name: Naproxen o Mechanism of Action: Slows down o Brand Name: Naprosyn overactive brain signals. o Uses: Reduces pain, swelling, and o For What: Epilepsy and seizures. stiffness. o Simple Explanation: “It’s like o Mechanism of Action: Blocks putting brakes on an out-of-control chemicals that cause inflammation. roller coaster in the brain.” o For What: Arthritis, joint pain, 3. Neurontin (Gabapentin) muscle aches. o Class: Anticonvulsant o Simple Explanation: “It’s like oiling o Generic Name: Gabapentin a rusty bike chain so it moves o Brand Name: Neurontin smoothly.” o Uses: Treats nerve pain and 3. Celebrex (Celecoxib) seizures. o Class: Cox-2 Inhibitor o Mechanism of Action: Calms o Generic Name: Celecoxib overactive nerves in the brain and o Brand Name: Celebrex body. o Uses: Reduces arthritis pain and o For What: Nerve pain, seizures. inflammation. o Simple Explanation: “It helps o Mechanism of Action: Blocks a specific nerves stop overreacting.” enzyme causing swelling and pain. 4. Elavil (Amitriptyline) o Simple Explanation: “It pinpoints pain- o Class: Antidepressant (Tricyclic) causing enzymes and blocks them.” o Generic Name: Amitriptyline B. Opioids o Brand Name: Elavil 1. Percocet (Oxycodone/Acetaminophen) o Uses: Treats depression and chronic pain. o Class: Opioid Analgesic o Mechanism of Action: Balances chemicals o Generic Name: Oxycodone with in the brain to improve mood. Acetaminophen o For What: Depression and pain relief. o Brand Name: Percocet o Simple Explanation: “It helps your brain o Uses: Treats severe pain. feel like itself again.” o Mechanism of Action: Blocks pain Anti-Infectives signals in the brain. A. Antibiotics o For What: Severe pain after injury or 1. Clarithromycin surgery. o Class: Macrolide Antibiotic o Simple Explanation: “It turns down o Generic Name: Clarithromycin the volume of pain signals in your o Brand Name: Biaxin brain.” o Uses: Kills bacteria causing Neurological Drugs infections. A. Anticonvulsants o Mechanism of Action: Stops 1. Tegretol (Carbamazepine) bacteria from making proteins they o Class: Anticonvulsant need to grow. o Generic Name: Carbamazepine o For What: Lung, sinus, and skin o Brand Name: Tegretol infections. o Uses: Prevents seizures, relieves o Simple Explanation: “It’s like nerve pain. stopping weeds from growing in your o Mechanism of Action: Stabilizes garden.” brain electrical signals. 2. Keflex (Cephalexin) o For What: Seizures, nerve pain. o Class: Cephalosporin Antibiotic o Simple Explanation: “It keeps brain o Generic Name: Cephalexin signals steady, like fixing a flickering o Brand Name: Keflex light.” o Uses: Treats bacterial infections. 2. Phenytoin o Mechanism of Action: Breaks the o Class: Anticonvulsant bacteria’s cell wall, killing it. o Generic Name: Phenytoin MIDTERM 2 | 1  PHARMACOLOGY o For What: Skin, ear, and respiratory o Caffeine (a common stimulant found infections. in coffee and energy drinks) o Simple Explanation: “It’s like Mechanism of Action: Stimulants increase popping a balloon to stop bacteria the levels of certain chemicals (like from causing trouble.” dopamine and norepinephrine) in the brain, B. Antivirals which enhance focus, mood, and energy. 1. Acyclovir Uses: o Class: Antiviral o Treat attention deficit hyperactivity o Generic Name: Acyclovir disorder (ADHD) o Brand Name: Zovirax o Narcolepsy (excessive daytime o Uses: Treats viral infections like sleepiness) herpes or chickenpox. o Enhance alertness or concentration o Mechanism of Action: Stops the Simple Explanation: “These drugs help virus from multiplying. you stay awake, focused, and energetic, like o For What: Herpes, shingles, pressing the gas pedal to go faster.” chickenpox. o Simple Explanation: “It locks the 2. CNS Depressants (Slow Down Brain Activity) virus out of your cells.” CNS depressants decrease brain activity, leading OTHER DRUGS to relaxation, calmness, and drowsiness. They’re 1. Zyloprim (Allopurinol) used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other o Class: Uric Acid Reducer conditions, but they can also cause sedation. o Generic Name: Allopurinol Examples: o Uses: Treats gout by lowering uric o Benzodiazepines (e.g., Ativan, acid. Valium) o Mechanism of Action: Reduces o Barbiturates (e.g., Phenobarbital, uric acid production. though less commonly used now) o Simple Explanation: “Lowers acid o Alcohol (a widely abused levels so crystals don’t form.” depressant) 2. Sinemet (Carbidopa/Levodopa) Mechanism of Action: Depressants o Class: Anti-Parkinson’s Agent increase the activity of GABA, a o Generic Name: neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity, Carbidopa/Levodopa resulting in a calming effect. o Uses: Improves symptoms of Uses: Parkinson’s disease. o Treat anxiety, insomnia, and o Mechanism of Action: Replaces seizures dopamine in the brain. o Muscle relaxants o Simple Explanation: “Refills the o Sedation before surgery brain’s ‘happy movement’ tank.” Simple Explanation: “These drugs slow CNS Stimulants, Depressants, and things down in the brain, like pressing the Hallucinogens brakes to relax or fall asleep.” These drugs affect the central nervous 3. Hallucinogens (Alter Perception and system (CNS), altering brain function and behavior. Consciousness) Hallucinogens change how you think, feel, and see things, causing altered perceptions and 1. CNS Stimulants (Increase Brain Activity) hallucinations. They may also affect mood and CNS stimulants increase brain activity, leading to behavior. heightened alertness, energy, and focus. They’re Examples: often used to treat conditions like ADHD or o LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) narcolepsy, but can also be abused. o Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Examples: o PCP (Phencyclidine) o Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, o MDMA (Ecstasy) used for ADHD) Mechanism of Action: Hallucinogens o Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, also typically affect serotonin levels, a used for ADHD) MIDTERM 3 | 1  PHARMACOLOGY neurotransmitter that controls mood, Medication Orders - given to admitted to the perception, and cognition. hospital settings (in-patient). Uses: o Some hallucinogens are studied for Prescription - given to out-patient; take home their potential to treat depression, meals. PTSD, and other mental health issues (though use is not MEDICATION SAFETY: widespread for these purposes). o Most are illegal recreationally. 4 T’s: Simple Explanation: “These drugs make you see or hear things that aren’t really TELL: Tell your doctor or health care there, like a mind trip to a different reality.” provider if: (1) you have hadam allergic DISCUSSION COVERAGE: Nursing Process reaction or bad side effects from in Pharmacology medications and foods; (2) if you use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. Drug Administration TALK: Talk about all the medications o Is the giving of a drug by one of several you take. means (routes) o Direct application of prescribed TAKE: Take medications as prescribed. medication, injection, inhalation, TRACK: Track usage of medications ingestion or other means to the body of and when it is time to order refills so you the individual by an individually legally do not run out of prescribed authorized to do so. medications. o Drugs administered by different routes of administration SEVEN (7) RIGHTS IN GIVING o Systematically acting drugs must be MEDICATIONS: absorbed into the systemic circulation, 1. Right Patient where they are contributed to all part of the body. 2. Right Drug / Medicate Purpose of Medication 3. Right Dose o Cure or treat condition 4. Right Route o Reduces symptoms o Present illness 5. Right Time Drug Administration - drug application of 6. Right Reason prescribed medication 7. Right Documentation - Directly to the individual “legally 14 RIGHTS IN GIVING MEDICATIONS: authorized” to do so. 1. Right Drug / Medication Medication Orders vs. Prescription 2. Right Client / Patient - Differs on the settings 3. Right Route - Patient name, age 4. Right Dose - Brand name 5. Right Frequency / Time - Dose 6. Right Assessment MIDTERM 4 | 1  PHARMACOLOGY 7. Right Approach 8. Right Education 9. Right Evaluation 10. Right Documentation 11. Right to Refuse 12. Right to Principle of Care 13. Right Prescription 14. Right Nurse Clinician MIDTERM 5 | 1