Pharmacology Exam 3: Respiratory System Drugs PDF

Pharmacology Exam 3: Key: \* Drug class & ae- Adverse effects Chapter 9: "Respiratory System Drugs" - - Upper respiratory tract: Nares, noses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx - Cough receptors found mainly in the pharynx & trachea - Diseases of URT caused by respiratory tracts -...

Pharmacology Exam 3: Key: \* Drug class & ae- Adverse effects Chapter 9: "Respiratory System Drugs" - - Upper respiratory tract: Nares, noses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx - Cough receptors found mainly in the pharynx & trachea - Diseases of URT caused by respiratory tracts - Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli - - - - - Respiratory Drugs: \*Expectorants (debris clearing) - - *-Guaifenesin* - - Adverse Effects: - \*Mucolytics (mucus breaking) - *Acetylcysteine* \- IV, PO, Nebulization \- Treats acetaminophen toxicity in cats, prevents corneal damage in horses AE: - \*Antitussives (cough controlling) - - - [Central acting antitussives: ] - - - - - \* Decongestants (reducers of swelling) - - - - Bronchoconstriction: - - \*Bronchodilators (bronchi widening) - - - [Beta-2-adrenergic-agonists:] - - - - - - [Methylxanthines ] - Adverse effects: - \*Antihistamines (histamine blocking) - - Adverse effects: - Respiratory Stimulants: - - Respiratory diseases: [Asthma ] - - CS: wheezing, dry-cough, open-mouth-breathing, dyspnea Tx: - - - - SE: tracheal or bronchial irritation - - SE: nephrotoxicity & vomiting [ROA- Recurrent Airway Obstruction ] - Tx: *Glucocorticoids:* - - *Bronchodilators:* - [Infectious tracheobronchitis: ] - - - Tx: opioid drugs [Bovine Respiratory Disease: ] - - - Tx: antibiotics + NSAIDS [Pulmonary Edema:] - - Tx: diuretic (furosemide- Lasix) [Collapsing Trachea: ] - - - Tx: cough-suppressants, steroids, cough syrups, maropitant Chapter 10: "Hormonal & reproductive drugs" Hormones- messengers- chemical substances produced by cells one part of the body & transported to another part of the body where they influence cellular activity - Regulation of the endocrine system: - Feedback loops may be negative or positive - - Hormonal Drugs: - - Master gland control- Pituitary glands Divided into two parts- anterior (cranial) & posterior (caudal) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Blood Glucose Regulation: - - - [Hypoglycemia:] *Diabetes mellitus:* - - - - Clinical Signs: - Montir by: - - - Treatment: - - - Sources of insulin include pork, synthetic & other recombinant forms - - - - BG Regulation: - - - - - - - - \- Long-acting - - - [\*Oral Hypoglycemic agents: ] - - *Glipizide* *SGL2 inhibitors:* - - - *Bexacat PO & Senvelgo* - - Complications: - \*Monitor for ketones in the urine- means body is breaking down fats & this leads to diabetic ketoacidosis [Insulinoma: ] - Etiology: small tumor on pancreas - DX: Ultrasound, fasting hypoglycemia, plasma insulin levels Tx: Surgical removal, Prednisone (stimulates gluconeogenesis) & diazoxide (inhibits insulin release) \*Thyroid diseases: - - - [Hypothyroidism: ] - Clinical Signs: poor coat, weight gain, intolerance to cold, repro failure, susceptible skin DX: T4 or T3 or thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test [Hyperthyroidism: ] Clinical signs: increased thirst, weight loss, tachycardia, restlessness DX: thyroid slip, t4 or t3 Tx: methimazole, radioactive isotopes of iodine (I-131), thyroidectomy [Adrenal Gland Anatomy Diseases: ] Adrenal cortex- outer portion of adrenal gland - Produces: - - - 3 Layers: - - - Medulla produces: - - - Diseases of Adrenal Gland: *Addisons- hyperadrenocorticism* - Clinical signs: lethargy, weakness, anorexia, V/D, PU.PD DX: ACTH stim test using corsytropin Tx: long-acting mineralocorticoids (zycortal) & corticosteroids (pred) Hyperadrenocorticism- cushings - - - - Clinical Signs: PU/PD, hair loss, pendulous abdomen - - - - - - \*Reproductive Drugs Male Repro. Tract Testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Accessory sex glands → urethra → penis → sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes Androgens: - - - - Female Repro. Tract Ovaries→ uterine horns → uterus → cervix → vagina → vulva \*ova are produced in the Graafian follicle of the ovary - - \- Progesterone- decreases uterine activity when a female is in estrus or pregnant \- Prostaglandins- lysis corpus luteum \- SA- used to treat pyometra, cause abortion & induce parturition \- Gonadotropins- Hormones that stimulate gonads to release LH & FSH \- LH- stimulated by hCG \- FSH- stimulated by PMSG \- GnRH- made synthetically Chapter 11- "Gastrointestinal Drugs" GI tract: Oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → SI → LI Control of GI tract- autonomic nervous systems - Parasympathetic Stimulation: - - Sympathetic Stimulation: - Underlying causes of GI disorders: - - - - GI Drugs: \*Antisialogogues (saliva-stopping) - - - \*Antidiarrheals - Ex: - - - - - - \*Laxative (stool-loosening) - - Osmotic - - Ex: - Stimulant - - - Bulk-forming - - Emollients - Ex: docusate sodium & docusate calcium & petroleum \*Antiemetics (vomit stopping) - Causes: - - - - - Vomiting center of brain has many inputs that tell it to activate including: - - - - - Tx: - - - - - - - \*Emetics (produce vomiting) - - - - - - - - \*Absorbents (toxin-binding) - - \*Anti-ulcer drugs Categories: - - - - - - - - - - \*Antifoaming drugs: - - - - \*Prokinetic agents- motility enhancing - - - - - - - \*Enzyme supplements - - \- Pancrelipase contains primarily lipase, but also amylase & protease \- can be irritating to the skin on contact and to nasal passages \*Orexigenic (appetite stimulating) - - - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 12- "Urinary Drugs" Kidneys → Ureters → urinary bladder → urethra Kidney structure: Nephrons Glomerulus → Bowman\'s capsule → Proximal convoluted tube → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct Glomerulus filters out substances - Tubules reabsorb or secrete substances - - Substances filtered by the nephrons - - - - - - Urinary System Disorders: - - - - - - - - Bacterial infections of the UT may lead to: - - - Clinical signs of urinary disorders: - - - - - Vertebral heart score- measure the heart from the trachea to the tip of the heart in comparison to vertebrae t4-t9- Normal is 10.1 or less \*Diuretics: (Urine producing) - - [Class of Diuretics:] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \*Antihypertensives [Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors- ace-inhibitors: ] - - - [Angiotensin receptor Blockers (RAB):] - - - [Calcium Channel Blockers: ] - - - [Beta Adrenergic antagonists: ] - - - - - - - [Phosphate Binders: ] - - [Urolith treatments: ] - Types: - - - - Tx: [Urinary acidifiers:] - - - [Urinary alkalinizers: ] - - [Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: ] - - - - Urinary incontinence: - Potential causes: - - - - - - - - - Neurological Urinary Incontinence: [Cholinergic Agonists: ] - - - [Anticholinergics: ] - - - [Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: ] - - - Non-Neurologic urinary incontinence: Estrogen: - - Testosterone: - - Non-neurologic urinary incontinence: - - - Chapter 13: Muscular System: 3 types of muscle cells: - - - Muscles are innervated by motor nerves - - Neuromuscular junction - - Depolarization of muscle → calcium is released → muscle contraction - Muscle disorders caused by traumatic injuries, neuromuscular disease, chronic debilitating disorders Clinical Signs: - - - Anti-inflammatory drugs - - Steroidal - Nonsteroidal - \*Neuromuscular Blockers (Muscle paralyzing) - - - -