Pharmaceutical Analysis.docx

1\. In Standard solution which of the following is accurately known? a\. Normality, strength or % of chemicals b\. Volume c\. Pressure d\. Temperature 2\. The process of adding known concentration until it completes the reaction with known volume is called as a\. Titrant b\. Analysis c\. Titration d\. Titrand 3\. In titration end point can be determined by change in colour by a\. Measuring Cylinder b\. Burette c\. Instrument d\. Indicator 4\. The quantity of chemical in each litre of solution is known as\..... a\. Normality b\. Strength c\. Molecular weight d\. Equivalence weight 5\. Exactly required concentration can be prepared from chemical reagent is called as a\. Primary standard b\. Secondary standard c\. Both A & B d\. None of this 6\. Before performing the titration, two pieces of apparatus should be washed with the solution they are to contain, what are these two pieces of apparatus? a\. Burette& Funnel b\. Pipette & Conical Flask c\. Burette & Pipette d\. Conical Flask & funnel 7\. If 25 ml 0.1 M solution of HCl was diluted to 500 ml, what is the new concentration of the HCI Solution? a\. 0.005 M b\. 200 M c\. 0.05 M d\. 20 M Explanation: N1 X V1= N2 X V2 or, 0.1 X 25 = N2 X 500 or, N2=0.005 M 8\. A bottle labeled 20% CuSO4 contain 200 ml of solution. How many grams of CuSO4 are there present in this solution? a\. 4000 b\. 20 c\. 40 d\. 200 Explanation: In 100 ml, 20 g present In 200 ml. 20/100-200-40g 9\. Normality a\. Gram-equivalent of the solute per litre of solution b\. Mole per litre of solution c\. Atom per litre of solution d\. Molecules per litre of solution 10\. The no. of gram moles of solute per litre of solution is a\. Normality b\. Molarity c\. Molality d\. Mole fraction 11\. The no. of gram moles of solute per kilo grams of solution is a\. Normality b\. Molarity c\. Molality d\. Mole fraction 12\. The number of ml of a liquid solute per 100 ml of solution is a\. % weight by volume b\. % V/V c\. PPM d\. Strength 13\. The weight of substance in gram, that react with 1 gram of Hydrogen molecules or 8 gram of oxygen molecules or 35.5 gram of chlorine molecules is a\. Molecular weight b\. Part per million c\. Equivalent weight d\. Weight of substances 14\. Normality of acid = a\. Molarity x Basicity b\. Molarity x Acidity c\. Molality x Acidity d\. Molality x Basicity 15\. Normality of bases = a\. Molarity x Basicity b\. Molarity x Acidity c\. Molality x Acidity d\. Molality x Basicity 16\. The following data were collected at the end point of a titration performed to find the molarity of an HCl solution. Volume of acid used=14.4 ml Volume of base used 22.4 ml Molarity of standard base =0.2 M What is the molarity of acid solution? a\. 1.6 M b\. 0.64 M c\. 0.31 M d\. 0.13 M Explanation: N1V1N2V2 or. 0.2×22.4-N2×14.4 or, N2-0.31 M 17\. How many gram required to make 500 ml of 0.1 N KMnO, solution in acidic medium? a\. 1.58 gram b. 31.6 gram c\. 15.6 gram d\. 3.16 gram Explanation: Normality= no. of gram equivalent/vol of soin in litre (no. of gram equivalent weight/equivalent wt) In the case of KMnO4, equivalent wt is reaction specific. When hy Mn atom. So equivalent wt of KMnO4 in acid medium = Molecular wt/no. of electrons gained in redox reaction = 158/5-31.6 or, 0.1-weight/31.6\*1000/500 or, Weight 1.58 gm 18\. The Equivalent weight of K2Cr2O (MW of K2Cr2O= 294) a\. 294 b\. 490 c\. 49 d\. 29.4 Explanation: Potassium dichromate in acidic solution results in: KCr2O+14H+6e2K +20 +7HO Equivalent weight of K2Cr2O=294.26/6-49 19\. IP assay of ferrous gluconate tablet is carried out by a\. Ceriometry b\. lodometry c\. lodimetry d\. Argentometry 20\. The titration in which an acid react with base to formed a salt and water is called as a\. Complexometric titration. b\. Precipitation titration c\. Neutralisation titration d\. Redox titration 21\. The volumetric titration is also called as a\. Acid-Base titration b\. Titrimetry c\. Complexometric titration. d\. Precipitation titration 22\. The concentration is expressed in terms of\...\...\...\.... a\. Normality b\. Equivalent weight c\. Mole d\. Mole fraction 23\. Those substances which are available in pure form with definite chemical composition are called as a\. Primary Standard b\. Secondary Standard c\. Pure Compound d\. Impure Compound 24\. In acid-base titration it gives a sharp enough end point with an indicator, the pH at an equivalent point is in between a\. 3-7 b\. 9-14 c\. 4-10 d\. All Above 25\. Acid-base reaction is reversible, the reaction can be shown as a\. Acid + Base: Conjugated Base + Conjugated Acid b\. Acid + Base: Conjugated Base + Conjugated Base c\. Acid + Base: Conjugated Acid + Conjugated Acid d\. All above 26\....................... is assayed by acid-base back titration. a\. Zinc oxide b\. Aspirin c\. Lactic acid d\. All 27\. The substances which changes colour or changes turbidity at a certain pH, is called as a\. Mixed indicator b\. Titration Indicator c\. Fluorescent Indicator d\. Acid-Base Indicator 28\. The she changes from acidic to alkaline. a\. Colourless to pink b\. Yellow to red c\. Red to blue d\. Red to yellow 29\................ is self-indicator and acidic primary standard compound. a\. Potassium permanganate b\. Potassium hydrogen phthalate c\. Sulfamic acid d\. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid 30 For ionic Solid solution molarity (M) may be called as a\. Molality (m) b\. Normality (N) c\. Formality (F) d\. Concentration (C) 31 If 8 gram of O2 react with 12 gram of Mg, therefore equivalent weight of Mg is a\. 0 b\. 1 c\. 8 d\. 12 Explanation: Definition of equivalent weight: the mass of a substance especially in grams that combines with or is chemically equivalent to eight grams of oxygen or one gram of hydrogen: the atomic or molecular weight divided by the valence. 32\. 1 gram of H₂ liberated on electrolytic decomposition of 36.5 gram of HCI, thus equivalent weight of HCl is a\. 36.5 b\. 35.5 c\. 1 d\. 12.5 Explanation: Definition of equivalent weight.: The mass of a substance especially in grams that combines with or is chemically equivalent to eight grams of oxygen or one gram of hydrogen the atomic molecular weight divided by the valence. 33\. 35.5 gram of Cl, completes reaction with 23 gram of sodium, then equivalent weight of sodium is a\. 0.35 b\. 23 c\. 35.5 d\. 0.23 Explanation: Equivalent mass of an element is defined at the number of parts by mass of an element which combines with displaces directly or indirectly. 1.008 parts by mass of hydrogen on 8 parts by mass of oxygen or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine. 34\. Diluted solution, its concentration before dilution and after dilution is related as a\. NFinal X VFinal = Ninitial X Vinitial b\. Nenal X Vinitial Ninitial X Vinal C. Nital X VFinal = NFinal X Vinitial d\. All of above 35\. Match the above with respect to Strong Acid - Strong Base titration 1\. Phenolphthalein a Yellow in acidic to blue in basic 2 Methyl Orange b Colourless in acidic to pink in basic 3 Bromothymole blue c Yellow in basic to red in acidic a\. 1-c, 2-6, 3-a b\. 1-b, 2-c, 3-a c\. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c d\. 1-a, 2-c, 3-b 36\. Match the above 1 Phenolphthalein a Colourless to blue 9 (7.6-9.4) 2 Thymolphthalein b Colourless to pink (8.3-10) 3 Phenol Red c Yellow to Red (6.8-8.4) a\. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c b\. 1-c, 2-b, 3-a c\. 1-b, 2-a, 3-c d\. 1-b, 2-c, 3-a 37\. Which one of the following pieces of apparatus would you NOT use during this titration? a\. Liebig condenser b\. Conical flask c\. Burette d\. Pipette filler 38\. The water of crystallisation in sodium carbonate may be determined by titration. Which one of the following statements about water of crystallisation is incorrect? a\. All crystals contain water of crystallisation. b\. A crystal is said to be dehydrated if it loses itswater of crystallisation. c\. The value of X in the formula Na2CO3.XH2O must be a whole number. d\. The amount of water of crystallisation that occurs in a sample may vary from molecule to molecule. 39\. A sample of vinegar was analysed and found to have a concentration of ethanoic acid equal to 1 mol/l. What will its concentration be expressed as % w/v? Molecular weight (ethanoic acid) = 60 a\. 1% w/v b\. 60% w/v c\. 6% w/v d\. 61% w/v Explanation: Molarity = no. of moles/volume în litres or, 1= weight/mol wt/vol in litres or, 1 = weight/60/1 or, weight=60gm in 1 litres or, weight = 6 gm in 100 ml 6% w/v 40\. The relative molecular mass of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is 106. If 5.3 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in deionised water and made up to 500 ml in a volumetric flask, what will its concentration be? a\. 1.0 molar b\. 0.1 molar c\. 0.5 molar d\. 0.05 molar Explanation: W-EVN/1000 or, 5.3-(106/1\*500\*N)/1000 or. N=0.1N= 0.1M (since, Normality (N) = Molarity (M) x number of equivalents, here no. of eqvt of Na2CO3=1) 41\. A student was asked to make up a 10% w/v solution of sodium carbonate. Which one of the following methods should have been followed? a\. Dissolve 10 g of the sodium carbonate in exactly 100 cm³ of water. b\. Dissolve 10 g of the sodium carbonate in water and make up to a mass of 100 grams by adding more water. c\. Dissolve 10 g of the sodium carbonate in water and make up to a volume of 1litre in a volumetric flask by adding more water. d\. Dissolve 10 g of the sodium carbonate in water and make up to a volume of 100 cm³ in a volumetric flask by adding more water. 42\. What mass of a 4.00% NaOH solution by mass contains 15.0 g of NaOH? a\. 375 g b\. 3.75 g c\. 0.6 g d\. 1.666 g 43 A bottle is labelled 43% v/v of ethanol. This means that a\. There are 43 g of ethanol in every 100 g of the volume. b\. There are 430 ml of ethanol in every litre of the volume. c\. There are 430 ml of ethanol in every 1000 g of the volume. d\. There are 43 g of ethanol in every 100 ml of the volume. 44\. A concentrated solution is one which a\. Reacts readily with an acid or a base. b\. Has a large amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent c\. Has equal amounts of solute and solvent. d\. Has a large amount of solvent compared to the solute amount of 45\. Which one of the following statements is true for the methyl orange indicator? a\. It is orange in basic solutions and pink in acidic solutions. b\. It is blue in basic solutions and red in acidic solutions. c\. It is yellow in basic solutions and red in acidic solutions. d\. It is yellow in basic solutions and orange in acidic solutions 46\. A certain bottle of mineral water has a stated chloride concentration of 28 ppm. How many mg of chlorides are present in a 250 ml bottle of this water? a\. 7 mg b\. 112 mg c\. 0.007 mg d\. 28 mg Explanation: 28 ppm = 28 µg/ml = 0.028 mg in 1 ml 7 mg in 250 ml 47\. If 49 g H2SO, is dissolved in 1000 ml of water, which of the following statement is true? a\. Normality of the resulting solution is 0.5 and molarity is 1 b\. Molarity of the resulting solution is 0.5 and normality is 1 c\. Both normality and molarity of the soluion is 1 d\. Both normality and molarity of the solution is 0.5 48\. Which one of the following solutions could NOT be used as a primary standard solution? a\. Sodium chloride (NaCl) b\. Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) c\. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) d\. Hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.10H2O) 49\. A solution of sulfuric acid (Molecular weight = 98) consists of 49 g of pure acid dissolved to make up a solution of volume 200 cm³. What is the concentration of this acid solution? a\. 0.5 mol/litre b\. 24.5 mol/litre c\. 2.5 mol/litre d\. 0.245 mol/litre Explanation: Molarity no. of moles/vol in litres or, Molarity (49/98)/(200/1000) or, Molarity 2.5 mol/litre 50\. At the end of acid base titration, what happens to the solution? a\. Change the colour of the indicator b\. Change of precipitate c\. Evolution of heat d\. All of above 51\. Theory of color change of indicator during acid- base titration is given by: a\. Arrhenious\'s theory b\. Dalton\'s theory c\. Bronstedlowry\'s theory d\. Ostwald\'s theory 52\. Standardization of 0.1 N HCI is done against a\. AR silver nitrate b\. A.R borax c\. Calcium carbonate d\. None of the above 53\. If a compound has pH of 6.5,it has a pOH of: a\. 6.5 b\. 7.5 с. 3.16×10-7 d\. 3.16×10-8 Explanation: POH=14-pH=14-6.5-7.5 54\. If a solution conducts electricity, it is probably: a\. An acid b\. A base c\. Neutral d\. It is impossible to guess 55\. What is the pH of a 0.001M formic acid solution? Ka=1.8×10-4 a\. 3.74 b\. 10.3 c\. 3.37 d\. 10.6 Explanation: HCOOH + HCOO \[H+\] = \[HCOO\] =x & initial conc. = c Ka= \[H+\] \[HCOO-\]/\[HCOOH\] x= sqrt Kac\] \[H\] \[H+\] = (0.001-1.8×10\^-41\^1/2 \[18×10\^-8)\^1/2 -4.2426×10-4 pH = -log/4.2426x10\^-4 4-log(4.2426) 4-0.6277 3.372 56\. What is the concentration of Ag ion in a saturated silver chloride solution? Ksp=1.56 x 10-10 a\. 1.25 105 M b\. 4.90 M c\. 3.39x10M d\. None of these Explanation: Solubility product, Ksp = \[Ag\] \[Cl\] but at saturation\...number of ions of Ag = number of chloride ions then let AgCl = ???=x then 1.56 10:10 2 x=1.56x10 10x1.25×10 57\. All of the following drugs are assayed by non-aqueous titration except: a\. Codeine phosphate b\. Niclosamide c\. Chlordiazepoxide d\. Cycloserine 58\. A student carried out four titrations between an acid and a base. The volumes of acid required to neutralise the base were recorded and were as follows: 19.6 cm³, 19.5 cm³, 19.3 cm³, 19.3 cm³ When performing his calculations, what value for volume of acid should he use? a\. 19.30 cm³ c\. 19.43 cm³ b\. 19.37 cm³ d\. 19.55 cm³ 59.Before starting the titration, the pipette, burette and conical flask are rinsed with deionised water a and NOT tap water. Why is this? a\. The acid, when placed in the burette will become more dilute if tap water rather than deionized water is used to rinse the burette. b\. The colour change at the end-point of the titrationis more noticeable if deionised water is used. c\. lons in the tap water may \'clog up\' the tap of the burette. d\. Tap water contains ions that may affect the titration result. 60\. Method for the assay of ascorbic acid IP is a\. Complexometry b\. Gravimetry c\. Cerric ammonium sulphate oxidation d\. Fluorimetry 61\. Thiamine HCI IP is assayed by: a\. Non-aqueous titration b\. Fluorimetry c\. Gravimetry d\. Spectrophotometry 62\. The end point of complexometric titration is shown by means of: a\. Ph meter b\. PH indicators c\. colorimeter d\. potentiometer 63\. In which of the analytical method EDTA is used: a\. Complexometry b\. lodometry c\. Potentiometry d\. Gravimetry 64\. Which of the following element cannot be analyzed with the help of flame photometer? a\. Sodium b\. Calcium c\. Potassium d\. Cadmium 65\. Protogenic solvent causes a\. Enhance acidity of weak acid b\. Enhance basicity of weak base c\. Enhance basicity of weak acid d\. Enhance acidity of weak base 66\. Fluorescein dye is used as adsorption indicator in Fajan\'s method, what is its nature? a\. Acidic b\. Basic c\. Amphoteric d\. Neutral 67\. What is pH range of methyl orange? a\. 3.1-4.4 b\. 1.2-2.8 c\. 4.5-6.3 d\. 6.3-8.5 68\. Assay of furosemide is carried out by a\. Back titration with NaOH b\. Direct titration with NaOH c\. Back titration with HCI d\. Direct titration with HCI 69\. Mohr\'s method is not applicable a\. In alkaline condition - pH \> 9.0. b\. In acidic condition c\. For titration of iodide and thiocyanate d\. In all above conditions. 70\. method involves use of indicator like acidic or basic dyes. a\. Volhard\'s method b\. Mohr\'s method c\. Fajan\'s method d\. Gay-Lussac method 71\. Spectroscopy deals with interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. What is the speed of this radiation in vacuum in m/s? a 6x10\^8 b\. 5x10\^8 c\. 7x10\^8 d\. 3x10\^8 Explanation: Speed of light is also the speed of all electromagnetic radiations. Speed of light is 3x10 m/s. 72\. Which type of Quantum Transition takes place in Ultra Violet and Visible spectroscopy? a\. Rotation of molecules b\. Nuclear c\. Bonding electrons d\. Spin of nuclei in magnetic field Explanation: In UV and Visible Spectroscopy, type of Quantum Transmission is bonding electrons. The rest of the options are Quantum Transmission type of other spectroscopic methods 73\. Which of the following is not a property or parameter of electromagnetic radiation? a\. Wavelength b\. Voltage c\. Wave number d\. Amplitude Explanation: Wavelength, Amplitude and Wave number are parameters of electromagnetic radiation. Other parameters are Velocity and Frequency, 74\. Which of the following is not a type of Spectroscopy? a\. Gamma ray b\. X ray c\. Nuclear magnetic resonance d\. Sound Explanation: Sound is not a type of electromagnetic radiation. Hence, it is not a type of Spectroscopy. 75\. Electromagnetic radiation \.... through vacuum. a\. can travel b\. cannot travel c\. both d\. reflect Explanation: Electromagnetic radiation can travel through vacuum. It does not need a medium for propagation. 76\. Which of the following is false about wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation? a\. Radiation with short wavelengths have high energies b\. Energy does not depend on wavelength c\. Radiation with long wavelengths have low energies d\. Energy depends on wavelength Explanation: The radiations with short wavelength have high energies and vice versa. Thus, energy depends on wavelength. 77\. Which of the following is the wavelength of microwave radiation? a\. 10-780nm b\. 0.78-30µm c\. 0.6-10 m d\. 0.75-3.75 mm Explanation: The wavelength of Microwave radiation is 0.75- 3.75 mm. The rest of the options are the wavelength of other Electro Magnetic radiations. 78\. How is wave number of electromagnetic radiation related to wavelength? a\. It is the reciprocal of wavelength b\. It is directly proportional to wavelength c\. It is not related to wavelength d\. It is equal to wavelength Explanation: Wave number is the number of waves spread in a length of one centimeter. It is the reciprocal of wavelength. 79\. Energy absorbed in UV region produces changes in: a\. The rotational energy of the molecule b\. The vibrational energy of the molecule c\. The electronic energy of the molecule d\. All the three energy levels of the molecule 80\. Velocity of electromagnetic radiation is \...\.... in vacuum than in any medium. a\. more b\. less c\. equal d\. decreased Explanations: Velocity of electromagnetic radiation tends to decrease when a medium is present. Hence, it attains maximum speed in vacuum 81\. The colour which human eye perceives is not the colour corresponding to the wavelength of the light a\. Reflected b\. Absorbed c\. Refracted d\. Diffracted 82\. The absorbance spectrum of the compound is characteristics of that compound, it constitutes the: a\. Chemical property b\. Electronic property c\. Magnetic property d\. Physical property 83\. Beer Lambert\'s law gives the relation between which of the following? a\. Reflected radiation and concentration b\. Scattered radiation and concentration c\. Energy absorption and concentration d\. Energy absorption and reflected radiation Explanation: Beer Lambert\'s law give the relation between Energy absorption and Concentration. It was proposed by Beer and Lambert. 84\. In which of the following ways, absorption is related to transmittance? a\. Absorption is the logarithm of transmittance b\. Absorption is the reciprocal of transmittance c\. Absorption is the negative logarithm of transmittance d\. Absorption is a multiple of transmittance Explanation: Transmittance is the ratio of the radiant power transmitted by a sample to the radiant power incident on the sample. Absorption is the negative logarithm of transmittance. 85\. Which of the following is not a limitation of Beer Lambert\'s law, which gives the relation between absorption, thickness and concentration? a\. Concentration must be lower b\. Radiation must have higher bandwidth c\. Radiation source must be monochromatic d\. Does not consider factors other than thickness and concentration that affect absorbance Explanation: The law is derived assuming that the radiation is monochromatic. So, if bandwidth increases it will create deviation. 86\. Beer\'s law establishes the relationship between: a\. Absorbance and concentration b\. Concentration and transmittance c\. Absorbance and wavelength d\. Wavelength and concentration Explanation: Beer\'s law states that the intensity of light decreases with the concentration of the medium. It was stated by Beer. 87\. Lambert\'s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to\...\...\...\...\... a\. Concentration b\. Distance c\. Composition d\. Volume Explanation: Lambert\'s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to path length. It was stated by Lambert. 88\. The representation of Beer Lambert\'s law is given as A = abc. If \'b\' represents distance, concentration \'c\' represents and \'A\' represents absorption, what does \'a\' represent? a\. Intensity b\. Transmittance c\. Absorptivity d\. Admittance Explanation: \'a\' represents the absorption constant. It is also known as absorptivity. 89\. Which of the following is not true about Absorption spectroscopy? a\. It involves transmission b\. Scattering is kept minimum c\. Reflection is kept maximum of radiation leaving the substance is an d\. Intensity indication of concentration Explanation: In Absorption spectroscopy, reflection must also be kept minimum along with scattering. Amount of absorption depends on the number of molecules in the material 90\. Transmittance is given as TP/P. If Po is the power incident on the sample, what does P represent? a\. Radiant power transmitted by the sample b\. Radiant power absorbed by the sample c\. Sum of powers absorbed and scattered d\. Sum of powers transmitted and reflected Explanation: P represents radiant power transmitted by the sample. Transmittance is the ratio of radiant power transmitted by the sample to the radiant power that is incident on it. 91\. What is the unit of absorbance which can be derived from Beer Lambert\'s law? a\. L mol¹ cm¹ b\. Lgm³ cm³ c\. Cm d\. No unit Explanation: Absorbance has no unit. The units of absorptivity, distance and concentration cancel each other. Hence, absorption has no unit. 92\. What is the unit of molar absorptivity or absorptivity which is used to determine absorbance A in Beer Lambert\'s formula? a\. L mol-¹ cm b\. L gmcm c\. Cm d\. No unit Explanation: The unit of absorptivity is L moll cm/ concentration is represented as gm per litre it becomes L. gm cm 93\. Which of the following compounds does not absorb light in the UV visible spectrum? a\. Aspirin b\. Phenobarbitone c\. Paracetamol d\. Chloral hydrate 94\. Cyclohexane can be used as a solvent in UV spectrophotometric analysis because: a\. It has a ring structure b\. Energy requirement for o-o\" is in the range of 120- 200 nm c\. It is volatile d\. It is immiscible with water 95.A moiety of molecules responsible for selective absorption of radiation in a specific range is called a\. Auxochrome b\. Chromophore c\. Bathochrome d\. Hypsochrome 96\. The measurement of the absorption of monochromatic radiation at any point in the electromagnetic spectrum is known as a\. Nephlemetry b\. Spectrophotometry c\. Electromagnetic process d\. Colorimetry 97\. UV spectroscopic analysis is based on: a\. Absorption of UV light b\. Absorption of radio wave c\. Absorption of visible light d\. Absorption of infra red 98\. Which is the missing block in the block diagram for Absorption of Radiation Instrument given below? Radiation Source → Read out Wavelength Selector → a\. Filter b\. Reflector c\. Converging lens d\. Detector Explanation: To measure the amount of radiation absorbed and transmitted, detector is very important. It detects the amount of radiation which is then inferred using read out device. 99\. Which of the following detectors is used to detect light intensities which are very weak? a\. Photomultiplier tube b\. Photovoltaic cell c\. Photoemissive tubes d\. Photo reflector Explanation: PMT is used for detection of light intensities which are weak. As the name suggests, Photomultiplier tube multiplies the incident electrons using dynodes causing an avalanche of electrons. 100\. The absorption maximum for polar compounds is usually shifted with change in polarity of the solvents due to a\. Hydrogen bonding b\. Chemical reaction c\. lonization of the compound d\. Change in the chromophore 101\. A compound has a molecular weight of 297; an equivalent weight of 148.5 and an A (1%, 1cm) of 742 at 309 metre. Its absorptivity is: a\. 220.37 b\. 110.87 c\. 110.18 d\. 22037.4 Explanation: E Em molwt=742x297-22037.4 102\. Glass cells are not used for UV spectrophotometry below 340 nm because glass? a\. Has variable composition b\. Scatter the radiation c\. Absorbs the radiation d\. Surface is not smooth 103\. Which of the following statements is false about single beam absorption instruments? a\. Tungsten bulb is used as source b\. Beam splitter is used to get parallel beam c\. Test tube is used as sample holder d\. Photovoltaic cell as detector Explanation: Single beam instruments make use of one beam. Therefore, beam splitters are not required in single beam instruments 104\. Which of the following statement is false about double beam absorption instruments? a\. It is similar to single beam instruments except two beams are present b\. Tungsten bulb is used as source c\. Reference beam must have higher intensity than sample beam d\. Both the beams after they pass through respective samples are compared Explanation: Reference beam cannot have higher intensity than sample beam. The beam is split into two beams of equal intensity. 105\. Which of the following is not an application of colorimeter? a\. Paints b\. Inks c\. Cosmetics d\. Composition detection Explanation: Colorimeter is not used to determine composition application is paints, dyes, inks, cosmetics and plastics. 106\. In photometers, the readings of the specimen are initially obtained in the form of which of the following parameters? a\. Transmittance b\. Absorption c\. Wavelengths d\. Volume Explanation: In photometers, the reading is initially obtained in the form of transmittance as some radiation is absorbed by the sample and the rest of the beam is transmitted. This transmitted beam is measured by the detector. 107\. Colorimeters are used in applications where great accuracy is required. a\. True b\. False Explanation: Colorimeters are used in applications where great accuracy is not required. They are also known as photometers 108\. In the diagram of single beam photometer given below, identify the component that is not labeled. a\. Monochromator b\. Absorption filter c\. Sample holder d\. Interference filter Explanation: In single beam spectrophotometer, the beam passed through the sample which is held in the sample holder. The transmitted beam is measured by the detector. 109\. Colorimeters are used to determine a\. concentration of solution b\. colour of solution c\. viscosity of solution d\. type of solution Explanation: Colorimetry is the science of colour measurement. It is used to determine concentrations of solutions. 110\. Which of the following is the purpose of beam splitter in double beam photometer or colorimeter? a\. Splits beam into two equal intensity beams b\. Splits beam in such a way that sample beam has higher intensity c\. Splits beam in such a way that reference beam has higher intensity d\. Merge two equal intensity beams into single beam Explanation: Beam splitter splits beam into two equal intensity beams. One beam passes through the sample and other through the reference. 111\. Which of the following is a source used in spectroscopy? a\. LASER b\. Tube light c\. Sodium vapour lamp d\. Tungsten lamp Explanation: Tungsten lamp is the source used in spectroscopy. It is the source used in UV, Visible spectroscopy, 112\. Which of the following is not a source used in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer? a\. Nernst glower b\. High pressure mercury arc lamp c\. Globar d\. Nichrome wire Explanation: High pressure mercury arc lamp is used as the source for Far IR Spectrophotometer. Rest of the options are used source in Mid Infrared Spectrophotometer. 113\. Which of the following is the wave number of near infrared spectrometer? a\. 4000-200 cm b\. 200-10 cm c\. 12500-4000 cm-¹ d\. 50-1000 cm-1 Explanation: The wave number of near infrared spectrometer ranges between 12500-4000. Wave number is the reciprocal of wavelength 114\. Which of the following options are correct in terms of wavelength for the different types of IR spectrometer? a\. Near IR: 0.8-2.5 mm b\. Mid IR: 0.8-2.5 mm c\. Far IR: 2.5-50 mm d\. Mid IR: 50-100 mm. Explanation: Wavelength of near IR is 0.8-2.5 mm and for mid IR it is 2.5-50 mm. The wavelength of for IR is 50-1000 mm. 115\. Which of the following is not a composition of Nernst glower or Nernst filament? a\. Oxides of Zirconium b\. Oxides of Barium c\. Oxides of Yitrium d\. Oxides of Thorium Explanation: Oxides of Barium is not present in Nernst glower. They are constructed by fusing oxides of Zirconium, yitrium und thorium. 116\. What is the composition of Globar rod which is used as a source in Mid IR spectroscopy? a\. Silicon carbide b\. Silver chloride c\. Silicon dioxide d\. Silver carbide Explanation: Globar is a silicon carbide rod. It is 5mm in diameter and 50mm long. 117\. Bolometer, a type of detector, is also known as: a\. Resistance temperature detector (RTD) b\. Thermistor c\. Thermocouple d\. Golay cell Explanation: Bolometers are also known as thermistors. It is a type of resistance thermometer constructed of metals such as platinum or nickel. 118\. Which of the following is not a technique for preparing solid samples in IR spectroscopy? a\. Solids run in solution b\. Mull technique c\. Solid films d\. Thin films Explanation: Four techniques are generally used to prepare solid samples. They are: Solids run in solution, Mull technique, Solid films and pressed pellet techniques. 119\. In a solid sample treatment technique, the finely ground solid sample is mixed with mineral oil to make a thick paste which is then spread between IR transmitting windows. What is the name of this solid sample treatment technique? a\. Pressed pellet b\. Mull technique c\. Solid films d\. Solids run in solution Explanation: The mentioned technique is Mull technique. This method is used for qualitative analysis but not quantitative analysis. 120\. Characteristic bands observed in IR spectra of alcohol results from: a\. OH and CO stretching b\. OH stretching c\. CO stretching only d\. CH bending only 121\. Stretching and bending is associated with: a\. NMR b\. IR c\. UV d\. Mass spectroscopy 122\. Infrared spectroscopy is a convenient method for understanding of: a\. Drug receptor mechanism b\. Functional group identification c\. Physico-chemical property d\. None of the above 123\. Which of the following is not true about Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer? a\. It is of non-dispersive type b\. It is useful where repetitive analysis is required c\. Size has been reduced over the years d\. Size has increased over the years Explanation: FTIR is of non-dispersive type of instruments and is used for repetitive analysis. Initially, it was bulky and cost was high and hence, it was limited to special application. Now, the size has been reduced. 124\. In the most widely used beam splitter, a thin film ofis sandwiched between two plates of low refractive index solid. Fill the blank with the suitable option. a\. Mylar b\. Silicon carbide c\. Ferrous oxide d\. Silver chloride Explanation: Generally, mylar is the thin film used in beam splitters. Beam splitter has to pass 50% of the radiation and reflect 50% of the radiation. 125\. Which of the following is not the function of drive mechanism in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer? a\. Movement of mirror to obtain a satisfactory interferogram b\. Acquire a good interferogram pattern c\. Allow 50% of the beam to pass. d\. Keep the speed of the moving mirror constant Explanation: Drive mechanism does the functions specified in the other options. The function of the beam splitter is to allow 50% of the beam to pass through. 126\. Only pyroelectric transducer or pyroelectric crystals are used as detectors in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). What is the main reason for other types of thermal detectors, not being used in FTIR spectrophotometer? a\. Less accuracy b\. Slower response c\. Less precision d\. Less sensitivity Explanation: Other thermal detectors are not employed due to slower response of the detectors. Pyroelectric transducers or pyroelectric crystals are chosen for their high speed, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and resolution. 127\. Which of the following is not the advantage of Fourier Transform Spectrometers? a\. Signal to noise ratio is high b\. Information could be obtained on all frequencies c\. Retrieval of data is possible d\. Easy to maintain Explanation: The instrument is not easy to maintain and it is a disadvantage. The other disadvantage is that the cost is high. 128\. Which of the following has to be computed to determine transmittance and absorbance at various frequencies? a\. Ratio of signal and noise b\. Ratio of sample and reference spectra c\. Sample spectra d\. Reference spectra Explanation: The ratio of sample and reference spectra needs to be computed to determine transmittance and absorbance. First, reference interferogram is obtained and then sample is obtained. 129\. Which of the following is the reference that is generally used in FTIR interferometer? a\. Air b\. NaCl solution c\. Alcohol d\. Base solution Explanation: Air is generally used as the reference. It is scanned for about 20 to 30 times and the results are stored in a computer. 130\. In Michelson Interferometer, if the reflected and transmitted beams are in phase at the beam splitter, then\...\... intensity will reach the detector. a\. maximum b\. minimum c\. less d\. lighter Explanation: If the reflected and transmitted beams are in phase at the beam splitter then maximum intensity will reach the detector. If they are out of phase, then minimum intensity will reach the detector. 131\. The diagram given below is the representation of Fourier transform interferometer. Identify the missing block in the block diagram. a\. Pyroelectric crystal b\. Display c\. High speed plotter d\. A/D converter Explanation: Computer does not accept analog signals directly. An A/D converter is required to feed the signals to the computer, 132.Why is the computer necessary in Fourier Transform Spectrometer? a\. To display the detector output b\. To process the detector output c\. To determine the amplitude d\. To determine the frequency Explanation: The computer is necessary to process the output of the detector. The Fourier Transform of output is determined using software using computers. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 133\. Which of the following is the principle of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? a\. Radiation is absorbed by non-excited atoms in vapour state and are excited to higher states b\. Medium absorbs radiation and transmitted radiation is measured c\. Colour is measured d\. Colour is simply observed Explanation: Atoms in gaseous state absorb the rudistole the ator recults higher state. Since the higher station of radiation which is measured. 134\. In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which of the following is the generally used radiation source? a\. Tungsten lamp b\. Xenon mercury arc lamp c\. Hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp d\. Hollow cathode lamp Explanation: Hollow cathode lamp is the source used in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It emits stable and intense radiation. 135\. In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, with what material is the cathode in Hollow cathode lamp constructed? a\. Tungsten b\. Quartz c\. Element to be investigated d\. Aluminium Explanation: The cathode in Hollow cathode lamp is constructed of the element to he investigated. The anode is made of tungsten 136\. Which of the following is the function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? a\. To split the beam into two b\. To break the steady light into pulsating light c\. To filter unwanted components d\. To reduce the sample into atomic state Explanation: The function of the chopper in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is to break the steady light into pulsating light. It is a rotating wheel placed between the flame and the source. 137\. Which of the following is the function of Flame or Emission system in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? a\. To split the beam into two b\. To break the steady light into pulsating light c\. To filter unwanted components d\. To reduce the sample into atomic state Explanation: The function of Flame or Emission system in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is to reduce the sample into atomic state. In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the production of atomic vapour by flame is the most important phase. 138\. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is also called as a\. Absorption Flame Photometry. b\. Fluorimetry. c\. Raman spectroscopy. d\. None. Explanation: In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, sample is sprayed into the flame. Hence, it is called Absorption Flame Photometry 139\. Which of the following is not a component of emission system in Flame photometer? a\. Burner b\. Atomiser c\. Fuel gases and their regulation d\. Chopper Explanation: Chopper is not a component of emission system in Flame photometer. The parts of flame photometer are burner, atomiser, fuel gases and their regulation and flame. 140\. Which of the following is the function of atomiser in the emission system of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? a\. To split the beam into two b\. To break the steady light into pulsating light c\. To break large mass of liquid into small drops d\. To reduce the sample into atomic state Explanation: The function of atomiser in the emission system of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is to break large mass of liquid into small drops. It also introduces liquid sample into the flame at a stable rate. 141\. Which of the following is not a fuel used in flame photometry? a\. Acetylene b\. Propane c\. Hydrogen d\. Camphor oil Explanation: The commonly used fuel yuses in flame photometry are acetylene, propane and hydrogen. Oxygen supply is given to the fuel gases 142\. Which of the following is not the requirement of a good flame in flame photometer? a\. Liquid sample must be evaporated to form solid residue b\. Solid residue must decompose to form atoms c\. Atoms must be produced such that they have the ability to get excited to higher states d\. Atoms must be produced such that they are in stable state Explanation: Atoms must be produced such that they have the ability to get excited to higher states. These atoms in higher states return to ground state with the emission of photons 143\. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for the analysis of \...\..... a\. carbon. b\. metal. c\. hydrogen. d\. nitrogen. Explanation: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for the analysis of metals. 144\. At what pressure should the gases in the sealed tube be maintained in the Hollow cathode lamp? a\. 1 to 5 torr b\. 20 to 30 torr c\. 40 to 50 torr d\. 50 to 55 torr Explanation: It consists of a cylindrical cathode and an anode made of tungsten. The tube is sealed and neon and argon are filled at a pressure of 1 to 5 torr. 145\. The diagram shown below is the picture of Hollow cathode lamp. Identify the unmarked component. a\. Glass tube b\. Quartz window. c\. Non-conducting glass d\. Mica shield Explanation: The unmarked portion is Quartz window. The window can be made of quartz or borosilicate glass 146\. The function of pressure regulators in emission system of flame photometer is to\...\...\...\..... a\. have a steady flame which is free from flickers. b\. atomize solution. c\. vaporise solution. d\. none. Explanation: The function of pressure regulators is to have a steady flame which is free from flickers. Pressure gauges indicate the pressure 147\. In Total consumption burner, only samples of particular droplet size will enter the burner. a\. True b\. False Explanation: Samples will enter the burner irrespective of their droplet size. Hence, it has the name Total consumption burner. 148\. Which of the following is the principle of Flame emission photometers? a\. Radiation is absorbed by non-excited atoms in vapour state and are excited to higher states b\. Medium absorbs radiation and transmitted radiation is measured c\. Colour and wavelength of the flame is measured d\. Only wavelength of the flame is measured Explanation: In Flame emission photometers, emission photometers, colour and intensity of the flame is measured. The intensity of light emitted when sample is introduced into the flame is also measured. 149\. In Flame the measurement of is used for qualitative analysis. a\. Colour b\. Intensity c\. Velocity d\. Frequency Explanation: The colour and the wavelength of the flame are used for qualitative analysis. It is used to determine the element which is present in the sample. 150\. In Flame emission photometers, the measurement of used for quantitative analysis. a\. Colour b\. Intensity c\. Velocity d\. Frequency Explanation: The intensity of the flame is used for quantitative analysis. It is used to determine the amount of element present in the sample. 151\. Which of the following is not an advantage of Laminar flow burner used in Flame photometry? a\. Noiseless b\. Stable flame for analysis c\. Efficient atomization of sample d\. Sample containing two or more solvents can be burned efficiently Explanation: Sample containing two or more solvents cannot be burned efficiently in Laminar flow burner. One more advantage of laminar flow burner is that it allows steady movement of gas flow. 152\. Laminar flow burner used in Flame photometers is also known as\...\...\...\...\.... a\. Turbulent burner b\. Premix burner c\. Total consumption burner d\. Nozzle mix burner Explanation: Laminar flow burner used in Flame photometers is also known as Premix burner. Sample, fuel and oxidant are mixed thoroughly before reaching the burner. 153\. Which of the following is the advantage of prism monochromators? a\. Dispersion is non-overlapping b\. Dispersion occurs in non-linear manner c\. Dispersion is overlapping d\. Dispersion occurs in a linear manner Explanation: The advantage of prism is that, dispersion that occurs is non-overlapping. The disadvantage is that it occurs in a non-linear manner. 154\. Which of the following is the advantage of grating monochromators? a\. Dispersion is non-overlapping b\. Dispersion occurs in non-linear manner c\. Dispersion is overlapping d\. Dispersion occurs in a linear manner Explanation: The advantage of grating is that, dispersion that occurs is linear. The disadvantage is that the dispersion is overlapping. 155\. Which of the following is not a detector used in Flame emission photometers? a\. Photronic cell b\. Photovoltaic cell c\. Photoemissive tube d\. Chromatogram Explanation: Detectors used in Flame emission photometers are Photovoltaic cell and photo emissive tubes. Photovoltaic cell is also known as photronic cell. 156\. Phototubes are. \.... sensitive than photovoltaic cells. a\. more b\. less c\. equal d\. not Explanation: Phototubes are more sensitive than photovoltaic cells. Therefore, it can be used to measure low intensities. 157\. Which of the following is not an application of Flame emission photometers? a\. Analysis of biological fluids b\. Determination of sodium, potassium in soil c\. Determination of metals such as Mn, Cu d\. Analysis of complex mixtures Explanation: The applications of Flame emission photometers are analysis of biologhali turds of Feneration of sodium and potassium in soil and determination of metals such as Mn and Cu. It is also used for the analysis of plant materials and industrial cements. 158\. Given below is the diagram of Flame emission photometers. Identify the unmarked component. a\. Filter b\. Atomiser c\. Pressure regulator d\. Burner Explanation: The unmarked portion is Burner. Burner is where flame is obtained by mixing sample, fuel and oxygen. 159\. Riboflabin can be analysed by a\. Nephelometry b\. Fluorimetry c\. Flame photometry d\. Phosphorimetry 160\. Flamephotometer is not used for detecting a\. Calcium b\. Sodium c\. Potassium d\. Barium 161\. The analyte is used in the form of solution in flame photometry because it undergoes: a\. Evaporation b\. Condensation c\. Nebulisation d\. precipitation 162\. Chromatography is a physical method that is used to separate and analyse a\. Simple mixtures b\. Complex mixtures. c\. Viscous mixtures d\. Metals Explanation: Chromatography is a physical method that is used to separate complex mixtures. The mixture of different components is flushed through the system at different rates. 163\. In which type of chromatography, the stationary phase held in a narrow tube and the mobile phase is forced through it under pressure? a\. Column chromatography b\. Planar chromatography c\. Liquid chromatography d\. Gas chromatography Explanation: In Column chromatography, the stationary phase held in a narrow tube and the mobile phase is forced through it under pressure. It is carried out in a long glass column having a stop-cock near the bottom. 164\. In chromatography, the stationary phase can be supported on a solid. a\. Solid or liquid b\. Liquid or gas c\. Solid only d\. Liquid only Explanation: in chromatography, there are two phases namely, stationary phase and mobile phase. The stationary phase can be solid or liquid supported on a solid. 165\. In chromatography, mobile phase can be made from which of the following components? a\. Solid or liquid b\. Liquid or gas c\. Gas only d\. Liquid only Explanation: In chromatography, the mobile phase can be composed of liquid or gas. It cannot be a solid material. 166\. Which of the following cannot be used as adsorbent in Column adsorption chromatography? a\. Magnesium oxide b\. Silica gel c\. Activated alumina d\. Potassium permanganate Explanation: The given options are all examples of adsorbents in Column adsorption except potassium permanganate. Some other adsorbents are starch and chromatographic purified siliceous earth. 167\. Which of the following types of chromatography involves the separation of substances in a mixture over a 0.2mm thick layer of an adsorbent? a\. Gas liquid. b\. Column c\. Thin layer d\. Paper Explanation: Thin layer chromatography involves the separation of substances of a mixture over a 0.2mm thick layer (thin layer) of an adsorbent. The adsorbent can be silica gel or alumina. 168\. Chromatography............ to purify volatile substances. a\. cannot be used b\. can be used c\. is only used d\. never be used Explanation: Chromatography can be used to purify volatile substances if the carrier fluid, operating conditions and right adsorbent material are employed. 169\. In Column chromatography, the stationary phase is made of\...\...\...\...\...and the mobile phase is made of a\. Solid, liquid b\. Liquid, liquid c\. Liquid, gas d\. Solid, gas Explanation: In Column chromatography, the stationary phase is made of solid and the mobile phase is made of liquid. It is carried out in a long glass column which has a stop-cock near the bottom 170\. Chromatography \...\... be used to separate delicate products. a\. cannot b\. can c\. can only be d\. cannot only be Explanation: Chromatography can be used to separate delicate products. This is because chromatography is not performed under severe conditions. 171\. In Thin layer chromatography, the stationary phase is made of\...\...\....and the mobile phase is made of a\. Solid, liquid b\. Liquid, liquid c\. Liquid, gas d\. Solid, gas Explanation: In Thin layer chromatography, the stationary phase is made of solid and the mobile phase is made of liquid. 172\. In which of the following type of paper chromatography, does the mobile phase move horizontally over a circular sheet of paper? a\. Ascending paper chromatography b\. Descending paper chromatography c\. Radial paper chromatography d\. Ascending-descending chromatography Explanation: In Radial paper chromatography, the mobile phase moves horizontally over a circular sheet of paper. Separation takes place based on partition. 173\. Liquid chromatography can be performed in which of the following ways? a\. Only in columns b\. Only on plane surfaces c\. Either in columns or on plane surfaces d\. Neither in columns nor on plane surfaces Explanation: Liquid chromatography can be performed either in columns or on plane surfaces. It could be liquid-solid chromatography or liquid-liquid chromatography. 174\. Gas chromatography can be performed in which of the following ways? a\. Only in columns b\. Only on plane surfaces c\. Either in columns or on plane surfaces d\. Neither in columns nor on plane surfaces Explanation: Gas chromatography can be performed only in columns. It could be gas-solid chromatography or gas-liquid chromatography, 175\. In Gas-liquid phase chromatography, the stationary phase is composed of and the mobile phase is made of a\. Solid, liquid b\. Liquid, liquid c\. Liquid, gas d\. Solid, gas Explanation: In Gas-liquid phase chromatography, the stationary phase is made of liquid and the mobile phase is made of gas. Separation is based on partition. 176\. Which of the following types of chromatography involves the process, where mobile phase moves through the stationary phase by the influence of gravity or capillary action? a\. Column Chromatography b\. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography c\. Gas Chromatography d\. Planar Chromatography Explanation: In Planar Chromatography, stationary phase is supported on flat plate of paper. The mobile phase moves by the influence of gravity or capillary action. 177\. What is the nature of mobile phase in reverse phase chromatography? a\. Polar b\. Non polar c\. Mixture of both d\. Can be any, it depends on the nature of analyte 178\. In chromatographic separations, different species in the sample undergo the process of: a\. Chemical interaction b\. Partition c\. Volatilization d\. lonization 179\. In paper and TLC separation techniques, the Rf value is always: a\. Less than one b\. More than one c\. Equal to one d\. All of the above 180\. Main chromatography technique for amino-acid is: a\. Partition chromatography b\. lon-exchange c\. Gel filtration d\. Adsorption chromatography 181\. Chromatographic processes are used for: a\. Separation, concentration and purification of individual components of mixtures b\. Identification of materials c\. Determination of impurities d\. All of the above 182\. The optimum temperature for activating silica gel in TLC plate is: a\. 90-100 degree Celsius b\. 100-120 degree Celsius c\. 150-156 degree Celsius d\. 60-100 degree Celsius 183\. In adsorption chromatography, a polar solute tends to sorbed in: a\. Polar phase b\. Non-polar phase above c\. Neutral phase d\. None of the 184\. When silica gel is heated above 200 degree Celsius, then chromatographic activity is: a\. Unaffected b\. Increased c\. Lost d\. Slightly changed 185\. For detection of spots of amino acid on paper chromatogram, the most widely used method is: a\. UV light b\. Spraying with ninhydrin c\. Spraying with cerricsulphate d\. None of the above 186\. Which method is used for the separation of active constituents of drug? a\. Sterility test b\. Pyrogen test c\. Thin layer chromatography d\. Microbiological assay 187\. If you are a piece of chromatography paper and your chin was a solute after an experiment, the Rf value of your chin would be approximately: a\. 0.15 b\. 0.50 c\. 0.85 d\. It is impossible to guess because you are not sitting in a solvent 188\. A student sets up a paper chromatograph and places a spot of green dye on the origin. After six minutes the solvent has moved 12cm and a blue spot has advanced 9 cm. After 14 mins, the solvent has advanced further 8cm. how many cm from the origin is the blue spot likely to be? a\. 26 b\. 15 c\. 18 d\. 8 189\. Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in Column chromatography? a\. Detection of components b\. Separation in the column c\. Elution from the column d\. Collection of eluted component Explanation: The operation that occurs after the injection of feed is separation in the column. After that, elution from the column and detection of components takes place. 190\. Components with strong attraction to the support move more slowly than components with weak attraction. a\. True b\. False Explanation: Different components will adsorb to the stationary phase in varying degrees. Components with strong attraction to the support move more slowly than components with weak attraction. 191\. What happens during the \'elution from the column\' phase in chromatography? a\. Components with greatest affinity elute first b\. Components with least affinity elute first c\. Components elute in a random manner d\. Components elute according to their concentration in the mixture Explanation: During the elution phase, different components elute at different times. Components with least affinity elute first. 192\. In chromatogram, the position of peaks on the time axis can be used to determine which of the following? a\. Components of the sample b\. Amount of component in the sample c\. Column efficiency d\. Column resolution Explanation: Chromatogram is a detector that responds to concentration solute and is placed at the end of the column. The position of peaks on the time axis can be used to determine components of the sample. 193\. In chromatogram, the area under the peak can be used to determine which of the following? a\. Components of the sample b\. Amount of component in the sample c\. Column efficiency d\. Column resolution Explanation: Chromatogram is a detector that responds to concentration solute and is placed at the end of the column. The area under the peak can be used to determine amount of component in the sample. 194\. The could be a viscous liquid coated over a surface of solid particles. a\. stationary phase b\. mobile phase c\. analyte d\. impurity Explanation: The stationary phase could be a viscous liquid coated over a surface of solid particles. The solid particles can also be the stationary phase. 195\. Given below is a diagram of separation of two components of a mixture in a chromatographic column. From the diagram, infer which component has lesser affinity to the stationary phase. a\. W b\. X c\. Y d\. Z Explanation: Y will elute from the column first. Components with least affinity to the stationary phase will elute first. 196\. Using Chromatogram as detector in Chromatography, a graph is obtained between \...\...\...\...\....and time. a\. Quantity b\. Density c\. Concentration d\. Specific gravity Explanation: Using Chromatogram as detector in Chromatography, a graph is obtained between concentration and time. The detector is placed at the bottom of the column. 197\. In older analytical methods, which of the following methods were used to allow movement of mobile phase? a\. Pumps b\. Pressure c\. Gravity d\. Blowing air into the column Explanation: in older analytical methods, gravity facilitated the movement of mobile phase. The effect of capillary action was also employed to allow movement. 198\. Given below is the diagram of \'Process of chromatographic column\'. Identify the unmarked component in the process. a\. Reservoir b\. Collection tank c\. Microprocessor d\. Detector Explanation: The unmarked component is detector. It is placed at the bottom of the column. It responds to solute concentration. 199\. How is molar concentration of solute in stationary phase related to molar concentration of solute in mobile phase? a\. Directly proportional b\. Inversely proportional c\. Equal d\. Not related Explanation: in chromatography, molar concentration of solute in stationary phase is directly proportional to molar concentration of solute in mobile phase \'k\' is the distribution constant 200\. If the value of the distribution constant \'k\' is one, then what could be inferred about the distribution of solute? a\. Its distribution in stationary phase is greater b\. Its distribution in mobile phase is greater c\. It is equally distributed in stationary and mobile phase d\. It is distributed in a random manner Explanation: Ca C CK Cm If k-1, it denotes that the solute is equally distributed in mobile and stationary phase 201\. The time taken by the analyte after sample injection to reach the detector is called\...\...\...\... a\. Dead time b\. Solute migration rate c\. Adjusted retention time d\. Retention time Explanation: The time taken by the analyte after sample injection to reach the detector is called retention time. The retention of a solute in the system can be used to identify the solute. 202\. The time required for a molecule of the mobile phase to pass through the column is called\...\..... a\. Dead time b\. Solute migration rate c\. Adjusted retention time d\. Retention time Explanation: The time required for a molecule of the mobile phase to pass through the column is called dead time. The effectiveness of the system depends on dead time. 203\. Adjusted retention time is the remaining retention time after subtracting from a\. Solute migration rate and retention time b\. Retention time and solute migration rate c\. Dead time and retention time d\. Retention time and dead time Explanation: Adjusted retention time is the remaining retention time after subtracting dead time from retention time. It affects the effectiveness of the system. 204\. Which of the following is the volume of mobile phase required to make a solute band move from the point of injection through the column to the detector? a\. Dead volume b\. Retention volume c\. Void volume d\. Adjusted retention volume Explanation: Retention volume is the volume of mobile phase required to make a solute band move from the point of injection through the column to the detector. 205\. Adjusted retention volume is the remaining retention volume after subtracting a\. Solute migration rate and retention volume b\. Retention volume and solute migration rate c\. Dead volume and retention volume d\. Retention volume and dead volume Explanation: Adjusted retention volume is the remaining retention volume after subtracting dead volume from retention volume. V(adjusted retention) = V(retention) -- V(dead) 206\. Which of the following is defined as the ratio of moles of solute in stationary phase to the moles of solute in mobile phase? a\. Distribution constant b\. Volumetric phase ratio c\. Retention factor d\. Total porosity Explanation: Retention factor is defined as the ratio of moles of solute in stationary phase to the moles of solute in mobile phase. It is used for determining the migration rates of solutes in the column 207\. Which of the following is the ratio of interstitial volume of packing to the volume of its total mass? a\. Distribution constant b\. Volumetric phase ratio c\. Retention factor d\. Total porosity Explanation: Total porosity is the ratio of interstitial volume of packing to the volume of its total moss. In capillary column, total porosity is 1. 208\. Retention distance is the distance between point peak in the recorder or of injection and computer generated chart. a\. minimum b\. maximum c\. smallest d\. tailing Explanation: Retention distance is the distance between point of injection and maximum peak in the recorder. The chart is drawn between time and concentration of the solute. 209\. Retention volume can be obtained by finding the product of which of the following parameters? a\. Dead time and total porosity b\. Retention time and volumetric flow rate c\. Adjusted retention time and volumetric flow rate d\. Retention time and total porosity. Explanation: Retention volume can be obtained by finding the product of retention time and volumetric flow rate. Flow rate = Cross section of empty column x Average linear velocity x Total porosity 210\. Retention factor is also known as\...\...\...\...\... a\. capacitance factor. b\. tailing factor. c\. theoretical plates. d\. resolution. Explanation: Retention fuctor is also known as capacitance factor. It can be denoted as k 211\. What must be the value of selectivity factor? a\. Equal to 1 b\. Less than 1 c\. Greater than 1 d\. Greater than 0 Explanation: Selectivity factor/ Relative retention must always be greater than 1. It is also known as Relative migration rate. 212\. Which of the following is the distance that the solute moves while undergoing one partition? a\. Retention distance c\. Plate height b\. Distribution constant d\. Column packing length Explanation: Plate height is the distance that the solute moves while undergoing one partition. It is expressed in length 213\. Which of the following conditions will cause the efficiency of the column to increase? a\. Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes smaller b\. Plate number becomes smaller, plate height becomes smaller c\. Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes larger d\. Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes larger Explanation: The efficiency of the column increases when the plate number becomes greater and the plate height becomes smaller. Column efficiency greatly depends on plate height and plate number. 214\. Tailing occurs due to a\. sample over loading b\. impurity c\. more than one species of compound d\. all Explanation: Eddy diffusion is given as, A = A dp. It is also called multipath term, 215\. In gas-liquid chromatography, when films are used in the interior of capillary column, then what is the value of Eddy diffusion? a\. Greater than 1 b\. Less than 1 c\. Zero d\. Less than zero Explanation: In gas-liquid chromatography, when films are used in the interior of capillary column the value of Eddy diffusion (A) is zeru. To minimize A, diameter of packing should be small and uniform. 216\. The length of analytical column is a\. 5-25 cm b\. 10-100 cm c\. 1-10 m d\. 40-50 cm 217\. It is more difficult to measure the width at half peak height than the base width in the detector output. a\. True b\. False Explanation: The width at holf peak height is easier to measure than the base width. Hence, the plate number is calculated at peak height. 218\... while moving in the column is always in equilibrium with both the stationary phase and the mobile phase. a\. Solute b\. Impurity c\. Solvent d\. Gas Explanation: The solute, while moving in the column is always in equilibrium with both the stationary phase and the mobile phase. But, the two phases will never be in equilibrium with each other. 219\. For the separation of which of the following substances, Gas-solid chromatography is being used? a\. Thermally stable organic components b\. Volatile organic components c\. Thermally stable inorganic components d\. Low molecular weight gaseous species Explanation: Gas-solid chromatography is used for the separation of low molecular weight gaseous species. Its application is limited because of semi-permanent retention of the analyte. 220\. Which of the following is not a feature of carrier gas used in gas chromatography? a\. It must be chemically inert b\. It should be suitable for the detector employed c\. It should not be completely pure d\. It should be cheap Explanation: It should be highly pure. Further, it should be readily available and non-inflammable 221\. Which of the following is the disadvantage of hydrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography? a\. Dangerous to use b\. Expensive c\. Reduced sensitivity d\. High density Explanation: Hydrogen is dangerous to use. It has better thermal conductivity and lower density. 222\. Which of the following is the disadvantage of helium, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography? a\. Dangerous to use b\. Expensive c\. Reduced sensitivity d\. High density Explanation: Helium is expensive. Its advantages are that it has low density and it allows greater flow rates. 223\. Which of the following is the disadvantage of nitrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography? a\. Dangerous to use b\. Expensive c\. Reduced sensitivity d\. High density Explanation: Nitrogen has reduced sensitivity. It is still one of the commonly used carrier gas in gas chromatography, 224\. Slow injection of large samples leads to band broadening and loss of resolution. a\. True b\. False Explanation: Slow injection of large samples leads to band broadening and loss of resolution. Hence, for desired column efficiency, samples should not be too large. 225\. In which of the following methods are liquid samples injected into the column in gas chromatography? a\. Gas tight syringe b\. Micro-syringe c\. Rotary sample valve d\. Solid injection syringes Explanation: Liquid samples injected into the column in gas chromatography using micro-syringe. Syringes of various capacities are available. 226\. What must be done to the solid samples for it to be introduced into the column without using solid injection syringes in gas chromatography? a\. Introduced in hot-zone of the column b\. Dissolved in volatile liquids c\. Introduced using rotary sample valve d\. Introduced using sampling loops Explanation: Solid samples must be dissolved in volatile liquids for introducing it into the column. They can be introduced directly using solid injection syringes. 227\. Which of the following is the commonly used support material for the packed column in gas chromatography? a\. Glass b\. Metal c\. Diatomaceous earth d\. Stainless steel Explanation: Diatomaceous earth is the commonly used support material for the packed column in gas chromatography. The columns could be made of glass or metal. 228\. Which of the following is the advantage of straight packed column? a\. It can be packed uniformly b\. It can be repacked easily c\. It is compact d\. It is easier to heat it evenly Explanation: The advantage of straight column is that it can be repucked easily. It is not compact in size. 229\. Which of the following is the disadvantage of coiled or helical shaped packed chromatographic column? a\. It cannot be packed uniformly b\. It cannot be repacked easily c\. It is not compact d\. It is not easy to heat it evenly Explanation: The disadvantage of coiled or helical shaped packed chromatographic column is that it cannot be repacked easily. It is compact in size and can easily be heated in an even manner. 230\. Capillary columns are open tubular columns constructed from which of the following materials? a\. Glass b\. Metal c\. Stainless steel d\. Fused silica Explanation: Capillary columns are constructed using fused silica. It is a very high purity glass. 231\... port must be maintained at a temperature at which rapid vapourisation occurs but thermal degradation does not occur. a\. Sample injection b\. Column c\. Gard column d\. Degasser Explanation: Sample injection port must be maintained at a temperature at which rapid vapourisation occurs but thermal degradation does not occur. The column is maintained at a different temperature. 232\. Which of the following is not a desirable feature of the ovens used in gas chromatography? a\. It must have a fast rate of heating b\. Power consumption should be kept low c\. It must have maximum thermal gradients d\. It should have proper insulation Explanation: The ovens used in gas chromatography must have maximum thermal gradients. The temperature must be uniform over the whole column. 233\. Given below is the block diagram of gas chromatography. Identify the unmarked chromatography component. a\. Pumping system b\. Pressure regulator c\. Flow regulator d\. Sample injection system Explanation: The unmarked component is syringe. Hence, the answer is sample injection system. It is for the introduction of sample into the flowing gas stream 234\. Which of the following is not an ideal characteristic of a detector used in gas chromatography? a\. Linear response to the solutes b\. Short response time c\. High reliability d\. Sensitive to the changes in the flow rate of carrier gas Explanation: The detector used in gas chromatography must be insensitive to the changes in flow rate of carrier gas. There are many detectors used in gas chromatography. 235\. Which of the following is not a type of detector used in gas chromatography? a\. Argon ionization detector b Thermal conductivity detector c\. UV visible spectrometric detector d\. Electron capture detector Explanation: UV visible spectrometric detector is not used in gas chromatography, It is used in liquid chromatography. 236\. Which of the following detectors have high sensitivity to all organic compounds? a\. Sulphurchemiluminescense detector b\. Thermionic emission detector c\. Flame ionization detector d\. Argon ionisation detector Explanation: Flame ionization detector has high sensitivity to all organic compounds. It is the commonly used detector for gas chromatography. 237\. Which of the following is not the advantage of thermal conductivity detector used in gas chromatography? a\. Simple in construction b\. High sensitivity c\. Large linear dynamic range d\. Non-destructive character Explanation: Thermal conductivity detector has relatively low density when compared to other detectors used in gas chromatography. It is based on the principle that all gases conduct heat in varying degrees. 238\. Which of the following detectors is widely used to detect environmental samples like chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls? a\. Flame ionization detector b\. Thermal conductivity detector c\. Argon ionisation detector d\. Electron capture detector Explanation: Electron capture detector is used to detect environmental samples like polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides. It is highly sensitive to molecules containing functional groups such as halogen and phosphorous. 239\. In which of the following detector is the eluent mixed with hydrogen and burned and then mixed with ozone and its intensity is measured? a\. Sulphurchemiluminescense detector b\. Thermal conductivity detector c\. Flame ionization detector d\. Electron capture detector Explanation: In Sulphurchemiluminescense detector, the eluent is mixed with hydrogen and burned and then mixed with ozone and its intensity is measured. The resultant is a measure of sulphur compounds present. 240\. Flame photometer detector is primarily responsive to which of the following compounds / elements? a\. Volatile sulphur or phosphorous compounds b\. Nitrogen c\. Halogen d\. Potassium Explanation: Flame photometric detector is primarily responsive to volatile sulphur or phosphorous compounds. It is also responsive to tin and nitrogen. 241\. Which of the following detector uses ultraviolet radiation from lamps to produce ionisation of solute molecules? a\. Sulphurchemiluminescense detector b\. Thermal conductivity detector c\. Photo ionization detector d\. Electron capture detector Explanation: Photo ionization detector uses ultraviolet radiation from lamps to produce ionisation of solute molecules. The current produced is measured and recorded. 242\. Katharometer is another name for. a\. Flame ionisation detector b\. Thermal conductivity detector c\. Electron capture detector d\. None Explanation: Thermal conductivity detector is known as Katharometer. It uses heated filament as sensing element and it is placed in the emerging gas stream. 243\. Thermionic emission detector used in gas chromatography is most sensitive to which of the following elements? a\. Nitrogen b\. Phosphorous c\. Halogen d\. Carbon Explanation: Thermionic emission detector used in gas chromatography is most sensitive to phosphorous. It is 500 times more sensitive to phosphorous than Flame ionization detector. 244\. Which of the following is not used as a heating element in Thermal conductivity detector? a\. Platinum b\. Gold c\. Graphite d\. Tungsten wire Explanation: Graphite is not used as heating element in Thermal conductivity detector. 245\. Which of the following is the disadvantage of reciprocating pump used in liquid chromatography? a\. Produces pulsed flow b\. Corrosive components c\. Does not have small hold-up value d\. Does not have moderate flow rate Explanation: The disadvantage of reciprocating pump used in liquid chromatography is that it produces pulsed flow. Therefore, the flow must be damped before it affects the column. 246\. Which of the following will improve the efficiency of separation process in liquid chromatography? a\. Increase in sample size, increase in column diameter b\. Reduction in sample size, increase in column diameter c\. Increase in sample size, reduction in column diameter d\. Reduction in sample size, reduction in column diameter Explanation: Reduction in sample size and reduction in column diameter will improve the efficiency of separation process in liquid chromatography. The effect of uneven flow will also be reduced. 247\. Which of the following are the practical problems that arise due to the decrease in column diameter? a\. Requirement of large particle size and high pressure drop b\. Requirement of large particle size and low pressure drop c\. Requirement of small particle size and high pressure drop d\. Requirement of small particle size and low pressure drop Explanation: The practical problems that arise due to decrease in column diameter are requirement of small particle size and high pressure drop. But, it increases column efficiency. 248\. Which of the following is not true about guard column used in liquid chromatography? a\. It filters particles that clog the separation column b\. It extends the lifetime of separation column c\. It allows particles that cause precipitation upon contact with stationary or mobile phase d\. The size of packing varies with the type of protection needed Explanation: Guard column removes particles that cause precipitation upon contact with stationary or mobile phase. It is placed before the separation column. 249\. Which of the following columns are not used in liquid ог high performance liquid chromatography? a\. Analytical column b\. Separation column c\. Guard column d\. Capillary column Explanation: Capillary column is used in gas chromatography. Analytical column is also known as separation column. 250\. Which of the following is not a Column-type Liquid chromatography? a\. Gel permeation b\. lon exchange c\. Liquid-solid d\. Paper Explanation: Paper chromatography is not a column-type chromatography. It makes use of strips of hollow cylinders of filter paper. 251\. Which of the following types of liquid chromatography uses immobilized biochemical as stationary phase? a\. Ion exchange chromatography b\. Exclusion chromatography c\. Affinity chromatography d\. Gel permeation chromatography Explanation: In Affinity chromatography, immobilized biochemical is used as stationary phase. It is used to separate one or few solates from hundreds of unretained solutes. 252\. High pressure liquid chromatography can be performed only in. a\. column. b\. paper. c\. sheet. d\. none. Explanation: High pressure liquid chromatography can be performed only in columns. This is because application of high pressure in open bed will not be effective. 253\. Which of the following is not an advantage of Syringe type pumps used in High pressure liquid chromatography? a\. Independent of viscosity b\. Pulse-less flow c\. High pressure capability d\. Unlimited solvent capacity Explanation: The limitation of Syringe type pump is that it has limited solvent capacity and is inconvenient when solvents are to be changed. 254\. Which of the following is not true about solvent programming which is done in high performance liquid chromatography? a\. It provides unequal bandwidths b\. It provides fast overall separation c\. It provides maximum resolution d\. It provides maximum sensitivity Explanation: Solvent programming is done to provide equal bandwidths. It provides maximum sensitivity for every solute in the sample 255\. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the syringe pump used in high pressure liquid chromatography? a\. Pressure capability is high b\. Maintenance is frequent c\. Limited reservoir capability d\. Slight change of flow rate when extremely high pressure compresses the solvent Explanation: In syringe pumps, maintenance is infrequent However, it has high pressure 256\. Most commonly used detector in liquid chromatography is: a\. UV detector b\. Refractive index detector c\. Electrical conductivity detector d\. NMR detector 257\. Official method for analysis of ciprofloxacin: a\. Potentiometry b\. HPLC c\. Gas chromatography d\. Non-aqueous 258\. Bulk property detectors used in liquid chromatography does not respond to which of the following properties? a\. Refractive index b\. Density c\. Properties of solutes d\. Dielectric constant Explanation: Bulk property detectors respond only to bulk properties of mobile phase. It does not respond to properties of solutes. 259\. Which of the following is not a property of a good detector used in liquid chromatography? a\. Good sensitivity b\. Ability to function in the presence of large background signal c\. Short response time d\. Volume of detector must be large Explanation: The volume of detector must be small. If the volume of the detector is large it may lead to band broadening. 260\. Detector selectivity is important in Liquid chromatography than in Gas chromatography. a\. more b\. less c\. of equal d\. none Explanation: Detector selectivity is more important in Liquid chromatography than in Gas chromatography. This is because in liquid chromatography, chances of overlapping are higher. 261\. Which of the following UV absorbance detectors provide a real time spectrum of the component of interest? a\. Continuous wavelength detector b\. Variable wavelength detector c\. Scanning wavelength detector d\. Fixed wavelength detector Explanation: Scanning wavelength detector provides a real time spectrum of the component of interest. UV visible detector is the most widely used detection system. 262\. Fluorescence detection is detection. than absorption a\. less selective b\. more selective c\. equally selective d\. less important Explanation: Fluorescence detection is more selective than absorption detection. This is because of its high sensitivity. 263\. Which of the following detectors depend on Snell\'s law at the interface between the cell wall and the flowing liquid to deflect the light beam? a\. Electrochemical detectors b\. Fluorescence detectors c\. Refractive index detectors d\. Thermal conductivity detectors Explanation: Refractive index detectors depend on Snell\'s law at the interface between the cell wall and the flowing liquid to deflect the light beam. Changes in refractive index are monitored by a position sensor. 264\. Refractive index detectors used in liquid chromatography are not based on which of the following processes? a\. Interference b\. Refraction c\. Reflection d\. Absorption Explanation: Refractive index detectors used in liquid chromatography are not dependent on absorption. 265\. In UV-Visible detectors, the cells are not made of which of the following materials? a\. Quartz. b\. Teflon c\. Silica d\. KELF Explanation: The cells in UV-Visible detectors are made of quartz, KELF and Teflon. They are not made of silica. 266\. Which of the following is not a feature of refractive index type detectors? a\. Higher potential sensitivity b\. Low cost c\. High volume flow rates d\. Easy cell accessibility Explanation: Refractive index type detectors have low volume flow rates. It is one of the major advantages of the refractive index type of detectors. 267\. Which of the following detectors can detect almost any component? a\. Combining two UV detectors b\. Combining RI and UV detectors c\. Mass detector d\. Laser-based detectors Explanation: Combining RI and UV detectors almost any component can be detected. In some cases, single detection system may give incorrect results. 268\. Given below is the diagram of Ultraviolet detector used in liquid chromatography. Identify the unmarked component. a\. Collimator b\. Lens c\. Monochromator d\. Quartz window Explanation: The part that is not marked is quartz window. This detector is used to detect components that absorb any wavelength in the UV-Visible region. 269\. Which of the following is the formula for pH calculation? a\. log10\[H+\] b\. -log10\[H+\] c\. log2\[H\] d\. log2\[H+\] Explanation: pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. Hence, its formula is -log10\[H\] 270\. Pure water is known to be which of the following? a\. Weak electrolyte b\. Strong electrolyte c\. Neither weak nor strong d\. Not an electrolyte Explanation: Pure water is a weak electrolyte. It dissociates to form hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. 271\. Which of the following is the value of hydrogen ion concentration of pure water? a\. 1x10\'7 moles/litre b\. 1x10\'5 moles/litre c\. 1x10\'6 moles/litre d\. 1x10\'8 moles/litre Explanation: The hydrogen ion concentration of pure water is 1x10\'7 moles/litre. It can be represented as \[H+\] = 1x10\'7 moles/litre 272\. Which of the following is the value of hydroxyl ion concentration of pure water? a\. 1x10\'7 moles/litre b\. 1x10\'5 moles/litre c\. 1x10\'6 moles/litre d\. 1x10\'8 moles/litre Explanation: The hydroxyl ion concentration of pure water is 1-10\'7 moles/litre It be represented as \[OH-\] = 1x10\'7 moles/litre. can 273\. Which of the following is the relation between hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentration of pure water? a\. Value of hydrogen ion concentration is greater b\. Value of hydroxyl ion concentration is greater c\. They are both always the same d\. The concentrations keep changing Explanation: In water, the value of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations are the same. It can be represented as \[H+\]=\[OH-\] 274\. The Nernst equation is given by which of the following statements? a\. E=E0 + 2.303 RT/F log CH b\. E0 - E-2.303 RT/F log CH c\. E0-E + 2.303 RT x F log CH d\. E0 -- E -2.303 RT x F log CH Explanation: The Nernst equation is represented as, E=E0+2.303 RT/F log CH. it is used for measuring the potential of electrodes. 275\. Which of the following is the relation between concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in an acidic solution? a\. Value of hydrogen ion concentration is greater b\. Value of hydroxyl ion concentration is greater c\. They are both always the same d\. The concentrations keep changing Explanation: In acidic solution, the value of hydrogen ion concentration is greater than that of hydroxyl ion concentration. It can be represented as \[H+\]\>\[OH-\] 276\. Which of the following is the relation between concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in a basic solution? a\. Value of hydrogen ion concentration is greater b\. Value of hydroxyl ion concentration is greater c\. They are both always the same d\. The concentrations keep changing Explanation: in basic solution, the value of hydroxyl ion It can be represented as \[H+\]\

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