PHARMA HISTORY.pdf

Overview Veterinary Pharmacology Ana B. Mendoza Department of Basic Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Benguet State University For classroom Discussion only In the olden times, Primitive men gathered the knowledge of healing and medicine by observing natur...

Overview Veterinary Pharmacology Ana B. Mendoza Department of Basic Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Benguet State University For classroom Discussion only In the olden times, Primitive men gathered the knowledge of healing and medicine by observing nature, noticing animals while ill and by personal experiences after consuming certain herbs and berried as remedies.  Overview of Veterinary Pharmacology Its can be traced to the early 1700s 5 French Veterinary schools were established in 1760s. Later Austria, Germany, Netherlands, England, and Scotland followed. By 1850s veterinary colleges were organized in America, one in 1852 in Philadelphia and another opened in 1854 in Boston. Since then a number of vet schools were established. These vet colleges were founded as an adjunct to schools of medicine, the curriculum of which included materia medica Materia medica gave way to the field of Pharmacology, and veterinary materia medica became veterinary pharmacology some of these are: anticancer drugs have been discovered in plants antibiotics have been discovered in soil bacteria, and many hormonal drugs are processed from animal tissue. L. Meyer Jones He was instrumental in shifting the emphasis in the veterinary curriculum from Materia Medica to the science of Veterinary Pharmacology He first published the textbook, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics in 1954. Departments and institutes of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology were then established. Pioneers of Pharmacology Hippocrates : Father of Modern Medicine Claude Bernard: Father of Modern Experimental Pharmacology Oswald Schmiedberg: Father of Modern Pharmacology Paul Ehrlich: Father of Modern Chemotherapy John Jacob Abel: Father of American Pharmacology Ram Nath Chopra: Father of Indian Pharmacology Louis Lasagna: Father of Clinical Pharmacology  Some Historical Landmarks Morphine: Friedrich Serturner (1805) Atropine: Grieger and Hessie (1833) Histamine: Vogt (1907) Sulfanilamide: P. Gleno (1908) Oxytocin: Abel (1919) Insulin: Banting and Best (1922) Penicillins: A. Fleming (1928) Sulfonamides: Domagk (1932) Cortisone: Edward c Kendall Streptomycin: Waksman (1944) Chloramphenicol: Bartz (1948) Tetracycline: Duggar (1948) Lithium: Cade (1950) Hippocrates (460 B.C. – 377 B.C. “The Father of Medicine” was the first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition He developed his pledge of proper conduct for doctors. Dhanvantari an early Indian Medical practitioner and one of the world’s first surgeon Regarded as the source of Ayurveda He perfected many herbal based cures and natural remedies He was credited with the discovery of the antiseptic properties of turmeric and the preservative properties of salt which he incorporated in his cures Paracelsus (1493-1541) He pionered the use of chemicals and minerals (Zinc) in medicine He vigorously opposed polypharmacy, or the prescription of multiple igredients in a single medicine William Withering (1741-1799) He discovered digitalis from extracts of foxglove plant ( able to treat CHF in 1785) Friedrich Wohler (1828) Synthesized urea from inorganic substances The birth of organic chemistry Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD) A greek physician He wrote De Materia Medica, regarding matters on the preparation, properties and testing drugs For nearly 1500 years, De Materia Medica was the supreme authority on Medicine and pharmacology in western civilization Francois Megendie (1783-1855) A french physiologist, pioneer of experimental physiology He was known for describing the foramen of Magendie He studied the action of nux vomica on dogs and he showed that the spinal cord was the site of this strychnine containing plant drug He was able to introduce into french medicine a variety of new drug, including morphine, codeine, quinine and strychnine Claude Bernard (1813-1878) A french physiologist He further expanded the work of Francois Megendie In 1842, he discovered that arrow poison curare acts at the neurumuscular junction to interrupt the stimulation of muscle by nerve impulses He was named as the father of Modern Experimental Medicine Claude Bernard contributed the following: Demonstrated the role of pancreatic secretion in the digestion of fats in 1848 New function of the liver– the”internal secretion” of glucose into the blood in 1848. Production of sugar by washed liver in 1855 and the isolation of glycogen in 1857 Demonstration that curare specifically blocks motor nerve endings in 1856. He established the existence of Vasomotor system and observe Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction Rudolf Bucheim (1820-1879) A german Pharmacologist He built the 1st Pharmacology laboratory at his own expense He pioneered work in experimental pharmacology He introduced the Bioassay to pharmacology Oswald Schmeideberg (1838-1921) He was recognized as the founder of modern pharmacology In 1878, he published a classic text, outline of pharmacology In 1885, he introduced urethane as hypnotic He was largely responsible for the preeminence of the German pharmaceutical industry up to WWII He was the one who trained John Jacob Abel John Jacob Abel (1857-1938) Father of American Pharmacology Gave the name Pharmacology as a subject He was 2nd to isolate epinephrine from adrenal gland extracts in 1997-1898 Isolated amino acids from the blood in 1914 Isolated histamine from pituitary extract in 1919 Preparation of pure crystalline insulin in 1926 His student Reid Hunt discovered acetylcholine in adrenal extracts in 1906 Friedrich Serturner A german pharmacist who isolated the first alkaloid from opium in 1805, administered a very large dose (100 mg) to himself and three friends and all experienced severe opium poisoning for several days The alkaloid was named morphine, for Morpheus, the Greek god of Sleep Otto Loewi (1873-1961) A german pharmacologist He provided the first chemical evidence for the existence of chemical transmission in a synapse His experiment became a prototype for all investigations of chemical factors in the nervous system Sir Henry Hallet Dale ( 1875-1968) An english pharmacologist He distinguished Muscarinic and Nicotinin receptors in 1914 Dales’ principle ( Dale’s law) states that each neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter Dales’s Vasomotor Reversal Phenomenon: only fall in BP occurs when the alpha blocker given before adrenaline. He demonstrated this in cat and used Ergot alkaloids as alpha blockers Colonel Ram Nath Chopra (1882-1973) Father of Indian Pharmacology He 1st introduced and done systematic study of Rauwolfia serpentina Had a major contribution in establishing the 1st National Drug Research Institute of India, presently the Central Drug Research Institute, CDRI He pionered research on herbal drugs in India Paul Erhlich (1854-1915) A german scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology and chemotherapy he is noted for curing syphilis and his research on autoimmunity He coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of a magic bullet Also coined the term receptor He skillfully transformed diphtheria antitoxin into an effective preparation , his first world renown achievement Paul Erhlich’s Contributions includes the following: In 1906 he discovered the structural formula of atoxyl, a chemical compound which had been shown to be able to treat sleeping sickness In 1909, together with Sahachiro Hata, developed Salvarsan, a treatment effective against Syphilis Known as the Father of Chemotherapy Alexander Fleming ( 1881-1955) Scottish biologist and pharmacologist He discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 He discovered antibiotic penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928. Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best Sir Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941) was a canadian medical scientist Charles Best (1899-1978) was his assistant They were known for the discovery of the Insulin- one of the most significant advances in medicine enabling an effective treatment for diabetes Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) German pathologists and bacteriologist Credited for the discovery of sulfonamidochrysiodine (Ki- 730) – the first commercially available antibiotic ( marketed under the brand name Prontosil) He found sulfonamide Prontosil to be effecive against streptococcus, and treated his own daughter with Daniel Bovet (1907-1992) Swiss born Italian pharmacologist In the early 1930s, Bovet and his coworkers conducted s series of experiments on prontosil and they concluded that prontosil derived its therapeutic power due to the preence of sulphanilamide Bovet together with his assistant succeeded in synthesizing the first antihistaminic Thymoxidiethylamine. Daniel Bovet also succeeded in discovering Pyrilamine (mepyramine) a very important histamine In 1947, he discovered gallamine when he was looking for a synthetic substitute for curare. He isolated succinylcholine, a muscle relaxant, used in conjunction with anesthesia during certain surgical procedures Louis Lasagna 9 1923-2003) Father of clinical pharmacology In 1964, Lasagna revised the Hippocratic oath Conceptualize controlled clinical trials and the placebo effect His work led to the improvement of controlled clinical trials to treat drug effectiveness and improved the regulation of drugs for effectiveness and safety. Lasagna’s Law: the incidence of patient availability sharply decreases when a clinical trial begins and returns to its original level as soon as the trials is completed. Sir James Black (1924-2010) A scottish Pharmacologist He developed propanolol He developed cimetidine (brand name Tagamet) in 1975 and became the first Billion dollar drug Other Scientist and their Contributions Name Significant Contributions Luois J. Ignarro, Robert Discovery concerning nitric oxide as Furchgott and Ferid a signalling molecule in CVS Murad Thomas Renton Elliott Elaboration of the Concept of Chemical Neurotransmission John Langley(1878) Receptor concept ( called it receptive substance) William Henry Howel Discovered Heparin from Canine liver and Jay McLean (1916) Raymond Ahlquist Existence of two types of adrenergic (1948) receptors (i.e. Alpha and Beta Receptors G Brotzu (1948) Discovered Cephalosporins Other Scientist and their Contributions Name Significant Contributions Selam Waksman Discovered streptomycin: the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis Ulf Von Euler, Julius The processes involved with the Axelrod, and Sir biosynthesis, release, actions, and Bernard Katz inactivation of neurotransmitters Earl Wilbur He discovered cAMP as 2nd messenger Sutherland Jr. concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones” especially epinephrine Sir John Robert worked on aspirin nd discovered that it Vane inhibits Prostaglandin biosynthesis Martin Rodbell & Known for their discovery of G Protein Alfred G. Gilman and the role of these protiens in signal transduction in cells. Some Scientist in History of Anesthesia Nitrous Oxide Synthesized by Priestley in 1774, first clinically used by Humphery Davy who used it on himself for toothache and called it as laughing gas Ether Prepared by Valeus Cordus and was known as ‘sweet oil’ of vitroil’ Chloroform first use by Simpson but John Snow popularized it by using it successfully in 4,000 patients Was used on Queen victoria for birth of her 8th child Cocaine Was first used by Carl Koller for anesthesizing cornea. Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 1908 Elie Mechnikoff, Paul Ehrlich: First antimicrobial drugs ( “magic bullet”) 1923 Frederick Banting, John Macleod: Isolation and discovery of insulin and its application in the treatment of diabetes. 1936 Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi: Chemical Transmission of nerve impulses 1945 Ernst Chain, Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard Florey: Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases 1950 Edward Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench: Hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 1957 Daniel Bovet:Antagonist that block biologically active amines, including the first antihistaminic 1970 Julius Axelrod, Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf Von Euler: Transmission in the nerve ternimals and the mechanism for storage, release and iactivation 1971 Earl Sutherland Jr. : Mechanisms of the action of hormones with regard to inhibition and stimulation of cyclic AMP 1982 Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson, John R. Vane: Discovery of prostaglandins and the mechanism of action oaf aspirin which inhibits protaglandin synthesis Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings: Development of the first beta blocker propanolol, and anticancer agents that blcok nucleic acid synthesis 1994 Alfre Gilman, Martin Rodbell: Discovery of G Proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. 1998 Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, Ferid Murad: Role of NO as a signaling molecule in the CVS 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel: Role of dopamine in schizophrenia and signal transduction in the nervous system leading to long- term potentiation. Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 2001 eland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse: for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle 2003 Paul C. Lauterbur, sir Petermansfield: for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonanc imaging 2004 Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck: for their discoveries on odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2005 Barry marshall and Robin warren: for their discovery of he bacterium H pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease 2006 Andre Fire and Craig C. Mello: for the dicovery on RNS interference-gene silencing by double stranded DNA Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 2007 Mario R Capecchi, Sir Matin J Evans, Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use ofembryonic stem cells. 2008 Harald zur Hausen for the discovery of papilloma virus causing cervical cancer FrancoiseBarre’-sinoussi and Luc Montagnier: for the discovery of HIV 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack w. Szostak for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 Robert G. Edwards for the development in IVF Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 2011 Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hofmann: discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Ralph M Steinman: discovery on dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity 2012 Sir John Burdon and Shinya Yamanaka: mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent 2013 James E. Rothman, Randy w. Schekman and Thomas C. Sudhof: discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic , a major sytem in our cells 2014 John O’Keefe, May Britt Moser, Edward I. Moser: for the discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain Nobel Laureates in Pharmacology Year 2015 William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura: discoveries concerning novel therapy against infectios caused by roundworm parasites. Youyou Tu; discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi: discoveries on mechanism of autophagy 2017 Jeffrey C. Hall Michael Rosbash,Michael W. Young: molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm  Serendipity in Pharmacology 1. Penicillin by Alexander Fleming He failed to disinfect cultures of bacteria when leaving for his vacations, only to find them contaminated with Penicliium molds which killed the bacteria 2. 5- fluorouracil Its therapeutic action on actinic keratosis was initially investigated for its anti-cancer actions 3. Minoxidil Its action on baldness; originally it was an oral agent for treating hypertension but itwas observed that bald patients treated with it grew hair too.  Serendipity in Pharmacology 4. Viagra It was initially studied for use in hypertension and angina pectoris but it was found to induce marked penile erections 5. Levodopa Libido-enhancing effect 6. Chlopromazine Henri Laborit wanted to add anti histamine to prevent surgical shock and noticed that patients treated with it were unusually calm before the operation  Serendipity in Pharmacology 6. Mustine – a derivative of mustard gas In 1943, physicians noted that the white cell counts of US soldiers accidentally exposed mustard gas shells were decreased, and mustard was investigated as a therapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. 7. Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) Was discovered when Humphry Davy tested on himself and three more friends and soon realised that nitrous oxide considerably dulled the sensation of pain, even if the inhaler was still semi-conscious. “ I have been trying to point out that in our lives chance may have an astonishing influence and, If I may offer advice to the young laboratory worker, it would be this – never to neglect an extraordinary appearance or happening”.......... Alexander Fleming