Pharm Exam 1 Blueprint PDF

Pharm exam 1 blueprint  **Definitions from Module 1 (bioavailability, absorption, distribution, etc.). Make sure you understand those terms and how to apply them.** - Absorption  - Oral admin - first pass, liver  - Stomach is acidic,  - Small intestine - less acidic...

Pharm exam 1 blueprint  **Definitions from Module 1 (bioavailability, absorption, distribution, etc.). Make sure you understand those terms and how to apply them.** - Absorption  - Oral admin - first pass, liver  - Stomach is acidic,  - Small intestine - less acidic , use enteric coated to get to small intestine, do not crush those ER,  - Sublingual - bypass liver and have high bioavailability  - Bioavailability - how much is useable, IV most  - Distribution  - Movement of absorbed drug in bodily fluids throughout body to target tissues  - Requires adequate blood supply - Drug distributed to areas of high blood flow first  - Properties that affect distribution  - Water or lipid solubility, size of molecule, acid vs base environment, protein binding, transporters, volume of distribution  - Protein binding - drugs exist in bound and unbound states  - Travel when bound, cross membranes when unbound  - Highly protein bound  - Ration of bound drugs usually remain stable  - Low plasma proteins ( low albumin) will results in more free drug circulation  - Highly protein bound medication check with pharm, if albumin low, risk for toxicity and medication interactions because there is an finite number of binders, more free - Tissue distribution  - Fats - lipid soluble fats have a high affinity for adipose  - Adipose tissue has low blood flow - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Chapter 2 Note Preclinical stage- identification of promising drugs and testing in animals occur in this state. (identify drug target) Phase 1- establish biological effects, as well as safe dosages and pharmacokinetics in a small number of healthy patients. Phase 2- controlled studies used to treat disease in a small number of patients and establish the potential of the drug to improve patient outcomes and short-term risks. Phase3- clinical trials will compare the new medication to standard therapy risk vs benefit Drug Response Curve- relationship between dose or concentration of a drug and its biological response - higher the concentration of a drug at its site of action, the more the drug will bind to its receptor and the greater the response will be. With a greater number of drug molecules in the vicinity, more are likely to interact with the receptor. Graded Responses- measurable such as BP\< HR Quantal Responses- may or may not- rash, seizure Potency- Potency is the expression of how much drug is needed to produce a biological response. (more potent = lower dose) Therapeutic index- ratio of lethal dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug. Brand vs Generic- same active ingredient, but inactive ingredients might differ. (New drugs have patent for a x amount of time after patent is up then generic companies can start making it) \*\*\*\* Antagonists (BLOCK) are drugs that occupy receptors without stimulating them. Antagonists occupy a receptor site and prevent other molecules, such as agonists, from occupying the same site and producing a response. Treatment with some antagonist drugs can cause receptors to upregulate in response to the decrease in receptor stimulation, which can produce rebound effects if the antagonist is abruptly withdrawn. - BB- antagonist at the beta-adrenoceptor, Rebound \^HR/BP if abruptly stopped. Chapter 3 \" I Can PresCribE A Drug Indication, Contraindications, Precautions, Cost/Compliance, Efficacy, Adverse effects, Dose/Duration/Direction WHO model- 1. Define the patient's problem 2. Specify the therapeutic objective. 3. Choose the treatment. 4. Start the treatment. 5. Educate the patient 6. Monitor effectiveness. Chapter 4 FDA- standardization of nomenclature, the approval process for new drugs and new indications, official labeling, surveillance of adverse drug events, and methods of manufacture and distribution. Also regulates medical and electronic devices. FDA-approved labeling (the package insert) is intended for the prescriber, pharmacist, or nurse and provides a summary of information about the chemical and physical nature of the product, pharmacological indications and contraindications, routes of administration, dosages, side effects and adverse reactions, how the drug is supplied, and any other information pertinent to safe and effective use. Control meds (DEA \#, maintain 2 year record of drugs purchase, distribute, administer and dispose) - Schedule 1- illegal no medical use (heroin) - Schedule 2- no refills, may be telephone follow up written within 7 days (narcotics) - Schedule 3- telephone/fax, written \