PHARM CH2.pptx

CHAPTER 2: ROUTES AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Introduction  The Technician’s Role  Administer proper treatment to patient  Document medical record  Observe patient response to tx Dosage Forms - Oral  Forms  Tablets – scored vs unscored, enteric coating  Capsules  Boluses  Liq...

CHAPTER 2: ROUTES AND TECHNIQUES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Introduction  The Technician’s Role  Administer proper treatment to patient  Document medical record  Observe patient response to tx Dosage Forms - Oral  Forms  Tablets – scored vs unscored, enteric coating  Capsules  Boluses  Liquids  suspension: preparation of solid particles dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved in it  syrups: contain the drug and flavoring in a solution of sugar water or other aqueous liquid  elixirs: hydroalcoholic liquid that contains sweeteners, flavoring and a medicinal agent  emulsions: oily substances dispersed in an aqueous medium w/ an additive that stabilizes the mixture Dosage Forms - Oral  Factors which influence absorption  Species & individual differences  pH of the drug  Solubility of drug  Size & shape of molecule  Presence or absence of food in the GI tract  GI motility  Presence & nature of any disease processes Dosage Forms – Parenteral  Forms  Injectable – IV, IM, SC, ID, IP, IA, IC, intraarticular, intramedullary, epidural/subdural  Implants – hard sterile pellets that contain a chemical or hormonal agent  Syringes & needles – sterile, various sizes & shapes, used needles discarded in sharps container  Do not store drugs in syringes Dosage Forms - Parenteral Reconstitution of a Medication Syringes and Needles Dosage Forms - Topical  Preparations  Sublingual  Uterine  Vaginal  Rectal  Ophthalmic  Otic  Transdermal Dosage Forms - Topical  Liniments: medicinal preparation in an oily, soapy, or alcoholic vehicle to be rubbed on the skin to relieve pain or act as a counterirritant  Ointment: semisolid preparation of oil and water that contains a medicinal agent(s) for application to the skin or eyes  Cream: semisolid preparation of oil, water and a medicinal agent  Lotions: liquid suspensions or solutions with soothing substances for application to the skin  Powders: drugs in powder form mixed with an adsorbent (corn starch) or lubricant (talcum)  Aerosols: drugs incorporated into a solvent and packaged under pressure with a propellant Dosage Forms  Microencapsulation – process in which an active ingredient is contained in microcapsules  Uses  Stabilize substances commonly considered unstable  Provide slow release of a drug  Mask flavor of a drug Drug Preservatives and Solvents  Organic or inorganic additives or pharmaceutic aids  Inactive/inert ingredients  Can cause adverse effects Drug Administration  The 5 Rights  Right patient  Right drug – check label 3 times  Right dose  Right route  Right time & frequency Drug Administration - Oral  Easy to administer  Slow onset, longer duration of action  Mucosa of GI tract has large surface area and rich blood supply  Not suitable for animals w/ V/D Drug Administration - Oral Pet Piller Balling gun Drug Administration - Oral Nasogastric admin. using a stomach tube Orogastric admin. using a Frick’s speculum & stomach tube Drug Administration Parenteral  IV – most rapid onset of action and shortest duration  Route used for irritating medications  Give slow to lessen possibility of toxic or allergic rxn  Thick or cloudy medications usually NOT given this route  Sites of admin. – cephalic v., jugular v., lateral saphenous v.  Multiple doses may require IV catheter Drug Administration Parenteral  IM – slower onset of action and longer duration of action  Avoid vv., aa. & nn.  Depot preparations  SQ –slowest onset of action and longest duration of action  Hypodermoclysis: refers to admin. of SQ fluids  Hyaluronidase: enzyme added to drug to speed absorption  ID – TB & allergy testing  IP, IA, IC, intraarticular, intramedullary, epidural and subdural/intrathecal Anatomy Review Drug Administration Parenteral  Common complications – irritation, necrosis, infection at injection site and allergic rxns  Clinical signs of an allergic rxn  Swelling around face or extremities  Raised bumps or swellings on skin  Edema  Salivation Drug Administration  Inhalation medications  Vaporizer – part of anesthetic machine which converts inhalant in liquid form to gas which is then delivered via endotracheal tube, mask or induction chamber  Nebulizer –apparatus for reducing liquids to a fine spray, as for medicinal administration  Topical medications  Skin – clip hair  Eyes – multiple applications per day  Ears – clean prior to medicating Medication Orders  Written or Oral  Abbreviations – Appendix A  Includes patient info, amount of drug, route of admin., frequency and duration  Record, record, record!!! Medication Orders Sample medical record treatment entry made by LVMT. Medication Orders Sample medical record presciption entry made by LVMT. Controlled Substances  Substances that have the ability to become habit forming  DEA requires  Unmovable locked area  Inventory log  Label – “Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.” Client Education  How to administer  Why prescribed  Possible adverse reactions  Proper storage