PHA202 Chapter 1 - Introduction PDF

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Human Body: An Orientation 1 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Learning Objectives An Ov...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Human Body: An Orientation 1 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Learning Objectives An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology  Define anatomy and physiology.  Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. Levels of Structural Organization  Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.  Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.  Classify by organ system all organs discussed.  Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Learning Objectives Maintaining Life  List functions that humans must perform to maintain life.  List the survival needs of the human body. Homeostasis  Define homeostasis and explain its importance.  Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function. The Language of Anatomy  Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it.  Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.  Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Defined  Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function  Anatomy  The science of body structures and relationships  First studies by dissection (cutting apart)  Physiology  The science of body functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure and Function  Structure and function of the body are closely related  Structure of a part of the body allows performance of certain functions  Examples:  Bones of the skull provide protection for the brain  Thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of oxygen  More examples??? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings True or False?  Kidney function, bone growth, and beating of the heart are all topics of anatomy. True or false?  Answer:  False Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question?  What technique is used to examine anatomical structure in alive individuals  Answer:  Imaging techniques Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Gross anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Match? SUBSPECIALTIES OF STUDY OF ANATOMY Embryology The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death Developmental biology The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg Cell biology Microscopic structure of tissues Histology Cellular structure and functions. Gross anatomy Structures that can be examined without a microscope Systemic anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest Regional anatomy Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch) Radiographic anatomy Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease Pathological anatomy Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Match SUBSPECIALTIES OF STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGY Neurophysiology Functions of the kidneys Endocrinology Functional properties of nerve cells Cardiovascular Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they physiology control body functions Immunology Functions of the heart and blood vessels Respiratory physiology The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents Renal physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs Exercise physiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging Pathophysiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization This very basic level Molecules can be compared to Atoms the letters of the alphabet Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Example: Na+, H2O, Glucose, DNA … Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Just as words are the Smooth muscle cell Molecules smallest elements Cellular level Atoms of language that Cells are made up of molecules make sense, cells are Chemical level the smallest living units in the human Atoms combine to form molecules body. Example: Muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Similar to the way Smooth muscle cell Molecules words are put Cellular level Atoms together to form Cells are made up of molecules sentences Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue There are just four Tissue level Tissues consist of basic types of tissues similar types of cells in your body: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 Types of Tissues  Epithelial  Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct, and forms glands  Connective  Protects, supports, and binds organs.  Stores energy as fat, provides immunity  Muscular  Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat  Nervous  Detect changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelial Tissue  Covering and lining epithelia are classified according to the shape of the cells and how many layers thick they are Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Fibers Consists of two basic elements Cells Extracellular matrix Fibers in the extracellular matrix provide strength and support to a tissue Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Connective Tissue Fibers  There are five types of connective tissue:  Loose connective tissue- Including adipose tissue; fibers & many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin, & surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs  Dense connective tissue- Bundles of parallel collagen fibers& fibroblasts, found in tendons& ligaments  Blood  Bone- Provides rigid, structural support  Cartilage- Occurs in the human body in the ears, tip of the nose, and at joints such as the knee and between bones of the spinal column Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Similar to the Smooth muscle cell Molecules relationship between Cellular level Atoms sentences and Cells are made up of molecules paragraphs, organs Chemical level are structures that are composed of two Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle or more different Tissue level tissue types of tissues Tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelial tissue Smooth Examples of organs muscle tissue Blood vessel are the stomach, skin, Connective tissue (organ) bones, heart, liver, Organ level lungs, and brain. Organs are made up of different types of tissues Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization A system (or chapter Smooth muscle cell Molecules in our language Cellular level Atoms analogy) consists of Cells are made up of molecules related organs Chemical level (paragraphs) with a common function Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle Tissue level tissue Tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelial Examples of system: tissue Smooth Cardiovascular muscle tissue Blood vessel which includes the Connective (organ) Cardio- vascular organs, heart and vessels tissue system Organ level Organs are made up of different types Organ system level of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation WE have in total 11 organ systems = 11 Chapters Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Helps regulate body temperature  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Muscular  Composed of muscles and tendons:  Skeletal  Smooth  Cardiac  Produces movement  Maintains posture  Produces heat Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Nervous  Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Major Organs: Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads (testes or ovaries)  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Cleanses the blood  Involved in immunity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Organ System Overview  Reproductive  Male:  Testes, prostate, penis  Female:  Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina  Produces offspring Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  Composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid-base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interrelationships Among Body Systems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Any living Smooth muscle cell Molecules individual, Cellular level Atoms can be Cells are made up of molecules compared to Chemical level a book in our analogy Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle Tissue level tissue Tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) Cardio- Organismal level Connective vascular Human organisms tissue system are made up of many organ systems Organ level Organs are made up of different types Organ system level of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question?  At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?  Answer:  Stomach = organ  Glucose = Molecular  Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?  Answer:  Respiratory system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Living Human Organism  Basic Life Processes  Distinguish living from non-living things  Six important life process  Metabolism  Responsiveness  Movement  Growth  Differentiation  Reproduction Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism and Responsiveness  Metabolism  Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body  Catabolism or the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components  Anabolism or the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components  Responsiveness  Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes  Decrease in body temperature  Responding to sound  Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Movement and Growth  Movement  Motion of the whole body  Organs, cells, and tiny subcellular structures  Leg muscles move the body from one place to another  Growth  Increase in body size  Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both  In bone growth materials between cells increase Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Differentiation and Reproduction  Differentiation  Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state  Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells  Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation  Reproduction  Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)  Production of a new individual Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  Atmospheric pressure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question?  In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?  Locomotion and responsiveness  Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?  Metabolism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (homeo = the same; stasis = standing still) HOMEOSTASIS Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis = maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Input: Control Output: Information center Information sent sent along afferent along efferent pathway to pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Response of Stimulus: effector feeds Produces back to change influence Variable in variable (in homeostasis) magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis works by feedback loops  The regulatory mechanism of homeostasis consists of three parts:  Receptor: sensitive to environmental change or stimulus – monitor  sends input  Control center: receives and processes information from the receptor - set the range to maintain evaluate input sends output  Effector: cell or organ that responds – receives input  produce a response Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Connection:  Homeostasis of glycaemia is defined as blood glucose levels ranging between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood  Name one system and one organ that maintains glycemic homeostasis?  Endocrine system - Pancreas  In case of homeostasis imbalance is responsible for this common disease:  Answer: diabetes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Feedback Mechanisms  Drop in BP negates the original stimulus: “negative feedback”  BP control  Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors) detect higher BP  Send nerve impulses to brain for interpretation  Response sent via nerve impulse to heart and blood vessels  BP drops and homeostasis is restored Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby  NOT homeostatic Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Hormonal control of uterine contractions during childbirth  Baby put pressure on the cervix (opening of the uterus)  Release of the hormone oxytocin  Causes the uterus to contract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Frame of References for Anatomical Studies THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for  Body positions  Regional names  Directional terms  Planes and sections  Body cavities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Body upright  Standing erect facing the observer  Head and eyes facing forward  Feet are flat on the floor and forward  Upper limbs to the sides  Palms turned forward  Terms for a reclining body  Prone position -Body is lying face down  Supine position -Body is lying face up Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Names Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference Copyright ©©2014 Copyright JohnEducation, 2009 Pearson Wiley & Inc.,Sons, Inc. publishing as All rights Benjamin reserved. Cummings Directional Terms Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another Copyright ©©2014 Copyright JohnEducation, 2009 Pearson Wiley & Inc.,Sons, Inc. publishing as All rights Benjamin reserved. Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question? Proximal to the hand.  The wrist is _____________ Superior to the spinal cord.  The brain is _____________ Lateral to the fingers.  The thumb is _____________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections  A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts  A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts  A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts  A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Questions? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body Cavities  Dorsal body cavity  Cranial cavity houses the brain  Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord  Ventral body cavity  Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others  Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Ventral body cavity  Thoracic cavity:  Pleural cavities – each houses a lung  Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs  Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart  Abdominopelvic cavity:  Abdominal portion: contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands  Pelvic portion: contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Cavity The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic Cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions  The abdominal cavity can be divided into 9 regions to easily describe the location of organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Question?  Pain in the epigastric region usually refers to which organ?  Stomach  Pain in the right iliac region usually refers to which organ?  Appendix Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Question?  Identify and name the three thoracic cavities: MEDIASTINUM Diaphragm PLEURA PERICARDIUM (a) Anterior view of thoracic cavity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Body Cavities  Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs  Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose  Orbital – house the eyes  Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations  Synovial – joint cavities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings