PHA 613 Perspectives in Pharmacy PDF

| PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH UNIT 1: Scope of Pharmacy ME...

| PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH UNIT 1: Scope of Pharmacy MEDICINES Pharmacy Refer to drugs in their appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality, The art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, safety, and efficacy for humans or animals, or both. compounding and dispensing medical drugs. A place where medicines are compounded or Types: dispensed-drugstore. The health profession that links the health sciences with the 1. Over the counter (OTC) Medicines chemical sciences. - Refer to medicines used for symptomatic relief of minor ailments and which may be dispensed SCOPE OF PHARMACY INVOLVES without a prescription; - Safe and effective to use. Interpreting prescription orders 2. Pharmacists-only OTC Medicines Compounding, labeling and dispensing of drugs and devices. - Refer to OTC medicines classified by appropriate Drug product selection and drug utilization reviews. government agencies to be obtained only from Patient monitoring and intervention. licensed pharmacists, with mandatory pharmacist Providing services related to the use of medications and advice on their selection and proper use. devices. 3. Prescription/Ethical Medicines Prescription - Refer to medicines used which can only be - Refers to a written order issued by a physician, dentist or dispensed by a pharmacist to a patient, upon the veterinarian for the appropriate use of medications in a presentation of a valid prescription from a particular patient: an individual plan of care to remedy physician, dentist or veterinarian and for which a medical problems. pharmacist’s advice is necessary. Medication order - Refers to the order for inpatient hospitals and other BRAND NAME institutions written by the physician on forms or+ entered directly into the institution’s computer system. Refers to the proprietary name given by the manufacturer to distinguish its product from those of competitors. DRUG (RA 10918) GENERIC NAME (1) Any article recognized in the official United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP-NF), Homeopathic Refers to the scientifically and internationally recognized Pharmacopeia of USA, Philippine Pharmacopeia, Philippine name of the active ingredients, as approved by the FDA National Drug Formulary (PNDF), British Pharmacopoeia, pursuant to Republic Act No. 6675, otherwise known as the European Pharmacopoeia, Japanese Pharmacopoeia and “Generics Act of 1988” any official compendium or any supplement to them; EXCLUSIVE ACTIVITIES OF A PHARMACIST (RA 10918) (2) Any article intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease of man or animals; (a) prepare , compound or manufacture, preserve, store, (3) Any article, other than food, intended to affect the structure distribute, procure, sell, or dispose, or both, any or any function to the human body or animals; pharmaceutical product or its raw materials; or (4) Any article intended for use, as a component of articles, (b) Render services. Such as clinical pharmacy services, drug specified in clauses (1), (2), and (3), not including devices or information services, regulatory services, pharmaceutical their components, parts, and accessories; and marketing, medication management, or whenever the expertise and technical knowledge of the pharmacist is (5) Herbal or traditional drugs as defined in R.A. 9502 (Cheaper required; or Medicine Act) (c) Engage in teaching scientific, technical or professional pharmacy courses in a school or college of pharmacy; or HERBAL/TRADITIONAL DRUG (d) Dispense pharmaceutical products in a situation where Refer to articles of plant or animal origin used in folk medicine supervision of dispensing pharmaceutical products is which are: required; or (i) recognized in the Philippine National Drug Formulary; (e) Provide other services where pharmaceutical knowledge is (ii) intended for use in the treatment or cure or mitigation of required. disease symptoms, injury or body defects in humans; (iii) other than food, intended to affect the structure or any function of the human body; (iv) in finished or ready to use dosage form; and (v) intended for use as a component of any of the articles specified in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) 1 | PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH DISPENSING 4. Community, Hospital & Institutional Pharmacy A. Community Pharmacy Refers to the sum of processes performed by a pharmacist Retail/Wholesale Pharmacy from reading, validating and interpreting prescriptions; - Product: healthcare products, Rx, OTC, preparing, packaging, labeling, record keeping; dose and medical devices calculations; and counseling or giving information, in relation Counseling to the sale or transfer of pharmaceutical products, with or Monitoring on the effect of the medicines to the without prescription or medication order. patients Recordkeeping FILLING B. Hospital Pharmacy Refers to the act of dispensing or providing medicines in Retail Pharmacy in hospital (inpatient) accordance with a prescription or medication order. Collaborate with physicians, nurses, patients and its relatives, other hospital personnels. COMPOUNDING Provide drug information to healthcare providers and serve as members in various committees in the hospitals. Refers to the sum of processes performed by a pharmacist in Recordkeeping drug preparation including the calculations, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug: C. Institutional Pharmacy Retail pharmacy in firms supplying/providing (i) as the result of a prescription or drug order by a physician, dentist or medicines to its employees. veterinarian; or (ii) for the purpose of, or in relation to, research, Collaborate with affiliated physicians of the teaching or chemical analysis. company, patients & employees as patients. Provide drug information and monitor employees CAREER OPPORTUNITIES OF A PHARMACIST health condition and medication management. Purchasing, inventory and recordkeeping. 1. Academic Pharmacist With MS/Phd 5. Public Health Pharmacy Prepares future pharmacists aligned with the Involved in the provision of services to policy approved CHED curriculum for Pharmacy. development, practice and professional - Scientific research regulations and delivery of medicine-based - Community outreach interventions for a large group of people. - RPh Participates in vaccination programs, emergency health preparedness and response to disease 2. Regulatory Pharmacy management. Liaison officer Assist in obtaining and maintaining government 6. Clinical Pharmacy approval for drugs, medical devices, nutritional A pharmacist in the hospital who: products, and related materials. - Works with doctors and nurses in the Provides advice about the: ward, making rounds together with the - Regulation to manufacturers team. - Planning, undertaking and overseeing - Maintain patients medical history, product trials and regulatory inspection. monitor the drug therapy - Obtain marketing permission (pharmaceutical care plan). - Ensure quality standards of finished - Advices patients on drug use, side products. effects, contraindication, or adverse drug interaction. 3. Manufacturing Pharmacy Pharmacist in industry work A. Technical Area - Research and development: product development (another therapeutic ue/dosage form) - Production: manufacture (cGMP) and inventory - Quality control (QC): raw materials, in process and finished products; containers and printed materials. B. Non-Technical Area - Marketing: provide information/promotion to public and healthcare providers. - Administration: Liaison officers, supervisors, and department heads. 2 | PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH UNIT 2: Historical Perspective of Pharmacy Practice 5. Ancient Mediterranean Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) - One day each year, clay was dug from a Before the Dawn of History pit on a Lemnos hillside in the presence of a governmental and religious 1. Beliefs dignitaries Sickness caused by evil forces - Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of Punishment from the gods proper thickness 2. Remedies - Formed into pastilles and impressed Offer sacrifices like food and prayers with an official seal by priestesses, then Use of natural resources like plants, mud, animals sun-dried and minerals. - The tablets were the widely distributed commercially History of Pharmacy 6. Ancient Greece 1. Antiquity Hippocrates (400 B.C.) 2. Middle Ages - Father of Medicine 3. Modern Europe - Sought the rationalization of treatment - Shows the fundamentals of scientific method Antiquity Theophrastus (300 B.C.) - Father of Botany 1. Ancient Babylon - Philosopher and natural scientists Babylon - Observations and writings dealing with Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia the medical qualities and peculiarities Earliest known record of practice of the art of the of herbs are accurate, even in the light apothecary of present knowledge. Practitioners (2600 B.C.): priest, pharmacist and 7. Ancient Turkey physician, all in one Mithridates (100 B.C.) Clay tablets of Mesopotamia (800 tablets) - King of Pontus - Medical texts - Father of Toxicology - Record of symptoms of illness, the - Studied the art of poisoning and the art prescription and directions for of preventing and counteracting compounding, then an invocation of the poisoning gods. - Mithridatum 2. Ancient China ↝ His famed formula of alleged Lao Tzu (500 B.C.) pan-antidotal powers - Taoist & natural philosopher ↝ Popular for over a thousand years - Author of “The Way” 8. Ancient Mediterranean - Promoted concept of health and Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth) prosperity through awareness and - One of the first therapeutic agents to observance of natural cosmic cycles bear a trademark as a means of - Qi (energy) - balance of Yin & Yang identification of source and of gaining customers' confidence 3. Ancient Egypt - A clay tablet originating on the Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C.) Mediterranean island of Lemnos before - Oldest, best known and most important 500 B.C. pharmaceutical record - 21 yards (60ft) long, contains 800 Rx Middle Ages mentioning 700 drugs - Egyptians preparations such as gargles, 1. Pedanios Dioscorides (1st A.D.) suppositories, inhalations, poultices, Father of Pharmacology ointments De Materia Medica (600 plants & 90 minerals) Recorded what he observed promulgated 4. Biblical Records (1200 B.C.) excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage Book of Sirach and use (The Herbal) - Creation of medicines by God His texts were considered basic science as late as Genesis the 16th century - Myrrh as astringent, carminative and protectant 2. Cladius Galen (130-200 A.D.) Exodus Experimenter in drug compounding - Olibanum (frankincense) First Pharmacist / Botanist Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome 3 | PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH His principles of preparing and compounding Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in Sicily medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 and Southern Italy years Limitation of numbers of pharmacies Galenicals Fixed the prices of remedies - Class of pharmaceuticals compounded Required official supervision to pharmaceutical by mechanical means practice Originator of the formula for a cold cream (Galen’s Made the use of prescribed formulary compulsory cerates) Galen’s medical writings 9. The First Official Pharmacopoeia - Basis of treaties on simple drugs Originated in Florence, Italy Result from the collaboration between Guild of 3. Latin Compilations Apothecaries & Medical Society Antidotaria Called Nuovo Receptario, it was written in Italian. - Similar to dispensaries Published and became the legal standard for the Receptaria city-state in 1498 - More modest formularies Modern Age 4. Damian and Cosmas Damian - The apothecary 1. Paracelsus (1493-1541 A.D.) Cosmas - The physician Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus Twinship of the health professions Revolutionized Pharmacy on medicinal active Arabian descent “quintessence” from natural resources Their careers were cut short in the year 303 by Led to important discoveries in drug therapy martyrdom Transformed pharmacy from botanical science to After canonization, they became the patron saints chemical science such as minerals. of Pharmacy and Medicine 2. The Society of Apothecaries of London 5. Monastic Pharmacy In 1617, Francis Bacon formed a separated Practice of Pharmacy and Medicine passed from company lay practitioners to the clerics Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Monasteries (5th - 12th century) Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London - Center of intellectual life First organization of pharmacists in the Monks Anglo-Saxon World - Collected and cultivated medicinal plants 3. Italy - Distilled aromatic and cordial waters Cradle of European professional pharmacy Famous manuscripts - 1st professional European apothecary - De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs used by shop the people) - Abbot Odo in France - 1st post-antique antidotary - Causae et Curae - Abbess Hildegard in - 1st pharmacopeia Germany - 1st real botanical garden 6. The Arabs Ricettario Florentino Separated the arts of apothecary and physician - 1st official pharmacopeia of the Established in Baghdad (late 8th century) the 1st European world privately owned drugstore Treaties were more influential and authoritative in 4. Modern Age (18th century) Europe William Withering Developed more refined and elegant way of - Digitalis, digoxin administering drugs Karl Scheele - Arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids 7. Arabian Era (980-1037 A.D.) Edward Jenner Ibn Sina - Eradication of small pox - Known as Aviecenna by the Western world 5. French Pharmacists - Pharmacist, poet, physician, Bernard Courtois philosopher, diplomat - Iodine in algae, bromine (sea water) - His pharmaceutical teachings were Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier contributions to the sciences of - Quinine, caffeine Pharmacy and Medicine Pierre Robiquet - Codeine 8. Magna Carta of 1240 Henri Moissan Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman - Fluorine by electrolytic methods Empire Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of public welfare service 4 | PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH 6. German Pharmacists - Relied on using plants (herbs), rituals or Frederick Serturner chants, and traditional methods of - morphine healing such as “hilot” or massage Johannes Buchner - Salicin from willow bark, nicotine from Babaylons tobacco; aspirin and nicotinic acid - Formerly fulfilled the role of albularyos production Rudolf Brandes & Philipp Geiger Preparations - Hyoscyamine and atropine - Macerations in cold and hot water - Infusions or decoctions in oil of the 7. 20th Century Scientists curative plant parts Paul Ehrlich - Poultices and some powder - Arsphenamine - syphilis - Resinous plasters and salves with a Frederick Banting & Charles Best waxy base - insulin - Inhalations and fumigations and a few Gerhardt Domagk empyreumatic products. - Prontosil (Sulfa drug), for hemolytic streptococci Our pre-knowledge obtained from the plant-based healing Alexander Fleming methods of “albularyos” has been very instrumental in the - penicillin development of herbal medicines today. Selman Waksman - Streptomycin & neomycin 2. History of Philippine Pharmaceutical Practice Jonas Salk When the spaniards came to the philippines, they recognized - Injectable vaccine for polio three groups of natives working for the sick: Albert Sabin a. The mediquillos (diminutive for medicos) - Oral vaccine for polio b. The curanderos (curers) c. The herbolarios (curers using herbs) 8. Pharmacy in USA The Shakers Facultativos - Governor Francisco Alcala de la Torre - A religious sect who cultivated herbs Botiquines - unqualified persons, allowed only to and supplied medicinal herbs around dispense simple medicines but not to compound the world Rx. Farmaceutico de segunda clase - trained by William Procter Jr. foreign RPh, passed an examination conducted by - Father of American Pharmacy the government and further issued a license. Jonathan Roberts - First hospital pharmacist 3. University of Santo Tomas First university in the Philippines to offer the John Morgan Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy degree and - Advocated for prescription writing licentiate in pharmacy in 1871 through dominican priests. Andrew Craigie - America’s first Apothecary General; 4. Don Leon Ma. Guerrero developed wholesaling and First Filipino pharmacist manufacturing business of drugs. One of the first graduates among the class of six at UST Stanislas Limousin “Father of Philippine Pharmacy” - Introduced the use of medicine Dispensing pharmacist, botanist, an educator and dropper; developed the apparatus for a leader the administration of oxygen; invented glass ampules 5. The Missionaries’ Interest on Medicinal Plants Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios Ernest Francois Aguste Forneau - First to make a written record of his - Developed chemotherapy findings on plants Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, OP USP - Devoted his time studying medicinal - Was approved as book of standards in plants for the sick 1820 - Authored Medicinas Caceras Fr. Manual Blanco, OSA Historical Development of the Philippine - Authored Flora de Filipinas, a listing of some local medicinal plants. Pharmaceutical Practice 1. Pre-historic roots Albularyo / Arbularyo / Herbolaryo - Folk healers/with doctors 5 | PHA 613 | PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy First Semester | First Shifting | 1G-PH 6. Botica Boie First drugstore in the Philippines (1830) An establishment that served as a soda fountain and a drug company the old Escolta in Manila Founded by a young physician-pharmacist, Dr. Lorenzo Negrao Common Symbols Used in Pharmacy 1. Bowl of Hygeia - The bowl with a snake coiled around it is called the bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus. 2. Mortar and Pestle - One of the apparatuses used in extemporaneous compounding. 3. Rx symbol - Found in prescription pads and principal display panel of ethical/prescription drugs. - Rx= ’recipe’ 6