Periods-of-World-Literature.pptx

PERIODS OF WORLD LITERATURE PREPARED BY: JOMAR ELEGADO PERIODS OF WORLD LITERATURE I. The Classical Period (750- B.C. – A.D. 476) II. The Anglo-Saxon Literature III. The Medieval Period IV. The Renaissance Literature V. The Seventeenth &...

PERIODS OF WORLD LITERATURE PREPARED BY: JOMAR ELEGADO PERIODS OF WORLD LITERATURE I. The Classical Period (750- B.C. – A.D. 476) II. The Anglo-Saxon Literature III. The Medieval Period IV. The Renaissance Literature V. The Seventeenth & Eighteenth Centuries VI. The Nineteenth Century VII. The Twentieth Century I. The Classical Period (750- B.C. – A.D. 476)  Ourclassical heritage consists of the work of the ancient Greeks and Romans.  TheGreek created the first European literature. They also invented many literary forms, including comedy tragedy, the philosophical dialogue, lyric poetry, and the epic.  The Romans were the first to pattern their literature after Greek models.  The Literature of Ancient In Greece Greece, as in other cultures, the first literature was ORAL. Forms of Oral Literature: 1. Myths – probably the most common type of oral literature. These stories began as people attempted to answer basic questions about the world. They often involve gods, goddesses, and their offsprings. 2. Epics – are long poems about heroic deeds which grew out of the oral tradition. The Iliad and The Odyssey are two epic poems that the poet Homer composed during the 700’s B.C. For hundreds of years, epic poems are presented at religious festivals. They also served as textbooks for Greek children.  The Iliad (/ˈɪliəd/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλιάς Ilias, pronounced [iː.li.ás] in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer.  Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states.  It tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles  Troy is a 2004 epic period war film written by David Benioff, directed by Wolfgang Petersen and co- produced by units in Malta, Mexico and the U.K. Shepperton Studios. The film features an ensemble cast led by Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, and Orlando Bloom. It is loosely based on Homer's Iliad in its narration of the entire story of the decade-long Trojan War  The Odyssey (/ˈɒdəsi/; Greek: Ὀδύσσεια Odýsseia, pronounced [o.dýs.sej.ja] in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work ascribed to Homer 3. Fables – are brief stories that taught a moral, or a lesson. Aesop, a Greek slave who lived about 600 B.C. created some of these stories that were passed on orally for generations before someone finally recorded them. 4. Lyric Poetry – expresses personal feelings. Sappho wrote lyric poetry meant to be sung to the music of lyre. 5. Drama – Aristophanes was the greatest comedic playwright. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides wrote tragedies that influenced later playwrights for many centuries.  Aesop (/ˈiːsɒp/ EE-sop; Greek: Αἴσωπος, Aisōpos; c. 620 – 564 BCE) was a Greek fabulist and story teller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as Aesop's Fables.  Although his existence remains unclear and no writings by him survive, numerous tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages in a storytelling tradition that continues to this day.  Many of the tales are characterized by animals and inanimate objects that speak, solve problems, and generally have human characteristics.  Sappho (/ˈsæfoʊ/; Aeolic Greek Ψάπφω, Psappho [psápːʰɔː]; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an archaic Greek poet from the island of Lesbos.  Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung and accompanied by a lyre. Most of Sappho's poetry is now lost, and what is extant has survived only in fragmentary form, except for one complete poem – the "Ode to Aphrodite". AESCHYLUS  Agamemnon, where he describes how the gods punish a family for a series of murders. * The Persians, in which the Athenian victory at Salamis is celebrated. * Prometheus Bound, where the myth of Prometheus, the world's first humanitarian, is discussed.  SOPHOCLES * Oedipus Rex, (which is generally considered his greatest work) explores the depths of modern psycho-analysis as Oedipus unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother in an attempt to avoid a prophecy he fulfills anyway. * Antigone, describes the tale of a passionate young woman who refuses to submit to earthly authority when it forbids a proper burial for her brother, Polyneices. * The Women of Trachis, which offers a touching story of a jealous woman (Deianira) and her husband (Heracles).  EURIPIDES * Hippolytus and The Bacchae, where he explores the psyche of men attempting to deny a natural life-force such as sexuality or emotional release. * Medea, where he takes a look at the frenzied jealousy of a woman who has lost her husband's interest. * Hecuba, in which he documents the cruelty of Greek warriors who enslave the Trojan queen and sacrifice her daughter at the tomb of Achilles.  The Literature of Ancient Rome Literary Writers of this Era: 1. Cicero – a great writer and statesman. His letters, speeches, and philosophical works have informed and influenced people for many centuries. 2. Catullus – wrote lyric poetry of great intensity. 3. Virgil – wrote Aeneid, an epic poem that is a masterpiece of world literature. 4. Horace – wrote Epodes and Odes. 5. Ovid – composed his masterpiece, the poem Metamorphoses. 6. Martial – perfected the epigram, a kind of short, witty comments on life.  The Aeneid (/ɪˈniːɪd/; Latin: Aeneis [ae̯ ˈneːɪs]) is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas's wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed.  The Odes were developed as a conscious imitation of the short lyric poetry of Greek originals – Pindar, Sappho and Alcaeus are some of Horace's models. His genius[POV? – discuss] lay in applying these older forms to the social life of Rome in the age of Augustus.  The Odes cover a range of subjects – Love, Friendship, Wine, Religion, Morality, Patriotism; poems of eulogy addressed to Augustus and his relations; and verses written on a miscellany of subjects and incidents, including the uncertainty of life, the cultivation of tranquility and contentment, and the observance of moderation or the "golden mean."  The Metamorphoses (Latin: Metamorphōseōn librī: "Books of Transformations") is a Latin narrative poem by the Roman poet Ovid, considered his magnum opus.  Comprising fifteen books and over 250 myths, the poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework. II.Anglo-Saxon Literature Much of Anglo-Saxon literature reflects the heroic struggles of the Germanic people who settled in England. The Oral Tradition  The first Anglo-axon literature was oral. Kings and nobles would entertain large groups of people in enormous halls, often to celebrate victory in battle.  A scop is a professional singer or minstrel. The scop would recite poems or retell stories about the legendary heroes and adventures. Sometimes the warriors would present at the gathering would sing about their own heroic deeds.  The oral tradition reflected values that were largely pagan. Yet it continued for many years after the Anglo-Saxon were converted to Christianity. Original works by Christian writers also reflected the themes and the spirit of this oral literature.  Types of Anglo-Saxon Poetry  1. A heroic epic is a long narrative poem whose central character is a hero, who is a noble figure with great courage and sometimes superhuman abilities. The most famous of these epics is Beowulf. It tells of heroic deeds that were supposed to have happened during the second or third century A.D.  2. An elegiac lyric is a lyric poem in which a single speaker expresses thoughts and feelings. Like heroic epics, elegiac lyrics often recall the glories of the past. They deal with solemn subjects such as death. “The Seafarer,” which probably was composed in the early 700’s, is an elegiac lyric.  3. Riddles were another form of Anglo-Saxon literature. Composed in verse, they challenged the listener or readers to guess their subject.  4. The Christian poets who wrote original works were influenced by the Anglo-Saxon oral tradition. Two such poets were the monks Caedmon and Cynewulf. Although their poems deal with religious topics and themes, their rhythm and imagery are similar to the poetry that developed from the Anglo-Saxon oral tradition.  Beowulf (/ˈbeɪoʊwʊlf/ Old English: [ˈbeːo̯ ˌwulf]) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature Anglo-Saxon Prose  English prose developed much later than poetry. Until King Alfred came to power in 871, most prose was written in Latin.  Alfred translated Paulus Orosius’ Compendious History of the World in English. He encouraged others to translate Latin works and also to create original works in English.  Another important historical work was Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in 731. This work was translated from Latin into English in approximately 900.  III. The Medieval Period (1000-1500 A.D.)  Much of the literature of the Medieval Ages was presented orally. The literature took the form of songs, romantic tales, epic and lyric poetry, and plays. This era also produced several of the first great European writers to express themselves in their own languages rather than in Latin. These writers created works that still stand as masterpieces of world literature. Forms of Medieval Literature: 1. Ballads – are narrative songs that became popular during the middle ages. They told stories about ordinary people as well as legendary heroes. They often contained themes related to love, envy, bravery, loyalty, and revenge. Although many of these songs told of tragic or disastrous events, others were quite humorous. 2. Romances – are tales of adventure that celebrate the brave deeds of noble knights. Some examples are: a. The Romance of the Rose – one of the most important French Romances. b. Morte d’ Arthur – written by Thomas Malory in the 1400’s, was the first England prose version about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. c. Tales about King Arthur also were composed in other countries, including Italy, France, and Germany.  The Roman de la Rose (French: [ʁɔmɑ̃ də la ʁoz]; "Romance of the Rose"), is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision. It is a notable instance of courtly literature. The work's stated purpose is to both entertain and to teach others about the Art of Love. At various times in the poem, the "Rose" of the title is seen as the name of the lady, and as a symbol of female sexuality in general. Likewise, the other characters' names function both as regular names and as abstractions illustrating the various factors that are involved in a love affair. Forms of Medieval Literature: 3. Poetry a. Epic poetry – was an important means of expression during the middle Ages. Ex. The Song of Roland – a French poem; The Song of Nibelungs- a German epic;, and the Poem of the Cid- a great Spanish epic written during the 1100’s. b. Lyric Poems – are about love and sang by wandering poets known as minnesingers in Germany and troubadours in France. c. Narrative Poetry – an example is Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories in verse, using the natural rhythms of the spoken language. It gives the reader a vivid picture of the English society in the 1300’s.  Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.  While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten- year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works are The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. He is best known today for The Canterbury Tales.  Chaucer's work was crucial in legitimizing the literary use of the Middle English vernacular at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin. Forms of Medieval Literature: 4. Drama and Prose a. Mystery Plays – were based on the stories from the bible. b. Miracle Plays - were plays about the lives of saints. c. Morality Plays - taught moral and ethical values. d. Other prose Works – The Decameron is a collection of one hundred tales written by the Italian writer, Giovanni Boccaccio. IV. Renaissance Literature (1485-1660)  The period following the Middle Ages in Western Europe is known as the Renaissance which means “rebirth”. The Renaissance began min italy in the 1300’s and later spread north throughout Europe. It was marked by an incredible surge of creative and intellectual energy. This period produced some of the greatest work of arts, literature, and scholarship that the world has ever known. Renaissance Literature Its characteristics: 1. There was a renewed interest in the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome. 2. There was an emphasis on the individual. This emphasis on the individualism lead to the questioning of authority such as that of the Catholic Church. Forms of Renaissance A. The Drama Literature: 1. The Elizabethan Drama – flourished between 1580 to 1603. Writers of the Era: a. Christopher Marlowe – wrote Tamburlaine and Dr. Faustus. b. William Shakespeare – most important dramatist of this era. c. Ben Johnson d. John Lyly 2. The Spanish Drama – its golden age lasted from about 1550 until the Lte 1600’s. Writers of this Era: a. Lope de Vega b. Pedro Calderon Forms of Renaissance Literature: B. Poetry – types 1. Lyric Poetry- the sonnet is one type of lyric poet. Composed of 14 lines the sonnet follows a set pattern and the rhyme scheme. a. The Petrarchan or Italian Sonnet - by Petrarch b. The Shakespearean or English Sonnet – William Shakespeare 2. Pastoral Poetry – portrays shepherds who live rustic lives in the countryside. Pastorals were written by poets such as the Marquis of Santillana, a Spaniard; Jacopo Samarano, an Italian; and Christopher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh, English. 3. Epic Poetry – included The Faerie Queene (written in honor of Queen Elizabeth) by Edmund spencer, Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare, Orlando Furioso (a poem dealing with chivalrous love) by Ludovico Ariosto. Forms of Renaissance Literature: C. Prose 1. The Prince – by Niccolo Machiavelli 2. Utopia – by Sir Thomas More 3. The Freedom of the Christian Man – by Martin Luther 4. Don Quixote – by Miguel de Cervantes 5. The Personal Essay – a new literary from invented by Michel de Montaigne  V. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries  The literature of the 17th and 18thcenturies reflects the new emphasis on reason. Much of this literature is of Philosophical nature. A movement called Neoclassiscism or ”New Classicism”, greatly influenced the writers of this era. During the late 1700’s, Romanticism developed as a reaction against Neoclassicism.  Neoclassicism was a movement that developed in Europe during the 1600’s and 1700’s. Neoclassical writers modelled their work on the classical literature of ancient Greece and Rome. Like classical writing, Neoclassical literature is orderly, reasonable, and dignified. It usually deals with public rather than private themes and avoids expressing personal feelings. Romanticism developed in Europe during the late 1700’s. Romantic writers reacted against the forms and themes of Neoclassical literature. They expressed themselves using freer artistic forms, and they valued emotion over reason. The Romantics focused on the individual rather than society. The individual’s relationship to nature was a primary concern of Romantic writers VI. The Nineteenth Century (Age of Reason)  Early 19th Century Literature  British Romantics: - William Wordsworth - Percy Byshe Shelley, Robert Browning Melodrama- a popular form since its purpose is to thrill the audience; have sentimental and sensational action.  Late 19th Century Literature Realism –an attempt to make writing true to actual life. Letters Some of the great letter writers: - Charles Dickens, Charles Lamb, Thomas Gray and Robert Stevenson Naturalistic Drama –it presents characters as victims of powerful forces within themselves in the world. VII. The Twentieth Century  The themes of 20th Century fiction are influenced by the negative feelings caused by two world wars. It has been a time of change for literature. Loneliness, isolation, and attempts at communication were the frequent themes. Some of these changes are: 1. Symbolism –a rebellion against realism. Poets began to eel that their work should be personal, emotional, and of the moment. They used complex symbols to reveal their own world. Imagism, on the other hand, believed in precise and freer rhythms. 2. Free Verse, which has no regular meter or rhyme. Some poets tried to make the language of poetry more informal. These poets felt like poetry should be l like a conversation, speaking directly to the reader.  3. Drama has been revived and renewed. The subject for plays have become symbolic. Dramatists worked with a variety of forms. These include the classic type of Drama, Comedy, and Tragedy. They also include satire, musicals, and different experimental forms. The technology also caused he changes in drama. It include radio and television drama, as well as movies. Twentieth Century Non-fiction 1. Biography and Autobiography Biographies explore the motives, feelings, and important influences in a person’s life. Autobiographies share the same emphasis on the inner workings of the subject. 2. Essay 3. Speeches –speeches in the 20th century can had a greater impact than was previously possible because of television and radio through which the speaker delivers the speech to a much wider audience. 4. Letters –continued to be used for sending important ideas and maintaining relationships. *Writers of this century have also popularized science fiction, detective fiction, and fantasy.