Periodontal Diseases in Children PDF

GINGIVA Histologically, the gingiva starts between the 18th and 19th days of intrauterine life to differentiate from the mucosa towards the end of the week.This mucous membrane, which covers the PERIODONTIUM...

GINGIVA Histologically, the gingiva starts between the 18th and 19th days of intrauterine life to differentiate from the mucosa towards the end of the week.This mucous membrane, which covers the PERIODONTIUM alveolar structure and the marginal AND ITS parts of the teeth, changes in proportion to the development of DISEASES IN children's teeth.The attached gingiva, which is tightly connected CHILDREN to the underlying alveolar bone by a fibrous tissue, is redder in children due to the thin lamina propria and excessive vascularization. Keratinization is less. Roughness called gingival stipling is seen in 35% of children.The free gingiva, which covers the marginal part of the tooth, is semi-volatile.  1- Since the collagen fiber bundles are less in the connective tissue, the gingiva has a softer consistency.2- The gingival margin is rounded and curved, not in the form of a knife-edge as in adults, due to hyperemia and edema due to eruption. 3- The interdental gingival papilla is thick at the approximation in accordance with the morphology of the primary teeth. Because the contact is close to the occlusal in primary teeth. 4- Pocket depth normally varies between 0.5-2.5 mm, but this depth may increase up to 5 mm, which is considered physiological, during eruption.  The periodontal membrane, which includes connective tissue fibers and cells and vessels and nerves, connects the tooth to the alveolar bone via collagen fibers. Its width is greater in children than in PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE adults.For example; Between the ages of 11-16, the thickness of the periodontal membrane is 0.21 mm. It is 0.15 mm between the ages of 50-67. It has been shown that the vascularization of the periodontal membrane in childhood is also richer than in adults.  CEMENT Cement was found to be less thick and less calcified in primary teeth compared to permanent teeth. ALVEOLAR BONE If the characteristics of the alveolar bone in children are examined;- The lamina dura is evident and thin on the radiograph.- Bone trabeculae are sparse.- Bone marrow spaces are wider  a) Age b) Gender c) Oral Hygiene d) Educational status of the family FACTORS PREPARING PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN e) Adequate care and control of the dentist f) Habits g) Nutrition h) Systemic diseases  1)Age: Studies have shown that periodontal disease increases during mixed dentition and puberty. 2) Gender: Although it has been suggested that girls face more periodontal problems, there is no certainity in this regard. 3) Oral Hygiene: The most important reason for the formation of periodontal diseases is poor oral care.  4) Educational Status of the Family: It has been shown that periodontal problems are minimized in the children of families who teach their children dental care and regulate their nutrition.5) Adequate Care and Control of the Dentist: It is important to give good hygiene education to the child and the family, especially during the primary and mixed dentition period, and to prevent problems that may occur later on prophylactic applications.6) Habits: Habits that disrupt the periodontium are chronic traumatic pressures such as nail biting and pen biting.  7) Nutrition: Although children like foods rich in carbohydrates, it is not recommended. In terms of protein, a balanced diet and vitamin intake are required.8) Systemic Diseases: Some systemic diseases are seen together with various gingival lesions.  1- Damage to the gingiva by the root and crown of the resorbing deciduous tooth 2- Irritation of residual primary tooth roots 3- Malposition of erupting permanent teeth FACTORS PREPARING 4-ExtremeOver-Bite PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN 5- Inappropriate orthodontic appliances and space maintainers. 6 - Edema cyst formation 7- Thick gingival margins (eruption gingivitis) 8- Mouth breathing 9- Abnormal frenulum attachments 10-Overhang fillings. 11- Tooth decay  1. Periodontal diseases that occur as side effects of the drugs taken a) Dilantin Hyperplasia 2 - Periodontal diseases due to vitamin deficiency PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN 3-Juvenile diabetes BECAUSE OF SYSTEMIC FACTORS 4- Periodontal diseases due to hormonal disorders a.Hypothyroidism b) Hyperparathyroidism c) Pubertal period 5- Inadequate protein intake 6- High fever  7- Periodontal diseases due to blood diseases in children A)Leukemia b) Anemia c) Aplastic anemia d) Thrombocytopenia e) Infectious mononucleosis 8- Periodontal diseases seen in children with mental problems 9- Genetic factors  l- Periodontal diseases that occur as side effects of the drugs taken.a) Dilantin Hyperplasia;Sodium dilantin used against epilepsy causes gingival hyperplasia at a rate of 50-60% in children. According to the localization frequency, it is lower anterior, upper anterior and posterior regions. The way Dilantin causes hyperplasia is debated. Some researchers argue that the drug directly causes hyperplasia, while others argue that the drug facilitates the effect of local irritants by reducing the resistance, thus causing hyperlasia. Providing good oral hygiene, gingivectomy or gingivoplasty operations are recommended in the treatment, there is a possibility of recurrence. If the drug is discontinued, the disease will not recur.b) Cyclosporin A used together with low- dose steroids in pediatric patients following liver transplantation also causes gingival hyperplasia. In its treatment, gingivectomy and chlorhexidine mouthwash are recommended.  2 - Periodontal diseases due to vitamin deficiency; Vitamin C has the greatest effect on the periodontium. With less than necessary vitamin C intake, a decrease in the number of periodontal fibers causes inflammation and bleeding in the gums.