Period 2 Review PDF

**Period Info:** **-** Rise in tech led to more sea-based trade, land based empires lost power. **-** power and prosperity of Europe increased \- land nomads power decreased due to more sea trade \- Europe changes labor systems: slave trade begins, slave labor becomes important in Americas. \-...

**Period Info:** **-** Rise in tech led to more sea-based trade, land based empires lost power. **-** power and prosperity of Europe increased \- land nomads power decreased due to more sea trade \- Europe changes labor systems: slave trade begins, slave labor becomes important in Americas. \- Gunpowder Empires emerged **Cultural Developments and interactions (Religion)** **-** Neo-confucianism caused China to develop (syncretism) \- Changes: Bhakti Movement to Hinduism, Buddhism to Confucianism (syncretism=neo-confucianism); continuity: Confucianism continues to stay in China -Differences: Buddhism: nirvana, no need for Caste, Hinduism reincarnation/karma=caste system;Similar: Hinduism and Confucianism brought social balance (natural hierarchies) -Aztecs' Huitzilpochtli led to human sacrifice, Incas' built Coricancha for Inti- BOTH aztec and Inca polytheistic, Japan's Shinto was animistic. Islam: context: Sunni/shi'a split (successor of Muhammad); led to Five Pillars and Sharia Law\ -Christianity: context: great schism (catholicism (will see major growth due to maritime expansion) and eastern orthodoxy)- Change: Catholic vs. Protestants- Catholic Church failures: competing w/ King's powers, inability to solve the plague, failed crusades -Causes for change in society: Renaissance- challenged authority of Catholic church; encouraged individualism -Mechanized printing press caused religious ideas and Bible translations to spread (Gutenberg), allowed home language translation and own interpretation \- Protestant Reformation: societal protest to the Catholic Church- Martin Luther's 95 Theses were arguments against catholic practices (Simony- selling of offices to highest payers, Indulgences: buying way into heaven)- CHANGES in society: people would break away from Church to form new Protestant denominations (Derivation of authority: personal interpretation of Bible not priest's- go to heaven through devotion, not money); Kings would break away from church to free themselves from Pope (King Henry's 8 Anglican Church in Britain) -Counter Reformation: (response to Protestants- change, difference) Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs, created Jesuit Orders- missionaries in America; Inquisition- movement by the Catholic Church to punish nonbelievers -Both EFFECTS on Christianity- Cause it to spread (Protestants forming new churches (Anglican), Jesuits in Americas, printing press made bible more available. ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Ming Dynasty: Emperor Yongle built Temple of Heaven (Confucian rituals) ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -The political fragmentation of Kievan Rus led to an increase in the Orthodox church's influence and force of unity, CHANGE in governance- power shifted from Kiev to Moscow and Orthodox Church made Moscow the bureaucratic center of the Russian Orthodox Church. -Ivan 3: Used decentralized Russian City states and begin gaining more territory, gave land to people, hunters were "Russified" and adopted Orthodox Christianity ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Islamic Gunpowder empires: rose AFTER fall of Il-Khanate- use of gunpowder important for success - - -Ottoman Empire: -Conquered Christian territories and established the Devshirme (political factor affected society by creating a warrior aristocracy)- quota of young boys to the empire, taught Turkish and converted to Islam- became Janissaries (troops, raised by the state as loyal soldiers), grew to be servants/position holders in govt. -Millet system: for non-muslim population, separate courts and schools to avoid disputes and rebellion -Patriarchy: Little patriarchy as women allowed to participate in law, property, finance DIFFERENT from Europe. Example- Harem Politics: women have influence over political decisions of the Sultan, MAINTAINED by sultans (Sultanate of Women) taking on more wives to cement political alliances. -Safavid Empire: - - - -Mughal Empire: - - - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- - - **Environment (Disease)** \- Ming China: Little Ice Age, caused crops to die, peasant uprisings, Manchu offered to help then took over. ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Columbian Exchange: Exchange between Americas and Europe - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Governance (Method of running the empire, structure of government)** -Context: Black Death wearing off, 100 year war for French Crown ending -State Power: Absolutism amplified by [Divine Right of Kings] (Louis XIV)- different ways of legitimizing and consolidating their power. LEADS to Mercantilism bc of full govt. Control over trade Absolutism- Louis XIV: combined legislative and judicial systems. - - -Constitutionalism- CHANGE: power is limited by the constitution- signing of the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, formation of constitutional monarchy in GB. DIFFERENT from France's absolute monarchy ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Restoring China: Ming Dynasty removing Mongols- Kublai Khan's death, breakup of Yuan led to restoring Han China, decline in Silk Road trade and increase in sea trade (IOB) in port of Guangzhou; Ming return to Confucian tradition and civil service exams, Capital moved to Beijing, completion of Great Wall and restoration of Grand Canal (all legitimizing and consolidating power), taxed peasants in form of Silver vs. grain/labor CHANGE from mongol tax system- consolidated power to the central govt., fueled foreign trade -Ming Dynasty: Emperor Yongle built Forbidden City (important ppl. Lived- legitimize/consolidate power), Temple of Heaven (Confucian rituals); sent fleet of Zheng He on voyages to show might of China and [collect tribute] for the Emperor (state expansion)- CHANGE scholars worried this exposure to foreign culture threatened China's social order based on Confucianism- When Yongle died, He's voyages stopped, led to Haijin (sea ban, abandoning trade and practicing isolationism, believed more in protecting invasions from the west, restricted maritime trade); decline was from Peasant revolts (too much tax, not enough Silver) and Little Ice Age (crop production decreased, famine -Manchu: offered help to Ming for peasants then ousted them and took over govt.; SIMILAR to Mongol Yuan Dynasty (forbade intermarriage)- Legitimized power by adopting Confucian rituals (Mandate of Heaven), Qing Imperial Portraits, CONTINUED using examination system -Qing (Manchu)- DIFFERENT/SIMILAR: Emperor Kangxi extended and fortified borders and embraced western trade and education (opened back up doors) -Japan: CHANGE from Feudalism to Unity (by three daimyo, most long lasting would be Tokugawa Ieyasu (Tokugawa Shogunate)). Ieyasu consolidated power by requiring families of the Daimyo to live in the capital (Dual Residency); ruled with a hierarchical govt.- govt. Administrators carried out policies of Shogun (Bakufu); Japan becomes isolated SIMILARITY/CHANGE (Sakoku) = isolationist foreign policy- trade a travel abroad prohibited, Europeans removed bc of fear of conspiring with Daimyos. SOCIETAL CHANGE- as civil wars ended and govt. Became united/centralized, samurai not needed, way of life disappeared (became nonin) ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -The political fragmentation of Kievan Rus led to an increase in the Orthodox church's influence and force of unity, CHANGE in governance- power shifted from Kiev to Moscow and Orthodox Church made Moscow the bureaucratic center of the Russian Orthodox Church. \- Ivan 3 (The great): Mongol tax collecter, rebelled, first Tsar of Russia, began process of centralizing power from nobility (boyars)- consolidating power -Sudebnik: system of a code of laws that limited the privileges of the nobility and the Orthodox Church- eliminated feudal fragmentation - \- Ivan 4 (The terrible): consolidated more power of the Boyars, focused on expansion and centralization - - -Peter the Great: transformed Russia into European-style empire - - - - - -Decline: CHANGES in economic systems: Serfs fled the lands in St. Petersburg because of taxes and tributes, when Russian govt. Went to retrieve them, Cossacks revolted, but eventually the revolts would be suppressed. ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Islamic Gunpowder empires: rose AFTER fall of Il-Khanate- use of gunpowder important for success - - -Ottoman Empire: - - - - - - -Safavid Empire: - - - - - - -Mughal Empire - - - - - - - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Economic Systems (Labor Systems)** -Restoring China: Ming Dynasty removing Mongols- Kublai Khan's death, breakup of Yuan led to restoring Han China, decline in Silk Road trade and increase in sea trade (IOB) in port of Guangzhou; Ming return to Confucian tradition and civil service exams, Capital moved to Beijing, completion of Great Wall and restoration of Grand Canal (all legitimizing and consolidating power), taxed peasants in form of Silver vs. grain/labor CHANGE from mongol tax system- consolidated power to the central govt., fueled foreign trade -Ming Dynasty: When Yongle died, He's voyages stopped, led to Haijin (sea ban, abandoning trade and practicing isolationism, believed more in protecting invasions from the west, restricted maritime trade ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Decline: CHANGES in economic systems: Serfs fled the lands in St. Petersburg because of taxes and tributes, when Russian govt. Went to retrieve them, Cossacks revolted, but eventually the revolts would be suppressed. ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Ottoman Empire: -Ottomans were middlemen in trade routes between Asia, Europe, Africa, got rich off of taxing this trade. SIMILAR to Europeans in IOB. -Economic strategies to consolidate power- Jizya tax: tax on non-muslims, economic factor that led to religious tolerance in society -Timar: Sultan given land grant to soldiers for military service, CHANGE into tax farming- system where someone earned the right to collect taxes then kept the excess \$ CAUSE a huge burden on lower class -Mughal Empire: - - - - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **-**Maritime Expansion: Age of Exploration by Spain and Portugal (also France, england, italy, netherlands) for GGG - - - - - - -Portuguese trading post empire: Built fortified trading posts from Africa to India- taxed trade and charged tolls on the ships in the region. Ex. Goa (india spice trade). DIFFERENT from conquering entire people. - -Mercantilism: Exporting more than importing in order to get most gold; full governmental control over trade RESULTED in formation of Joint Stock companies- finance exploration and compete w/ nations (British East India Company); Commercial Revolution- economic change: rise in trade, new financial institutions. -Triangular Trade: Europe goods (weapons) ---\> Africa (slaves) ---Middle passage→ Americas(crops like tobacco)\-\--\> Europe ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Response to Maritime Empires: RESULT- European Rivalries ex. French and Indian war over Ohio River valley - - - - - - - - - - **Social Interactions/Organization (social classes/hierarchies)** -Japan: SOCIETAL CHANGE- as civil wars ended and govt. Became united/centralized, samurai not needed, way of life disappeared (became nonin) ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Russia- Ivan 3: Used decentralized Russian City states and begin gaining more territory, gave land to people, hunters were "Russified" and adopted Orthodox Christianity ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Ottoman Empire - - -Safavid Empire - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- - **Technology/Innovation** \- Mechanized printing press caused religious ideas and Bible translations to spread (Gutenberg), allowed home language translation and own interpretation ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Education: Emperor Yongle sponsored Encyclopedia- contributions from scholars who summarized previous writing ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Education: Peter the Great\'s founding of the Academy of Sciences for Nobility ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- -Maritime Expansion: - +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Similarit | Differenc | Causes/Ef | Change | Continuit | | | ies | es | fects | | ies | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | Cultural | -BOTH | -Buddhism | -Aztecs' | -Bhakti | -Confucia | | Developme | aztec and | : | Huitzilpo | Movement | nism | | nts | Inca | nirvana, | chtli | to | continues | | and | polytheis | no need | led to | Hinduism | to stay | | interacti | tic | for | human | | in China | | ons | (Huitzilp | Caste, | sacrifice | -Hindu | (from | | (Religion | ochtli | Hinduism | (social) | and Islam | Ming | | ) | and Inti) | reincarna | | combine | Dynasty | | | | tion/karm | -Renaissa | to form | 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| uprisings | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | decline | | | | | | | of Ming | | | | | | | rule | | | | | | | =Manchu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Causes | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | Columbian | | | | | | | exchange- | | | | | | | Age of | | | | | | | Explorati | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | (Christop | | | | | | | her | | | | | | | Columbus) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Effects | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | Columbian | | | | | | | Exchange: | | | | | | | increase | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | disease | | | | | | | (smallpox | | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | Americas, | | | | | | | demograph | | | | | | | ic | | | | | | | changes | | | | | | | (Amerindi | | | | | | | an | | | | | | | Populatio | | | | | | | n | | | | | | | Disaster) | | | | | | |. | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Governanc | -Limited | -Qing | -Divine | -Power | -continua | | e | power in | Emperor | Right of | limited | tion | | (Method | GB | Kangxi | 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empire | Haijin | | | | | 's | developed | | | | | -Mughals | death | bc of | -Japan's | | | | Zamindars | | Mehmed 2 | change | | | | similar | | (Conquest | from | | | | to | | of | Feudalism | | | | Ottoman | | Constanti | to unity | | | | Tax | | nople) | by three | | | | Farmers | | diff. | daimyo | | | | | | From | (Tokugawa | | | | | | Safavid | Shogunate | | | | | | which | ) | | | | | | developed | | | | | | | due to | -Peter | | | | | | break up | the Great | | | | | | of | changed | | | | | | Timurid | administr | | | | | | Empire | ative | | | | | | after | technique | | | | | | Tamerlane | s: | | | | | | 's | merit | | | | | | death | based | | | | | | | system by | | | | | | -Ming | abolishin | | | | | | empire | g | | | | | | developed | Boyar | | | | | | bc of | Doma(Tabl | | | | | | death of | e | | | | | | Kublai | of Ranks) | | | | | | Khan | | | | | | | | -Peter | | | | | | -Effects | the great | | | | | | of Sultan | changed | | | | | | Suleiman' | religion: | | | | | | s | abolished | | | | | | developme | Patriarch | | | | | | nt | , | | | | | | of state | replaced | | | | | | power | w/ Holy | | | | | | through | Synod | | | | | | military: | (loyal | | | | | | Golden | group of | | | | | | Age of | priests) | | | | | | Ottoman | | | | | | | culture | -Ottoman | | | | | | | Timar | | | | | | | (soldier | | | | | | | taxing) | | | | | | | changed | | | | | | | to tax | | | | | | | farming | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Economic | -Ottoman | -Chattel | -Ming | -Ming tax | -IOB not | | Systems | taxation | slavery | removal | (silver) | being | | (Labor | of trade | (bringing | of Yuan | vs. | controlle | | Systems) | routes | over | led to | grain/lab | d | | | similar | slaves), | increase | or | by a | | | to | Mit'a | in sea | by | single | | | Portugues | (adopting | trade | Mongols | empire, | | | e | preexisti | (Guangzho | | changed | | | trade | ng | u), | -Encomien | to being | | | post | slaves) | decrease | da | controlle | | | empire | | in Silk | changed | d | | | taxation | | Road | to | by | | | of trade | | trade | repartimi | empires | | | in IOB | | | ento | ex. | | | | | -Cross | (tribute | Portugal' | | | -Portugue | | cultural | labor) | s | | | se | | interacti | | trade | | | trading | | ons | -Mit'a | post | | | post | | (European | changed | empire | | | empire | | trade | into | Goa) | | | similar | | with West | silver | | | | to | | African | mining in | -Encomien | | | British | | Kingdom | Andes | da | | | control | | of | (roads→si | used in | | | in India | | Dahomey) | lver) | Spain, | | | | | led to | | then | | | | | diffusion | -British | later in | | | | | of tech | changed | Americas | | | | | (weapons | from | | | | | | to | indenture | | | | | | capture | d | | | | | | slaves) | servitude | | | | | | facilitat | →Chattel | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | changes | | | | | | | in trade | | | | | | | (and sell | | | | | | | on the | | | | | | | Middle | | | | | | | Passage | | | | | | | across | | | | | | | atlantic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Economic | | | | | | | causes of | | | | | | | maritime | | | | | | | explorati | | | | | | | on: | | | | | | | (Mercanti | | | | | | | lism), | | | | | | | Effects: | | | | | | | (Joint | | | | | | | Stock | | | | | | | companies | | | | | | | (British | | | | | | | East | | | | | | | India | | | | | | | Company) | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | (Commerci | | | | | | | al | | | | | | | Revolutio | | | | | | | n) | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | monopolie | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | (Spanish | | | | | | | tobacco | | | | | | | trade) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Portugal | | | | | | | lead | | | | | | | maritime | | | | | | | explorati | | | | | | | on | | | | | | | through | | | | | | | explorers | | | | | | | : | | | | | | | Prince | | | | | | | Henry | | | | | | | "the | | | | | | | navigator | | | | | | | " | | | | | | | in West | | | | | | | Africa | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Maritime | | | | | | | Expansion | | | | | | | caused | | | | | | | rivalries | | | | | | | (French | | | | | | | Indian | | | | | | | War) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Coloniza | | | | | | | tion | | | | | | | of Latin | | | | | | | America | | | | | | | bc of | | | | | | | (Treaty | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | Tordesill | | | | | | | as) | | | | | | | → leads | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | language/ | | | | | | | religion | | | | | | | diffusion | | | | | | | /slavery/ | | | | | | | death | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -Maritime | | | | | | | expansion | | | | | | | leads to | | | | | | | revolts | | | | | | | (African | | | | | | | Ashanti, | | | | | | | Americas | | | | | | | Metacoms | | | | | | | war) | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Social | | -Casta | -Conquist | -Japan's | | | Interacti | | system | adors | unity/cen | | | ons/Organ | | different | in Latin | tralizati | | | ization | | from | America | on | | | (social | | North | led to | led to no | | | classes/h | | American | formation | need for | | | ierarchie | | settler | of Casta | Samurai | | | s) | | colonies | system | and | | | | | | based on | decline | | | | | | European | of their | | | | | | blood | class, | | | | | | | leading | | | | | | | to Nonin | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Technolog | -Emperor | | -Gutenber | -Change | | | y/Innovat | Yongle | | g | of | | | ion | and Peter | | printing | technolog | | | | the Great | | press led | y | | | | focused | | to spread | for | | | | on | | of | maritime | | | | education | | christian | expansion | | | | (Encyclop | | ity/chang | with new | | | | edia→Acad | | e | ships | | | | emy | | in | (Dutch | | | | of | | religious | Fluyt) | | | | Sciences) | | ideas | led to | | | | | | | increased | | | | | | | efficienc | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | Transatla | | | | | | | ntic | | | | | | | trade | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ Akbar created a policy of religious tolerance 1.He married Hindu princesses and did not make them convert to Islam 2.He granted Hindus positions in his govt, gave land to Muslims, funded the Catholic church, and invited Christians, Muslims and Hindu scholars to publicly debate 3.He removed the non-Muslim jizya tax **Legitimizing Power:** Manchu rulers' adoption of Confucianism Safavid Shah Ismail converting to Shi'a Islam European belief in Divine Right of Kings Mexica practice of human sacrifice Ottoman Miniature Paintings Qing Imperial Portraits Ivan IV's construction of St. Basil's Cathedral Peter the Great's construction of Peterhof Palace in St. Pete's Ottoman Mosques: Suleymaniye Mosque, Blue Mosque Mughal Taj Mahal Consolidating Power: Dual Residency at Palace of Versailles Mughal tax collection in silver Aurangzeb's reinstatement of jizya tax Aztec tribute lists Incan mit'a system Ottoman Devshirme Ieyasu's creation of the Tokugawa Shogunate the height of consolidation of power in Japan Ming's reintroduction of CSE Japan/Russia/France's requirement of dual residency for nobles Sudebnik, Oprichnina, Head Tax, Table of Ranks, Holy Synod **Effects of the development of state power-** **State building and expansion in each region-** **Continuities or changes in economic or labor systems** **Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time** **from 1450 to 1750** **Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to** **1750.** **/continuity and change** **Effect of gunpowder on empires- safavid mughal conflct** **Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.** **Art** - - **Religion** - - - - **Architecture** - - - - - **---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **Taxes** - - - - - **Military** **Centralization (limiting power of nobility)** - - - - - - - -