PENAL CODE pt 1 Title 11.6 sec 422.55. 422.56. 422.87.docx

PENAL CODE - PEN PART 1. OF CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS [25 - 680.4]   ( Part 1 enacted 1872. ) TITLE 11.6. CIVIL RIGHTS [422.55 - 422.93]   ( Title 11.6 added by Stats. 1987, Ch. 1277, Sec. 4. ) CHAPTER 1. Definitions [422.55 - 422.57]   ( Chapter 1 added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6. ) 422.55.    Fo...

PENAL CODE - PEN PART 1. OF CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS [25 - 680.4]   ( Part 1 enacted 1872. ) TITLE 11.6. CIVIL RIGHTS [422.55 - 422.93]   ( Title 11.6 added by Stats. 1987, Ch. 1277, Sec. 4. ) CHAPTER 1. Definitions [422.55 - 422.57]   ( Chapter 1 added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6. ) 422.55.    For purposes of this title, and for purposes of all other state law unless an explicit provision of law or the context clearly requires a different meaning, the following shall apply: (a) “Hate crime” means a criminal act committed, in whole or in part, because of one or more of the following actual or perceived characteristics of the victim: (1) Disability. (2) Gender. (3) Nationality. (4) Race or ethnicity. (5) Religion. (6) Sexual orientation. (7) Association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. (b) “Hate crime” includes, but is not limited to, a violation of Section 422.6. (Added by Stats. 2004, Ch. 700, Sec. 6. Effective January 1, 2005.) 422.56.    For purposes of this title, the following definitions shall apply: (a) “Association with a person or group with these actual or perceived characteristics” includes advocacy for, identification with, or being on the ground owned or rented by, or adjacent to, any of the following: a community center, educational facility, family, individual, office, meeting hall, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other entity, group, or person that has, or is identified with people who have, one or more of those characteristics listed in the definition of “hate crime” under paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (a) of Section 422.55. (b) “Disability” includes mental disability and physical disability as defined in Section 12926 of the Government Code regardless of whether those disabilities are temporary, permanent, congenital, or acquired by heredity, accident, injury, advanced age, or illness. This definition is declaratory of existing law. (c) “Gender” means sex, and includes a person’s gender identity and gender expression. “Gender expression” means a person’s gender-related appearance and behavior whether or not stereotypically associated with the person’s assigned sex at birth. (d) “In whole or in part because of” means that the bias motivation must be a cause in fact of the offense, whether or not other causes also exist. When multiple concurrent motives exist, the prohibited bias must be a substantial factor in bringing about the particular result. There is no requirement that the bias be a main factor, or that the crime would not have been committed but for the actual or perceived characteristic. This subdivision does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, existing law under In re M.S. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 698 and People v. Superior Court (Aishman) (1995) 10 Cal.4th 735. (e) “Nationality” includes citizenship, country of origin, and national origin. (f) “Race or ethnicity” includes ancestry, color, and ethnic background. (g) “Religion” includes all aspects of religious belief, observance, and practice and includes agnosticism and atheism. (h) “Sexual orientation” means heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. (i) “Victim” includes, but is not limited to, a community center, educational facility, entity, family, group, individual, office, meeting hall, person, place of worship, private institution, public agency, library, or other victim or intended victim of the offense. (Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 26, Sec. 2. (AB 1985) Effective January 1, 2019.) PENAL CODE - PEN PART 1. OF CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS [25 - 680.4]   ( Part 1 enacted 1872. ) TITLE 11.6. CIVIL RIGHTS [422.55 - 422.93]   ( Title 11.6 added by Stats. 1987, Ch. 1277, Sec. 4. ) CHAPTER 2.5. Law Enforcement Agency Policies [422.87- 422.87.]   ( Chapter 2.5 added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 26, Sec. 3. ) 422.87.    (a) Each local law enforcement agency may adopt a hate crimes policy. Any local law enforcement agency that updates an existing hate crimes policy or adopts a new hate crimes policy shall include, but not be limited to, all of the following: (1) The definitions in Sections 422.55 and 422.56. (2) The content of the model policy framework that the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training developed pursuant to Section 13519.6, and any content that the commission may revise or add in the future, including any policy, definitions, response and reporting responsibilities, training resources, and planning and prevention methods. (3) (A) Information regarding bias motivation. (B) For the purposes of this paragraph, “bias motivation” is a preexisting negative attitude toward actual or perceived characteristics referenced in Section 422.55. Depending on the circumstances of each case, bias motivation may include, but is not limited to, hatred, animosity, resentment, revulsion, contempt, unreasonable fear, paranoia, callousness, thrill-seeking, desire for social dominance, desire for social bonding with those of one’s “own kind,” or a perception of the vulnerability of the victim due to the victim being perceived as being weak, worthless, or fair game because of a protected characteristic, including, but not limited to, disability or gender. (C) (i) In recognizing suspected disability-bias hate crimes, the policy shall advise officers to consider whether there is any indication that the perpetrator was motivated by hostility or other bias, occasioned by factors such as, but not limited to, dislike of persons who arouse fear or guilt, a perception that persons with disabilities are inferior and therefore “deserving victims,” a fear of persons whose visible traits are perceived as being disturbing to others, or resentment of those who need, demand, or receive alternative educational, physical, or social accommodations. (ii) In recognizing suspected disability-bias hate crimes, the policy also shall advise officers to consider whether there is any indication that the perpetrator perceived the victim to be vulnerable and, if so, if this perception is grounded, in whole or in part, in antidisability bias. This includes, but is not limited to, if a perpetrator targets a person with a particular perceived disability while avoiding other vulnerable-appearing persons such as inebriated persons or persons with perceived disabilities different than those of the victim, those circumstances could be evidence that the perpetrator’s motivations included bias against persons with the perceived disability of the victim and that the crime must be reported as a suspected hate crime and not a mere crime of opportunity. (4) Information regarding the general underreporting of hate crimes and the more extreme underreporting of antidisability and antigender hate crimes and a plan for the agency to remedy this underreporting. (5) A protocol for reporting suspected hate crimes to the Department of Justice pursuant to Section 13023. (6) A checklist of first responder responsibilities, including, but not limited to, being sensitive to effects of the crime on the victim, determining whether any additional resources are needed on the scene to assist the victim or whether to refer the victim to appropriate community and legal services, and giving the victims and any interested persons the agency’s hate crimes brochure, as required by Section 422.92. (7) A specific procedure for transmitting and periodically retransmitting the policy and any related orders to all officers, including a simple and immediate way for officers to access the policy in the field when needed. (8) The title or titles of the officer or officers responsible for assuring that the department has a hate crime brochure as required by Section 422.92 and ensuring that all officers are trained to distribute the brochure to all suspected hate crime victims and all other interested persons. (9) A requirement that all officers be familiar with the policy and carry out the policy at all times unless directed by the chief, sheriff, director, or other chief executive of the law enforcement agency or other command-level officer to whom the chief executive officer formally delegates this responsibility. (b) Any local law enforcement agency that updates an existing hate crimes policy or adopts a new hate crimes policy may include any of the provisions of a model hate crime policy and other relevant documents developed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police that are relevant to California and consistent with this chapter. (Added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 26, Sec. 3. (AB 1985) Effective January 1, 2019.)