Population Ecology Study Guide PDF

Okay, here is the text from the image converted into a markdown format. ### Population Group of organisms of the same species that live in a defined area. ### Characteristics of Population 1. Size: Number of individuals in a population. 2. Natality: Number of species that are born. 3. Mortality...

Okay, here is the text from the image converted into a markdown format. ### Population Group of organisms of the same species that live in a defined area. ### Characteristics of Population 1. Size: Number of individuals in a population. 2. Natality: Number of species that are born. 3. Mortality: Number of species that die. 4. Immigration: Number of species that enter the land. 5. Emigration: Number of species that leave the land. 6. Density: Defined as the number of individuals of a species living in a particular area of that population Dependent upon such factors availability. 7. Distribution: arrangement of the individuals of a population within a particular space. * Random Distribution: No specific order in random distribution Organism spread throughout the area. * Uniform Distribution: Organisms are evenly distributed over an area. * Clumped Distribution: Organisms are concentrated in an area. * Population Growth - the growth of a particular population. * Biotic Potential: Highest possible rate of population when resources are unlimited. ### Factors of Biotic Potential * Usual number of offspring per reproduction. * Chances of survival until age of reproduction. * How often each individual reproduces. * Age at which reproduction begins. * Cohort: Happens when all members of the population are born at the same time. * Survivorship: Probability of newborn individuals of a variant surviving to particular ages. * Survivorship curve: Plotting the number of individuals surviving. * Type I Survivorship curve: Most individuals live out their lifespan and die of old age. * Type II Survivorship curve: Individuals die at a constant rate across their lifespan. * Type III Survivorship curve: Most individuals die early in life. ### 2 Patterns of population growth 1. Discrete Breeding: Organisms reproduce once and cease to grow as adults. 2. Continuous Breeding: Organisms reproduce throughout their lifetime. * Exponential Growth: Occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. * Logistic Growth: Occurs when a population's growth slows or stops. * Carrying Capacity: Population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely. * Limiting Factors: Factor that causes population growth to decrease. ### 2 Types of Limiting Factors in the Environment 1. Density-dependent factors: A limiting factor that depends on the population size. 2. Density-independent factors: Affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size. * Human population growth: The size of the human population tends to increase with time. * World food delivery system: Reason why the population increases in modern times (technology.) * Demography: Scientific study of human population. Examines the characteristics of human populations. ### Demographic Transition Differences in a country's population growth correlate with economic development. ### Phases of Demographic Transition 1. Pre-industrial: Birthrate is high and the death rate is high too. Population growth is low. 2. Transitional: Birthrate is high, death rates are lowered. Population growth is high. 3. Industrial Population is "well off and relatively wealthy." 4. Post-Industrial: Birthrate is very low, even less than the death rate, but population size is still high. * Population Pyramid: Also known as age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram. * Graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a human population. * Biome: A major ecological community type, greatly affected by its climate. * Largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants (flora) and animals (fauna.) * Climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on Earth. ### 2 Classification of Biomes 1. Terrestrial biomes 2. Aquatic biomes * Climate: Average condition of the weather at a place. ### 2 Factors That Determine a Region's Climate 1. Temperature: Hotness of the air a. Kelvin b. Celcius c. Fahrenheit Temperature varies according to: 1. Latitude: Temperature is generally the highest in the tropics. 2. Elevation: Temperature decreases with increasing elevation. 3. Season: Along the equator, all months are equally warm. CEKLIFICVIE OF INDIGENCA